机械精度设计与检测基础

1、COMPREHENSIVECHINESE-ENGLISHDICTIONARYForMechanicalPrecisionDesignandVerificationBasic机械精度设计与检测基础汉英综合词汇杨青编著西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院2007年3月前言专业英语是高等院校学生必须掌握的基本知识和技能。为了适应双语教学的需要，使学生在学习专业知识的同时，熟悉和掌握相关专业的英语词汇，培养学生较熟练地应用英语的能力，提高专业英语的水平，为今后从事相关专业的工作奠定一定基础，特编撰本“汉英综合词汇”辅助教材。本教材根据“机械精度设计与检测基础”课程的主要章节及内容，选编、翻译了700多条

2、专业英语词汇。其中包括了互换性原理、测量技术基础、机械零件几何参数的精度设计与检测、典型零件的精度设计与检测，以及尺寸链设计、统计检验与质量控制等内容。在教材选编过程中，作者尽量选用了国家标准中定义术语的专业英语词汇，并参考了国外同类学科教科书中相应的专业术语。本教材不仅可作为高等院校机械工程类各专业的教学参考书，对从事机械设计制造、几何精度检测及质量控制等方面的工程技术人员也有一定参考应用价值。由于编者水平有限，书中难免存在疏漏和不当之处，敬请读者批评指正。编者2007年3月TOC o 1-5 h z第一章绪论1第二章圆柱结合的精度设计与检测3第三章测量技术基础5第四章形状和位置精度设计与检

3、测8第五章表面粗糙度与检测10第六章滚动轴承与孔、轴结合的精度设计10第七章圆锥结合的精度设计与检测11第八章键和花键结合的精度设计与检测12第九章螺纹结合的精度设计与检测13第十章圆柱齿轮精度设计与检测14第十一章尺寸链17第十二章统计检测与质量控制18第一章绪论Chapter1Introduction机械精度设计mechanicalprecisiondesign检测基础verificationbasic测量技术measurementtechniques互换性interchangeability互换性原则principleofinterchangeability互换性种类typesofint

4、erchangeability外互换externalinterchange内互换internalinterchange完全互换completeinterchange不完全互换limitedinterchange公差tolerance几何量公差toleranceofgeometricalquantity几何量检测Tverificationofgeometricalquantity标准standard技术标准technicalstandard国家标准（GB）nationalstandard标准化standardization系列化seriation通用化generalization实际几何参数ac

5、tualgeometricalparameters理论几何参数theoreticalgeometricalparameters产品product组件groupware部件component零件part批量产品mass-products规格相同samestandard辅助加工修配装配生产原则assistantmachiningrepairingassemblingproductionprinciple满足技术要求和使用性能meettotechnicalrequirementsanduseperformances简化设计自动化生产缩短维修周期降低成本产品质量标准化品种规格系列零部件通用化几何参数使

6、用功能相同规格国军标（GJB）simplifydesignautomatedmanufacturingshortenthemaintaincyclereducethecoststandardizationofproductqualityseriationofvarietyspecificgeneralizationofcomponentsgeometricalparametersfunctionofusagesamespecificationnationalmilitarystandard推荐执行标准（GB/T）nationalstandard/recommendation优先数优先数系十进等

7、比数列基本系列补充系列变形系列派生系列位移系列复合系列项数选用规则十进段常数优先数值preferrednumberseriesofpreferrednumbersdecimalgeometricproportionnumbersbasicseriescomplementaryseriesdeformationseriesderiveseriesdisplacementseriescomplexseriesnumbersoftermselectingprincipledecimalrangeconstantpreferrednumericalvalue理论值theoryvalue计算值calcu

8、latingvalue常用值commonvalue化整值modifyingvalue第二章圆柱结合的精度设计与检测Chapter2PrecisionDesignandVerificationforCylindricalPartsConnection定义definitions术语terms，nomenclature孔hole轴shaft尺寸size基本尺寸basicsize实际尺寸actualsize极限尺寸limitsofsize最大极限尺寸maximumlimitsofsize最小极限尺寸minimumlimitsofsize偏差deviation实际偏差actualdeviation极限偏

9、差limitdeviation上偏差upperdeviation下偏差lowerdeviation公差带tolerancezone公差带大小dimensionoftolerancezone公差带位置positionoftolerancezone零线zeroline配合fit间隙clearance过盈interference间隙配合clearancefit过盈配合interferencefit过渡配合transitionfit最小间隙minimumclearance最大间隙maximumclearance平均间隙averageclearance最小过盈minimuminterference最大过

10、盈maximuminterference平均过盈averageinterference配合公差variationoffit基准制basictolerancingsystem基孔制holebasicsystem基轴制shaftbasicsystem基准孔basichole基准轴basicshaft标准公差standardtolerance公差单位toleranceunit公差等级gradesoftolerance尺寸分段sizesteps基本偏差fundamentaldeviation标准公差系列seriesofstandardtolerance基本偏差系列seriesoffundamental

11、deviation轴的基本偏差fundamentaldeviationforshaft孔的基本偏差fundamentaldeviationforhole通用规则generalrule特殊规则specialrule常用公差带commonrecommendationfortolerancezone优先公差带preferredselectionfortolerancezone一般公差带generalrecommendationfortolerancezone常用配合commonrecommendationforfit优先配合preferredselectionforfit代号symbol被测几何量m

12、easuredgeometricalquantity公差带代号配合代号标注计算公式公差与配合的选择配合的计算与选择工作量规校对量规不确定性安全裕度验收极限通规至规塞规卡规环规板规可调节量规量规公差带量规公差磨损公差磨损极限不确定度的允许值泰勒原则评定参数光滑极限量规测量symbolsfortolerancezonesymbolsforfitnotationcalculationformulateselectionoftoleranceandfitcalculationandselectionoffitworkshopgaugecheckinggaugeuncertaintysafetymarg

13、inlimitsofacceptancegogaugenotgogaugepluggauge，pingaugesnaporgapringgaugecalipergaugeadjustablecalipergaugetolerancezoneofgaugegaugetolerancewearallowancewearlimitsallowanceofuncertaintyTaylorprincipleevaluationparametersplainlimitgauge第三章测量技术基础Chapter3MeasurementTechnologyBasicmeasurementmeasuremen

14、tmeasurementmeasurementtemperatureconditionrangedatummeasuringinstrumentdirectmeasurementindirectmeasurementabsolutemeasurementrelativemeasurementcontactmeasurementnon-contactmeasurementerrorofmeasurementsystematicerrorrandomerrorparasiticerror测量单位测量方法测量方程测量温度测量条件测量范围测量基准计量器具直接测量间接测量绝对测量相对测量接触测量非接触测

15、量测量误差系统误差随机误差粗大误差unitofmethodoffunctionofmeasuringmeasuringmeasuringmeasuring精密度准确度精密度灵敏度重复精度分度值修正量量值长度基准尺寸传递激光光波残余误差（剩余误差）residualerrorprecisioncorrectnessaccuracysensitivityrepeatabilityvalueofascaledivisioncorrectionvalueofaquantitylengthstandarddimensiontransferlatherlightwave波长wavelength米制metri

16、csystem米meter毫米micrometer微米micron英制Englishsystem英尺foot英寸inch量块gaugeblockV-形块V-block平板planetable坐标工作台coordinatetable旋转工作台rotarytable水平仪level准式水平仪framespiritlevel倾斜式水平仪tiltinglevel光学平行平晶parallelopticalflat光学平面平晶planeopticalflat游标尺venirescale游标卡尺venirecaliper游标千分尺veniremicrometer游标深度尺venire-depthgage游标

17、高度尺venire-heightgage内径千分尺insidemicrometer外径千分尺outsidemicrometer指示表dialindicator比较仪comparator机械比较仪mechanicalcomparator光学比较仪opticalcomparator电感比较仪electroniccomparator干涉仪interferometer工具显微镜toolmakersmicroscope大型工具显微镜large-toolmakersmicroscope万能工具显微镜universal-toolmakersmicroscope光切显微镜lightsectionmicrosc

18、ope表面粗糙显微镜surfaceroughnessmicroscope测量机measuringmachine坐标测量机coordinatemeasuringmachine万能测量机universalmeasuringmachine万能轮廓投影仪universalprofileprojector目镜eyepieceocular物镜objectgrass放大倍数magnification第四章形状和位置精度设计与检测Chapter4PrecisionDesignandVerificationforGeometricalTolerances形位公差geometricaltolerances形状公差

19、fromtolerances定向公差orientationtolerances定位公差locationtolerances跳动公差run-outtolerances直线度公差straightnesstolerance平面度公差flatnesstolerance圆度公差circularity(roundness)tolerance圆柱度公差cylindricitytolerance线轮廓度公差profiletoleranceofanyline面轮廓度公差profiletoleranceofanysurface平行度公差parallelismtolerance垂直度公差perpendiculari

20、tytolerance倾斜度公差angularitytolerance同轴度公差coaxialitytolerance对称度公差symmetrytolerance位置度公差positiontolerance圆跳动公差circularrun-outtolerance全跳动公差totalrun-outtolerance被测要素tolerancedfeature理想要素truefeature实际要素real(actual)feature基准要素datumfeature单一要素singlefeature关联要素relatedfeature单一基准singledatum基准体系datumsystem最大

21、实体状态maximummaterialcondition最小实体状态leastmaterialcondition实效状态virtualcondition最大实体边界boundaryofmaximummaterialcondition实效边界boundaryvirtualcondition最大实体尺寸maximummaterialsize最小实体尺寸leastmaterialsize实效尺寸virtualsize作用尺寸matingsize理论正确尺寸theoreticallyexactdimension公差原则tolerancingprinciples相关原则principleofcorrel

22、ation独立原则principleofindependence最大实体原则maximummaterialprinciple包容原则envelopeprinciple最小条件minimumcondition最小区域minimumzone检测原理T*principleofverification综合量规functionalgauge第五章表面粗糙度与检测Chapter5SurfaceroughnessandVerification表面粗糙度surfaceroughness取样长度samplinglength评定长度evaluationlength轮廓最小二乘中线leastsquaremeanli

23、neoftheprofile轮廓算术平均中线arithmeticalmeanlineoftheprofile表面加工纹理surfacelay轮廓峰顶线lineofprofilepeaks轮廓谷底线lineofprofilevalleys轮廓最大峰高maximumheightofprofilepeak轮廓最大谷深maximumdepthofprofilevalleys峰顶至峰谷高peaktovalleyheight轮廓算术平均偏差arithmeticalmeandeviationoftheprofile微观不平度的十点高度tenpointheightofirregulation轮廓不平度最大高度

24、maximumpeak-to-valleyheightoftheprofile轮廓不平度的平均间距meanspacingofhighspots轮廓单峰的平均间距meanspacingoftwoconjunctivepeaks轮廓支撑长度率bearingareaoftheprofile第六章滚动轴承与孔、轴结合的精度设计Chapter6PrecisionDesignforConnectionofRollingBearingwithHoleandShaft滚动轴承rollingbearing外圈outsidering内圈internalring滚动体rollingbodies保持架bearings

25、pacer轴承内径bearingborediameter轴承外径bearingoutsidediameter轴向间隙径向间隙几何精度旋转精度外壳孔外壳孔肩轴径轴肩轴承支架轴承箱向心轴承止推轴承滚珠轴承滚柱轴承滚针轴承圆锥辊子轴承滚柱止推轴承滑动轴承对开轴承负荷（重、一般、轻）当量径向负荷额定动负荷减速器axialinternalclearanceradialinternalclearancegeometricalaccuracyrotationalaccuracyholeofhousingshoulderofhousingneckofshaftshoulderofshaftbearingbri

26、dgebearingboxcentripetalbearingthrustbearingballbearingrollerbearingneedlebearingcone-rollerbearingballthrustbearingplainbearingtwopartbearingload（heavy，normal，light）dynamicequivalentradialloadratingdynamicloaddecelerator,retarder第七章圆锥结合的精度设计与检测Chapter7PrecisionDesignandVerificationforConnectionofCo

27、ne基本圆锥实际圆锥实际圆锥直径实际圆锥角basicconeactualconeactualconediameteractualconeangle极限圆锥极限圆锥直径极限圆锥角圆锥直径公差圆锥直径公差带圆锥角公差圆锥角公差带给定截面圆锥直径公差limitconelimitconediameterlimitconeangleconediametertoleranceconediametertolerancezoneconeangletolerancetolerancezonefortheconeangleconesectiondiametertolerance给定截面圆锥直径公差带conesec

28、tiondiametertolerancezone锥度配合长度基面矩taperlengthoffitdistancebetweendatumsurfaces第八章未注公差角度的极限偏差limitdeviationofanglewithouttoleranceindication圆锥公差conetoleranceChapter8PrecisionDesignandVerificationforConnectionofKeyandSpline键key平键flatkey花键spline键槽keyway，keyslot键长keylength键宽keywide键侧keyside键槽深depthofkey

29、way轴槽shaftkeyway轮槽bosskeyway轴槽公差带tolerancezoneforshaftkeyway轮槽公差带tolerancezoneforbosskeyway键宽公差带tolerancezoneforkeywide矩形花键rectangularspline渐开线花键involutespline内花键internalspline外花键externalspline花键轴splineshaft花键孔splinehole定心直径diameterfordeterminingcentre定心表面surfacefordeterminingcentre较松联结looserconnect

30、ion一般联结ordinaryconnection较紧联结closerconnection累积误差cumulativeerror多参数配合multipleparameterfit综合公差compositetolerance补偿公差compensativetolerance单项测量monomialmeasurement综合检测comprehensiveverification第九章螺纹结合的精度设计与检测Chapter9PrecisionDesignandVerificationforConnectionofScrewThread螺纹直径threaddiameter大径majordiameter

31、小径minordiameter顶径crestdiameter底径rootdiameter中径pitchdiameter单一中径singlepitchdiameter作用中径mediumeffectivediameter螺距pitch牙型丰角flankangle旋合长度lengthofengagement内螺纹femalethreads外螺纹malethreads普通螺纹ordinarythread粗牙螺纹coarsethread细牙螺纹finethread螺纹公差screwtolerance螺母公差nuttolerance丝杆公差leadscrewtolerance外螺纹公差带toleranc

32、ezoneofmalethreads内螺纹公差带tolerancezoneoffemalethreads螺纹公差等级tolerancegradeofscrewthread精密级finegrade中等级mediumgrade粗糙级coarsegrade螺纹副screwthreadpart螺纹量规screwthreadgauge螺纹塞规screwpluggauge螺纹量规公差带tolerancezoneofscrewgauge第十章圆柱齿轮精度设计与检测Chapter10PrecisionDesignandVerificationforCylindricalgear齿轮gearwheel齿坯bla

33、nkXE齿tooth齿顶addendum齿根dedendum齿高toothdepth齿厚toothwidth(thickness)齿间spacewidth齿数toothnumbers齿轮副gearpair啮合matewith共轭conjugate节圆pitchcircle齿轮速比gearratio导角leadangle渐开线involute节线速度pitch-linevelocity线接触linecontact直齿轮spurgear伞齿轮bevelgear直伞齿轮straightbevel螺旋伞齿轮spiralbevel偏轴伞齿轮hypoidgear斜齿轮helicalgear人字齿轮doub

34、le-helicalgear平行轴齿轮parallel-shaftgear交叉轴齿轮crossed-xis仪表齿轮instrumentgear蜗轮蜗杆wormgears单头蜗杆single-threadworms多头蜗杆multiple-threadworms滚锥rollingcones齿轮箱gearbox壳体housing油封oilseal润滑剂lubrication热膨胀thermalexpansion传递效率transmittingratio承载能力load-carryingcapacity齿轮偏差gearsdeviation运动精度motionprecision平稳性精度smoothn

35、essprecision接触精度contactingprecision齿侧间隙backlash切向综合误差tangentialcompositeerror切向-齿综合误差tangentialtooth-to-toothcompositeerror径向综合误差radialcompositeerror径向-齿综合误差radialtooth-to-toothcompositeerror周节累积误差totalcumulativepitcherrorK个周节累积误差cumulativecircularpitcherroroverasectorofkpitches齿圈径向跳动radialrun-outof

36、gear公法线长度变动variationofbasetangentlength齿形误差totalprofileerror周节误差circularpitchindividuallength基节误差basepitcherror齿向误差totalalignmenterror接触线误差contactlineerror轴向齿距偏差axialpitcherror螺旋线波度误差helixwavinesserror齿厚偏差deviationofwidthofteeth公法线平均长度偏差deviationofmeanlinetangentlengthoveragivennumberofteeth齿轮副的切向综合

37、误差tangentialcompositeerrorofgearpair齿轮的切向-齿综合误差tangentialtooth-to-toothcompositeerrorofgearpair圆周侧隙circularbacklash法向侧隙normalbacklash齿轮副的接触斑点contacttracksofgearpair齿轮副的中心矩偏差centerdistanceerrorofgearpairX方向轴线的平行度误差inclinationerrorofaxesY方向轴线的平行度误差deviationerrorofaxes第十一章尺寸链Chapter11Dimensionalchain尺寸

38、链dimensionalchain环link封闭环closinglink组成环componentlink增环increasinglink减环decreasinglink补偿环compensatinglink传递系数scalingfactor，transformationratio长度尺寸链length-dimensionalchain角度尺寸链angulardimensionalchain装配尺寸链assembledimensionalchain零件尺寸链partdimensionalchain工艺尺寸链technologicaldimensionalchain基本尺寸链basicdimens

39、ionalchain派生尺寸链deriveddimensionalchain标量尺寸链scalardimensionalchain直线尺寸链lineardimensionalchain平面尺寸链planardimensionalchain空间尺寸链space-wisedimensionalchain尺寸链图dimensionalchaindiagram长度环lengthlink角度环angularlink环的特征characteristicsoflink计算参数parametersofcalculation计算方法methodsofcalculation互换法interchangemethod

40、完全互换法completeinterchangemethod大数互换法large-numberinterchangemethod分组法groupingmethod调整法adjustingmethod修配法modifiedmethod平均偏差meandeviation中间偏差mediandeviation相对分布系数relativedistributioncoefficient相对不对称系数relativenon-symmetricalcoefficient平均公差meantolerance极值公差extremetolerance统计公差statisticaltolerance平方公差squar

41、etolerance当量公差equivalenttolerance封闭环的分布与系数distributionandcoefficientofclosinglink组成环的分布与系数distributionandcoefficientofcomponentlink第十二章统计检测与质量控制Chapter12Statisticaltestandqualitycontrol事件event随机事件randomevent概率probability随机变量randomvariable随机变量的概率分布probabilitydistributionofarandomvariable分布函数distribut

42、ionfunction连续随机变量的概率probabilitydensityfunctionforrandomvariable密度函数acontinuousrandomvariable离散随机变量的概率probabilityforadiscreterandomvariable二维分布bivariatedistribution多维分布multivariatedistribution边缘分布marginaldistribution条件分布conditionaldistribution概率分布的分位数fractileofaprobabilitydistribution中位数median众数mode随

43、机变量的期望（均值）expectation（mean）ofarandomvariable中心随机变量centredrandomvariable方差（随机变量的或概率分布的）variance（ofarandomvariableorofa标准差（标准偏差）变异系数，变差系数标准化随机变量q阶原点矩关于点a的q阶矩q阶中心矩相关（q,s）阶联合原点矩probabilitydistributionstandarddeviationcoefficientofvariationstandardizedvariatemomentoforderqabouttheoriginmomentoforderqabou

44、ttheoriginacentredmomentoforderqcorrelationjointmomentofordersqandsabouttheorigin关于点（a,b）的（q,s）阶联合原点矩jointmomentofordersqandsabouttheorigin（a,b）（q,s）阶联合中心矩jointcentredmomentofordersqands协方差covariance相关系数coefficientofcorrelation回归曲线regressioncurve回归曲面regressionsurface均匀分布uniformdistribution正态分布、高斯分布n

45、ormaldistributionGaussdistribution标准正态分布standardizednormaldistributionX2分布chi-squareddistributiont分布,学生分布t-distribution,studentdistributionF分布Fdistribution对数正态分布log-normaldistribution指数分布exponententaildistributionY分布gamma-distribution贡贝尔分布（I型极值分布）Gambeldistribution（typeIevaluesdistribution)佛莱契分布(n型极

46、值分布)Frechetdistribution(typenextremevaluesdistribution)威布尔分布(山型极值分布)Weibulldistribution(type山extremevaluesdistribution)二项分布binomialdistribution负二项分布negativebinomialdistribution泊松分布psissondistribution超几何分布hypergeometricdistribution二维正态分布bivariatenormaldistribution二维高斯分布bivariateGaussdistribution标准二维正

47、态分布standardizedbivariatenormaldistribution标准二维高斯分布standardizedbivariateGaussdistribution多项分布multinomialdistribution个体item，individual，unit总体population特性，特征characteristic观测值observedvalue绝对值absolutedifference极差range极差中值midrange组class组限classlimits组中值mid-pointofclass组矩classinterval频数，绝对频数absolutefrequenc

48、y累积频数，绝对累积频数cumulativeabsolutefrequency频率，相对频率relativefrequency累积频率cumulativerelativefrequency频率分布frequencydistribution一维分布直方图条形图折线两种方式表联列表算术平均加数算术平均偏差平均偏差总体参数统计量次序统计量似然估计，估计值估计量总估计误差抽样误差估计量的偏倚无偏估计量标准误差univariatedistributionhistogrambardiagrampolygontwo-waytablecontingencytablearithmeticmeanweighted

49、arithmeticaveragedeviationmeandeviationpopulationparameterstatisticorderstatisticlikelihoodestimation(ofparameter)estimate(ofparameter)estimatortotalestimationerrorsamplingerrorbiasofestimatorunbiasedestimatorstandarderror总体均值(或概率分布期望)的估计estimationofthemeanofapopulation(oroftheexpectationofaprobabil

50、itydistribution)总体(或概率分布)方差的估计estimationofthevarianceofapopulation(or双侧置信区间单侧置信区间置信水平，置信系数置信限统计容许区间统计容许限aprobabilitydistribution)two-sidedconfidenceintervalone-sidedconfidenceintervalconfidencelevel，confidencecoefficientconfidencelimitstatisticaltoleranceintervalstatisticaltolerancelimits分布的拟合优度统计检验

51、原假设（零假设）备择假设简单假设复合假设参数检验非参数检验检验的操作特性曲线（检验的OC曲线）显著性结果X2检验T检验F检验重复随机化真值均值的准确度精密度重复性再现性抽样样本（子样）抽样单位样本大小有放回抽样无放回抽样简单随机抽样子样本对分样本分层抽样goodnessoffitofadistributiontatisticaltestnullhypothesisalternativehypothesissimplehypothesiscompositehypothesisparametrictest-distributionfreetest-non-parametrictestoperati

52、ngcharacteristiccurveofatest(OCcurveofatest)significantresultchi-squaredtestt-test，studenttestF-testrepetitionrandomizationtruevalueaccuracyofthemeanprecisionrepeatabilityreproductabilitysamplingsamplesamplingunitsamplesizesamplingwithreplacementsamplingwithoutreplacementsimplerandomsamplingsubsampl

53、eduplicatedsamplestratifiedsampling周期系数抽样整群抽样多级抽样初始样本二级样本最终样本抽样比份样试验片大样，粗样样本制备实验室样本试验样本检查抽样检查批检查批批量交付批批检查交收检查初检查最终检查全检，百分之百检查计数检查计量检查缺陷不合格品致命缺陷重缺陷轻缺陷periodicsystematicsamplingclustersamplingmultistagesamplingprimarysamplesecondarysamplefinalsamplesamplingfractionincrementtestpiecepulksample(grosssample)samplepreparation