经济学专业英语教程引文版上课件(完整版)

1、 “十二五”普通高等教育本科国家级规划教材 教育部推荐教材 大学专业英语系列教材经济学专业英语教程（第四版上） 2019年7月第4版演示文稿Introduction1. Framework 2. Contents1. Framework 14 units, and each unit includes one text and one additional textUnits 1-6 concern microeconomics, and Units 7-14 concern macroeconomics2. ContentsUnit 1Text: What Is Economics?（什么是

2、经济学？）Additional Text: The Economic Problem（经济学的问题） Unit 2 Text: Demand and Supply （需求与供给）Additional Text: Utility and Consumer Choice（效用与消费者选择）Unit 3 Text: Price Elasticities of Demand and Supply（需求与供给的价格弹性） Additional Text: The Factors Influencing the Price Elasticities of Demand and Supply（影响需求与供给

3、价格弹性的因素）Unit 4Text: Cost of Production（生产成本）Additional Text: Economies and Diseconomies of Scale（规模经济与规模不经济）Unit 5 Text: Monopoly（垄断） Additional Text: Perfect Competition（完全竞争）Unit 6 Text: Oligopoly（寡头垄断）Additional Text: Monopolistic Competition（垄断竞争）Unit 7 Text: Gross Domestic Product（国内生产总值） Addit

4、ional Text: Two Alternative Approaches of Measuring GDP（衡量国内生产总值的两种可供选择的方法）Unit 8 Text: Economic Growth（经济增长） Additional Text: Sources of Economic Development（经济发展的源泉）Unit 9 Text: Inflation（通货膨胀） Additional Text: Unemployment（失业） Unit 10Text: Money and Banking（货币与银行） Additional Text: The U.S. Centra

5、l Bank: The Federal Reserve System（美国的中央银行：联邦储备制度） Unit 11Text: Foreign Exchange and Exchange Rate（外汇与汇率） Additional Text: The Effects of Exchange Rates on the Economy（汇率对经济的影响） Unit 12Text: The Balance of Payments（国际收支）Additional Text: International Monetary Systems（国际货币体系） Unit 13Text: Fiscal and

6、Monetary Policy（财政政策与货币政策）Additional Text: Lags in the Economys Response to Monetary and Fiscal Policy（经济对财政与货币政策的反应滞后）Unit 14Text: Role of Government in the Economy（政府在经济中的作用） Additional Text: Governments Policies Toward Externalities（政府针对外部性的政策） Unit OneText: What Is Economics?（什么是经济学？）1. Key word

7、s2. Definition of economics3. Economics is a science4. Importance of economics5. Economic system6. Translate the following into Chinese7. Questions1. Key wordsdecision-makingmaterial well-beingincessant changelaboratory specimensvalue judgmentavailability of jobssatisfy ones wantseconomic institutio

8、nsframework of organizationwelfare statestandard of livingstability of prices2. Definition of economics2.1 Economics is the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of

9、 the material requisites of well-being.2.2 Economics has also been defined as the study of decision-making; decisions which involve choosing between alternatives in the related activities of earning, spending, producing and consuming, all with the object of achieving material well-being.3. Economics

10、 is a scienceEconomics is often thought of as a science. However, it is a very inexact science because it is a social science, and is affected by the many influences that lead to incessant change.4. Importance of economicsA knowledge of economics will allow us to analyze and assess the values of pol

11、icies and decisions made by politicians. And it will help us to become more aware of the current and future problems of our society and therefore better able to cope with them.5. Economic system5.1 An economic system is made up of the collection of relationships, customs, institutions, laws and arra

12、ngements that are combined to satisfy the economic wants of the communityto determine what and how production takes place, and who receives the output. 5.2 The economic system of a society does grow or, rather, develop, because the type of system a country has depended on its historical background a

13、nd its political forces.5.3 The way it does this depends largely on the type of society. In the USA there is still a belief in the value of free enterprise and the ability of individuals to succeed if they work hard enough. In some countries, such as England and possibly Sweden, there is a belief in

14、 the welfare state, that it is up to the government to look after the citizens from the cradle to the grave, although there have been criticisms of this approach because of cost. Countries like Australia seem to represent a mixture of both these attitudes.5.4 National characteristics and belief syst

15、ems have led to many differences between economic systems.6. Translate the following into Chinese(1) Economics is the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the m

16、aterial requisites of well-being.(2) Even our own personal decisions are often affected by the state of the economy, so we could make better choices if we understood the way the economy operates.(3) The principles and motives from which people act are not necessarily economic in origin, and are ofte

17、n based on non-economic values.(4) An economic system is made up of the collection of relationships, customs, institutions, laws and arrangements that are combined to satisfy the economic wants of the communityto determine what and how production takes place, and who receives the output.7. Questions

18、(1) What is the definition of economics?(2) What are the main concerns of economists?(3) Why should we learn the basic economic theory?(4) What are economic goods and services?(5) What influences the type of economic system in a country?(6) What type of economic system operates in China?Unit TwoText

19、: Demand and Supply （需求与供给）1. Key words2. How are prices determined?3. Demand schedules and curves4. Supply schedules and curves5. Changes in demand6. Changes in supply7. Translate the following into Chinese8. Questions1. Key wordsfree enterpriseprice mechanismmake a profiteffective demandlaw of dem

20、andlaw of supplydemand scheduledemand curvevertical axishorizontal axissupply schedulesupply curvemarket mechanismequilibrium pricerelated goodsconsumer tastesFuture expectationschanges in demandchanges in supply2. How are prices determined?2.1 Price mechanism2.2 Demand and effective demand2.3 Law o

21、f demand and law of supply2.1 Price mechanismIf an economy runs on the lines of the purely competitive market of free enterprise, then what is produced and the prices at which the products are sold depend upon the choices and decisions made by consumers and producers.The price mechanism is the proce

22、ss by which prices rise and fall as a result of changes in demand and supply, and thereby acts as a signal to producers to guide them on their production plans.If our economy were entirely competitive and there were no restrictions at all, then the market forces, or price mechanism, would operate fr

23、eely. The only things that would be produced would be those goods for which consumers were willing to pay sufficient to make it worthwhile for the producers to put them on the market. The demand for a product and the price at which it can be sold indicate to the producer the best way to allocate res

24、ources in order to make a profit.2.2 Demand and effective demandDemand means the quantity which buyers are willing to purchase at a given price over a given period of time. Effective demand means a desire to obtain an article accompanied by the ability and willingness to pay for it at the price aske

25、d. In economics, when we speak of demand, we are usually referring to effective demand.2.3 Law of demand and law of supplyLaw of demand Buyers are likely to buy more of an item as the price falls.Law of supply As prices rise, sellers would like to sell more and will, if it is possible, offer a large

26、r quantity for sale. 3. Demand schedules and curves3.1 Demand schedules3.2 Demand curves3.1 Demand schedulesPrice (cents/kg)Quantitydemanded (kg)Price (cents/kg)Quantitydemanded (kg)1070 503020 6060 2030 50 701040 4080Nil3.2 Demand curvesThe price is shown on the vertical axis, while quantity is sho

27、wn on the horizontal axis. This is the conventional way of drawing a demand and supply graph. As prices fall, a larger quantity of a good is demanded. The typical demand curve slopes down from left to right. This indicates that consumers buy more of a good at lower prices and less at higher prices,

28、but at very low prices demand does not necessarily increase. This is sometimes called an expansion or contraction, or a movement along the curve.4. Supply schedules and curves4.1 Supply schedules4.2 Supply curves4.3 Equilibrium price 4.1 Supply schedulesPrice (cents/kg)Quantitysupplied (kg)Price (ce

29、nts/kg)Quantitysupplied (kg)80100 406070 9030 5060 80 204050 7010304.2 Supply curvesAs prices rise, a larger quantity of a good is supplied or sold. The typical supply curve slopes down from right to left. This indicates that suppliers or sellers supply or sell more of a good at higher prices and le

30、ss at lower prices. This is called a movement along the curve.4.3 Equilibrium price A compromise between how much and at what price the seller decides to sell and the consumers plans to buy must be arrived at. This is called the equilibrium price and is the price at which the buyer is prepared to bu

31、y the quantity which the seller is prepared to sell at that price, so that the market is cleared and there is no surplus and no shortage.5. Changes in demand5.1 Influences which can change demand for goods and services5.2 Changes in demand5.1 Influences which can change demand for goods and services

32、Price received for the itemPrices of related goodsChanges in consumer tastesPrices of all other goods and servicesThe income of the consumerFuture expectations5.2 Changes in demandDemand changes simply because price is changing, but none of the other factors which affect the consumers buying have ch

33、anged. A change in the price of a good results in a movement along an existing demand curve.Price has remained unchanged but there has been a change in demand caused by factors other than price. The demand curve could shift to the left or right if there is a change in any of these conditions other t

34、han price, influencing people to buy less or more of a commodity even if the price remains unchanged.6. Changes in supply6.1 Influences which can change supply for goods and services6.2 Changes in supply6.1 Influences which can change supply for goods and servicesThe price received for the itemThe c

35、ost of producing the itemTaxes imposed which raise the items market price to consumersSubsidies awarded to producers, which reduce the costs of productionPrices of other goodsFuture expectationsChanges in supply due to the nature of the good6.2 Changes in supplyIn the case of supply, any change of p

36、rice results in a movement up or down the existing supply curve, if no other changes occur to affect supply.Any change in the conditions other than market prices causes a shift in the supply curve.7. Translate the following into Chinese(1) The price mechanism is the process by which prices rise and

37、fall as a result of changes in demand and supply, and thereby acts as a signal to producers to guide them on their production plans.(2) The only things that would be produced would be those goods for which consumers were willing to pay sufficient to make it worthwhile for the producers to put them o

38、n the market.(3) When speaking of demand for a commodity, economists mean the quantity which buyers are willing to purchase at a given price over a given period of time.(4) Somehow these two conflicting desires of buyers and sellers must be brought into some kind of agreement, or there will be a sur

39、plus of highly priced goods which buyers are not willing to buy, or a shortage of goods because sellers will not produce them for sale at a low price.(5) This is called the equilibrium price and is the price at which the buyer is prepared to buy the quantity which the seller is prepared to sell at t

40、hat price, so that the market is cleared and there is no surplus and no shortage.(6) If the other conditions which affect demand should change, and not the price, then our graph will look different because we have what is called a shift in the curve.(7) The supply curve can move leftwards if, for ex

41、ample, costs of production rose, with consumers being unwilling to pay more for the item and suppliers unwilling to supply as much at the same price.8. Questions(1) What factors need to be considered in fixing the price for a new product?(2) What causes a shift in the market demand curve?(3) What ca

42、uses a shift in the market supply curve?(4) How does the factor of future expectations influence demand and supply?Unit ThreeText: Price Elasticities of Demand and Supply（需求与供给的价格弹性）1. Key words2. Price elasticity of demand3. Price elasticity of supply4. Law of diminishing marginal utility5. Consume

43、r sovereignty6. Translate the following into Chinese7. Questions1. Key wordsprice elasticity of demandprice inelastic in demandprice elastic in demandprice elasticity of supplysales taxesnecessities of lifetotal revenuediminishing marginal utility or satisfactionsaturation pointallocation of resourc

44、esderived demandconsumer sovereignty2. Price elasticity of demand2.1 Price elasticity of demand2.2 Price inelastic and elastic in demand2.3 Importance of price elasticity of demand2.1 Price elasticity of demandMeasures how greatly a price change affects a change in demand.2.2 Price inelastic and ela

45、stic in demandPrice inelastic in demand Some goods are so much in demand that however much prices rise, the demand for them remains the same or drops off only slightly. These goods are called price inelastic in demand.Price elastic in demand Other goods, which are bought readily if their prices are

46、low but are bought in much smaller quantities if the prices rise, are termed price elastic in demand.2.3 Importance of price elasticity of demandIt is important to government taxation policy. If a good is relatively price inelastic in demand, then imposing a tax on it will not cause sales to drop su

47、bstantially. If the government intends to use sales taxes to raise revenue, it would be pointless to put the tax on products which are elastic in demand because, as the tax causes prices to rise, consumers will buy an untaxed substitute if that is possible (and if it is cheaper), or just cut down th

48、e quantity they purchase. It is also important to sellers as it indicates to them whether a drop in price will result in increased revenue from increased sales, or whether it will merely result in a loss of total revenue. If sellers raise the prices of their good, and demand is elastic, they may los

49、e sales, resulting in a loss of total revenue. If demand is inelastic they can raise prices and not lose revenue.3. Price elasticity of supply3.1 Price elasticity of supply3.2 Price inelastic and elastic in supply3.1 Price elasticity of supplyIt refers to a relative responsiveness of the quantity su

50、pplied of a good when the market price of the good changes.3.2 Price inelastic and elastic in supplySupply can also be inelastic in response to changes in price, particularly if the supply is physically limited and cannot be greatly increased in the short run, no matter what price is offered. Supply

51、 is elastic when it can be increased readily.4. Law of diminishing marginal utility4.1 Definition of law of diminishing marginal utility4.2 Importance of law of diminishing marginal utility4.1 Definition of law of diminishing marginal utilityConsumers pleasure or satisfaction diminishes as they buy

52、each extra unit, until they reach saturation point. It is this aspect of consumer demand, as well as the law of demand that buyers will buy more at a lower price, which helps to make the demand curve slope downwards from left to right.4.2 Importance of law of diminishing marginal utilityThe price wh

53、ich buyers are prepared to offer will induce suppliers to make their production plans on the basis of the strength of the market forces. If consumers are prepared to pay more for certain goods this behavior is a signal to the producers to supply those items in preference to others for which demand i

54、s low or prices obtained are low. Firms will therefore obtain the resources needed to satisfy consumer demand. The price mechanism indicates what should be produced, and this in turn leads to the allocation of resources for that purpose.5. Consumer sovereigntyThis term means that the consumers are s

55、upreme and their decisions are allimportant in deciding what shall be produced and how production shall be distributed. In such a purely competitive market, the consumer has control over the way in which the economic problem is solved and over the production decisions made. Economic choices in this

56、system are made purely through the market mechanism as it reacts to peoples demands.This kind of situation is only partly true of a modern capitalist economy, in which consumers can choose only between those items which are offered. Their alternatives are limited.6. Translate the following into Chin

57、ese(1) Some goods are so much in demand that however much prices rise, the demand for them remains the same or drops off only slightly.(2) The concept of elasticity of demand is important to sellers as it indicates to them whether a drop in price will result in increased revenue from increased sales

58、, or whether it will merely result in a loss of total revenue.(3) As the purchase of each chocolate bar gives less pleasure than the one before, it makes more sense to use the money for something which gives greater satisfaction.(4) If consumers are prepared to pay more for certain goods this behavi

59、or is a signal to the producers to supply those items in preference to others for which demand is low or prices obtained are low.7. Questions(1) Why is the concept of price elasticity of demand important for sellers?(2) If the government wants to place a tax on an item, would it choose one which is

60、price elastic in demand? Give reasons for your answer.(3) Explain the law of diminishing marginal utility.Unit FourText: Cost of Production（生产成本）1. Key words2. What are costs?3. The various measures of cost4. Translate the following into Chinese5. Questions1. Key wordsprofit-maximizing firmtotal cos