备战2018年英语考点一遍过专题47阅读理解议论(含解析)

1、考点47阅读理解议论文高考频度：议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：写法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我认为写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。写法三：论点，理由（证据），重申论点。议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作

2、者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。注意事项：.避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。（要求每一道题回到原文去找答案）.要先看题目，后读文章。（与先读文章，后看题目的比较）高考材料阅读方法： 先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。.阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：（1）标志类、指示类的信息。表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with 等；表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast 等；表示因果关系：therefore, ther

3、eby, consequently, as a result等；表示递进关系：in addition to, even,what s more, furthermore 等；表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first 等。以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。(2) 具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词： blind 盲目的( 贬), excessively过分的(贬),objective( 客观 ) 等。4. 常见问题：读不懂怎么？问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。unconscious incompetent ( 无意识无能力 )属于

4、问题认知的第一阶段；conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；conscious competent ( 有意识有能力 ) 属于问题认知的第三阶段；unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？做题技巧用不上怎么办？能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。【命题分析】议论说理类文章就是议论文， 是高考阅

5、读理解题中一种较难的题目。 议论说理类文章具有以下特点：题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特点。具体说来：一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时， 不能仅限于对文

6、章的表层理解， 只抓一些事实细节， 而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑联系的审视。深层理解题的主要表现形式：主旨性题目：此类题常针对文章主题、中心思想、标题或作者的写作意图，通常有以下提问方式：What would be the best title for the text? TOC o 1-5 h z The text is mainly about .From the passage we know that .The main idea of the paragraph is .The writer s purpose of writing this text is .Th

7、e passage could be titled .The passage deals with .What s the subject discussed in the text?推理判断题： 此题主要考查学生对文章内在逻辑联系的把握， 通常有以下出题方式：a.回答对why和how的提问。According to the text, which of the statements is true/wrong?From the text, we can infer that .Where can this text be selected from?What can you imagine

8、will be dealt with/written in the following passage?以短语 according to the writer of the text或 in the writer s opinion 等引出的其他问题。词义猜测题：判断词义的词可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学过，但在该篇中不是已学过的词义，三是某个代词 it 或 them 在文中指代什么，四是某句话的意思。【应试策略】议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：作者在开始叙述一个现象， 然后对现象进行解释。 这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调

9、的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因结果(Cause &Effect) 型。还有一种比较常见的是问题答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题 ( 相当于一个现象) ， 然后给出该问题的答案( 相当于解释) 。 针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点， 答题时优先考虑正面答题 ( 直接从文章内容得出答案) ， 然后从中心、 态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验； 如果从文章内容中直接无法解决， 则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的 态度，靠近中心的就是答案。解

10、题方法：.把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。.互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出 抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。.推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、 段落和句子之间的逻辑关系， 各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义， 作者的隐 含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。二、解题技巧历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是

11、考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。 其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来： 1.主旨大意型干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。干扰项 可能是从文中某些（不完全的）事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。干扰项可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力

12、。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理 解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。选择主题”旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：What is the main / general idea of this text?What is mainly discussed in this passage?What is the text mainly about? TOC o 1-5 h z This text mai

13、nly tells us .This passage mainly deals with .The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as.The topic of this passage is .标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。 通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：What would be the best title for the text?Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this

14、text?The best / most suitable title for this text would be .不管是选择主题还是选择标题，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线； 不管是何种体裁的文章， 都是围绕一个主题来展开的。 在试题设计上，3 个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。事实细节型细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。 它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。 直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩， 从阅读材料中可以找到。 这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。做此类题时可以使用

15、定位法 与 跳读法 。 定位法 即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子（ 即定位 ） ， 然后进行比较和分析（ 尤其要注意一些同义转换 ） ， 从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子（有时可能是几个句子） 或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。解题原则： 忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。文章中心是论点， 事实细节是论据或主要理由； 有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、 某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。提问的特殊疑问词常有： what, who, which, wher

16、e, how, why 等。在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式： Which of the following statements is true? Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? The author (or the passage) states that. According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) ?干扰项： 范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。阅读理解中细节理

17、解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：包含项原则在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项(或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A 与其他三项是包含或概括关系， 包含项 A 往往就是正确答案。 如在花与玫瑰两选项中，正确答案肯定是花，花包含了玫瑰。正反项原则所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、 B 互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、 D 项，正确答案一般在A、 B 项当中。委婉项原则所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表

18、达，如： probably,possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如： must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already 等等。同形项原则命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围， 然后通过语言形式的细微变化来

19、考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。 同形项原则告诉我们： 词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答 案的存在。常识项原则议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。因果项原则阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中， 有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因 ) ， 或者推理过头 (止于后果 ) ， 这就是所谓的干扰项。 因果项原则启示我们： 假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系， 那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。 如果因项可产生几个结果， 那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就

20、是果。解题方法：原文定位法。查读法： (1) 带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与 who, what, when, where 问题有关的细节上。细心 !词义猜测型阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、 习语、 句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化， 其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。 有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语， 后文接着会出现其定义、 解释或例子， 这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如 but ，however ， otherwise 等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一

21、句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号( ； ) 也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，有因必有果，有果必有因。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。根据构词法( 转化、合成、派生) 进行判断。根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。 用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。 文章中的代词it ， that ， he， him 或 them 可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it 和 that 还可以指一件事。(4) 根据转折或对比关

22、系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but ， however ， otherwise 等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，有因必有果，有果必有因。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。常见的问题形式有：(1)The word in Line means/can be best replaced by (2)As used in the passa

23、ge, the phrase suggests (3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence is/refers to /means(4)The word is closest in meaning to 常用应对方法：同义法： 常在词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or ，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。反义法： 如 hot and cold, give and receive 等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。释义法： 对文章

24、中的生词用定语( 从句 ) 、表语， 甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。做题要领从文中找线索或信息词；根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。要特别注意熟词新意！推理判断型做题要领： 既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：The passage implies （ 暗示）that.（2）We can conclude （ 得出结论）from the passage that.（

25、3）Which of the following can be inferred （推论）？（4）What is the tone （语气）of the author?（5）What is the purpose （ 目的）of this passage?（6）The passage is intended to.Where would this passage most probably appear?检测训练，. *题组一（2017年高考真题）Passage1（2017 天津卷，D）I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our liv

26、es waiting.But where arewe doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let s take a look at three types of waits .The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubtthe most annoying of all. Take filling up the

27、 kitchen sink（洗碗池）as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it s full. During these waits, the brain slips away fromthe body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind

28、 of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmerI have my doubts

29、 thatthree minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience.Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This typeof wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unl

30、ike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily meanthat it will happen.Turning one s life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on sou

31、p mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn t come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you restanding at the sink waiting for it to fill

32、while cooking noodle soup that you llhave to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don t be desperate.You re probably just as busy as the next guy.While doing a Watched-Pot Wait, we tend to .keep ourselves busyget absent-mindedgrow anxiousstay focusedWhat is the difference between the

33、Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait?The Forced Wait requires some self-control.The Forced Wait makes people passive.The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions.The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain.What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait?It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.It doesn t alw

34、ays bring the desired result.It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.It doesn t give people faith and hope.What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?Take it seriously.Don t rely on others.Do something else.Don t lose heart.The author supports his view by .exploring various c

35、auses of waits describing detailed processes of waits analyzing different categories of waits revealing frustrating consequences of waits Passage2（2017 浙江卷，B ）Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According toa new survey（ 调查 ） by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kid

36、s aged 10 to 18 goto bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early.Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said theyfelt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your a

37、ge. Babies need a lot of rest:most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For mostschool-age children, ten hours is ideal（ 理 想 的 ）. But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35%of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half

38、of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV. More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities（ 机 会 ） to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone, says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says thes

39、e activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calmdown and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levelsof body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to f

40、all asleep before 11 pm.Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 amto 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased

41、 with the results.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?A. American kids sleeping habits.B.Teenagers;sleep-related diseases.C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness.D. Learning problems andlack of sleep.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?A. 7 hours.B. 8 hours.C. 10 ho

42、urs.D. 18 hours.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?They are affected by certain body chemicals.They tend to do things that excite them.Th ey follow their parents examples.They don t need to go to school early.题组二（2016年高考真题）Passage 1（2016 浙江，A） Did you hear what happened to Adam

43、 Last Friday? Lindsey whispers to Tori.With her eyes shining, Tori brags, You bet I did, Sean told metwo days ago.Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is （a） not nice and （b） not even true. Still, Lindsey

44、and Tori aren t very different from most studentshere atLinton High School, including me. Manyof our conversations are gossip（闲话）.I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.An importan

45、t negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic- breakups, trouble athome, even dropping out - that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Pr

46、obably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharingthe latestrumor（ 传

47、言 ） can make a person feel importantbecause he or she knows something thatothers don t. Similarly, hearing the latestrumor can make a person feel like par tof the in group. In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority（优越感 ）.Gossip also can hav

48、e a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rulesabout how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what

49、 Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do s and don ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feelthe urge to spre

50、ad the latest news, thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your juicy story might have.The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to .introduce a topicpresent an argumentdescribe the charactersclarify his writing purposeAn important negative effect of gossip is that

51、it .breaks up relationshipsembarrasses the listenerspreads information aroundcauses unpleasant experiencesIn the author s opinion, many people like to gossip because it .A. gives them a feeling of pleasurehelps them to make more friendsmakes them better at telling storiesenables them to meet importa

52、nt peopleProfessor David Wilson thinks that gossip vide students with written ruleshelp people watch their own behaviorsforce schools to improve student handbooksattract the police s attention to group behaviorsWhat advice does the author give in the passage?Never become a gossiper.Stay away

53、from gossipers.Don t let gossip turn into lies.Think twice before you gossip.Passage 2 （2016新课标全国卷 III , D）Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good newsis no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morningpapers. But now that information is

54、being spread and monitored（监控）in differentways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people s e -mails andonline posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.The if it bleeds rule works for mass media, says Jonah Berger, a sch

55、olar at the University of Pennsylvania. They want your eyeballs and don t care howyou re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication- e-mails, Web p

56、osts andreviews, face-to-face conversations found that it tended to be more positive than negative（消极的），but that didn t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibilit

57、y, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The NewYork Times website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the most e-mailed list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much morelikely to make the

58、list than non-science articles. He found that science amazedTimes readers and made them want to s hare this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or thatinspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left themmerely s

59、ad. They needed to be aroused（激发）one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, Contagious: Why Things Catch On. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?A. News rep

60、orts.B. Research papers.C. Private e-mails.D. Daily conversations.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?They re socially inactive.They re good at telling stories.They re inconsiderate of others.They re careful with their words.Which tended to be the most e- mailed according to Dr. Berger