基础医学英语课件-unit-2

1、Unit 2 Musculoskeletal SystemObjectives1. Learn and know some medical words related to the musculoskeletal system.2. Get some knowledge about this system.3. Know how to express ideas about this system.4. Know some reading skills. Word Formationmuscul/o 肌肉cardi/o 心脏tend/o, tendin/o 腱quadri- 四trans- 横

2、跨, 越过, 在 的另一边vas/o 管, 血管-al 的-ac 的( musculoskeletal, musculotendinous )( cardiac, cardiovascular )( tendon )(quarter, quadruple, quadriceps )( transverse )( cardiovascular )( cardiac )( visceral 内脏的)1. -itis 炎症(inflammation)appendicitis 阑尾炎arthritis 关节炎myositis ,masats肌炎tendinitis tenonitis 腱炎osteoa

3、rthritis骨关节炎 3. muscul(o) = my(o)-肌的，肌肉的 muscular 肌肉的musculoskeletal肌肉骨骼的 muscle 肌肉myositis 肌炎myoatrophy肌萎缩 活学活用4. fibr(o) 纤维fiber 纤维fibrous 纤维的osteofibroma骨纤维瘤 活学活用5. ten(o)=tendin(o)腱活学活用tendon 肌腱tendinitis tenonitis 腱炎tenotomy 切开术6. bi- 二 ， tri-三 ， quadri- 四 biceps 二头肌triceps 三头肌quadriceps 四头肌 活学

4、活用7. oss(i)-, oste(o) 骨 ossification 骨化osteomyelitis 骨髓炎osteotomy 截骨术，骨切开术osteodystrophy骨营养不良活学活用8. dynia 疼痛osteodynia 骨痛myodynia 肌痛arthrodynia 关节痛活学活用9. trophy 生长hypertrophy 肥大 (hyper-超过，高于)muscular dystrophy 肌肉萎缩 (dys-不良)myoatrophy肌萎缩 atrophy 萎缩，停止发育 (a, an 无，不能)活学活用10. -osis 病态osteoporosis 骨质疏松症s

5、coliosis 脊柱侧凸tuberculosis 肺结核pertussis 百日咳活学活用10 systems of the human body1. The Circulatory or Cardiovascular System includes the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels. 循环系统2. The Dermal or Integumentary System includes the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.皮肤系统 3. The Digestive or Gastrointest

6、inal System includes the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the liver, the gall bladder, the pancreas, the small intestine, the large intestine, the rectum, and the anus. 消化系统4. The Endocrine or Glandular or Hormonal System includes all of the glands in the body.内分泌系统5. The Excretory Sy

7、stem includes the skin, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, and the large intestine. 排泄系统Introduction6. The Nervous System includes the brain, the spinal cord, and all of the nerves of the body. 神经系统7. The Reproductive System is different in men and women. The Male Reproductive System mainly includes

8、 the testes and the penis. The Female Reproductive System mainly includes the ovaries and the uterus. 生殖系统8. The Respiratory or Pulmonary System includes the nose, the mouth, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchial tubes, and the lungs. 呼吸系统9. The Skeletal System includes all of the bone

9、s, joints, ligaments, and tendons of the body. 骨骼系统10. The Muscular System includes all of the muscles and tendons of the body. 肌肉系统 3 sub-systems of the Circulatory or Cardiovascular System. The Immune System includes all of the lymphocytes and antibodies of the body. The Lymphatic System includes

10、the tonsils, the thymus gland, the liver, the spleen, and all of the lymph nodes of the body. The Urinary System includes the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. 1 sub-system of the Nervous System. The Sensory System includes, the eyes, the ears, the nose, the tongue, and the skin. m

11、usculoskeletal system-the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its formMusculoskeletal system of the body is one of those important ones, through which every body movement is made possible. All 206 bones in the human

12、body are linked with the muscles in some way or the other which enables the bones to move and perform actions.Musculoskeletal systemSome muscles in the human body are involuntary, that is they are continuously working without the instructions from the brain, like the cardiac muscles in the heart, be

13、cause of which the heart is continuously pumping. Other examples of involuntary muscles are bladder muscles, and eye muscles for blinking.Ligaments and cartilage are used to draw bones together and provide a means of keeping the bones and joints functioning properly. Without the cartilage the bones

14、would rub against each other causing significant wearing of the bone.Contents of the textBonesJoints MusclesMuscles and movementSome problems and diseasesWhat Are the Bones and What Do They Do?What are the bones and what do they do?1. What is ossification?2. Why are the bones of kids and young teens

15、 are different from those of adults?3. What cells does the bone contain?4. What are the bones made of? Why is calcium important to the bones?5. What are the functions of the bone marrow?6. What are the compact bone and cancellous bone?Functions of BonesSupport of the bodyProtection of soft organsMov

16、ement due to attached skeletal musclesStorage of minerals and fatsBlood cell formationFunctions of the Skeletal System1. Support: The backbone is the main support center for the upper body. It holds your head up and protects your spinal cord. 2. Movement: Skeletal system provides points of attachmen

17、t for muscles. Your legs and arms move when the muscles pull on the bones.Muscle attached to bonesFunctions of the Skeletal System3. Protection: The bones of your skull protect your brain. Your ribs protect your lungs and heart from injury.4. Makes Blood: Red and white blood cells are formed by tiss

18、ue called marrow, which is in the center of the bone.Functions of the Skeletal System5. Storage: Bones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, for use by the bodyComponents of the SkeletonBones Cartilages JointsLigaments (bone to bone) and tendons (bone to muscle)The Connectors of the BodyLi

19、gaments and cartilage : Connect bone to boneThe Connectors of the BodyTendon: Attaches muscles to bones1. What is ossification?Ossification is when the cartilage is replaced by hard deposits of calcium phosphate and stretchy collagen.deposit: 沉积calcium phosphate：磷酸钙stretchy：有弹性的collagen：胶原质2. Why ar

20、e the bones of kids and young teens are different from those of adults?The bones of kids and young teens are smaller than those of adults and contain “growing zones called growth plates. These plates consists of columns of multiplying cartilage cells that grow in length, and then change into hard, m

21、ineralized bone.growth plate: 生长板multiplying：倍增的mineralized： 矿化的3. Bone contains three types of cells: osteoblasts成骨细胞，亦称bone-forming cells 能够制造新骨并帮助修复损伤 osteocytes 骨细胞 帮助形成新骨的成熟骨细胞 osteoclasts 破骨细胞，亦称bone-resorbing cells 分解骨骼并帮助骨骼成形4. What are the bones made of? Why is calcium important to the bone

22、s?Bones are made up of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and other minerals, as well as the protein collagen.Calcium is needed to make bones hard, which allows then to support the body weight. Bones also store calcium and release some into the bloodstream when its needed by other parts of the body.calciu

23、m：钙phosphorus：磷sodium：钠minerals：矿物质flexible cartilageossification about 20 yearsbonehard deposits of Calcium phosphate Stretchy collagen sodium, and other mineralsBones of the Human BodyTwo basic types of bone tissueCompact bone骨密质HomogeneousCancellous (Spongy) bone骨松质Trabeculae 骨小梁, mesh-like netwo

24、rk oftiny pieces of boneMany open spacesperiosteumblood vessels and nervesCompact boneCancellous boneWhat Are the Joints and What Do They Do?JointsA joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together. Joints are composite structures that unite the bones of the skeleton. Depending on

25、their form, joints allow for varying degrees of movement of the skeleton. 关节 关节是使骨架结合在一起的组合结构。根据其形状，关节可使骨骼进行不同程度的活动。Joints There are three types of joints: immovable, partly movable, and synovial(滑膜关节). Immovable joints, like those connecting the cranial bones, have edges that tightly interlock. Par

26、tly movable joints allow some degree of flexibility and usually have cartilage between the bones; example: vertebrae. Synovial joints permit the greatest degree of flexibility and have the ends of bones covered with a connective tissue filled with synovial fluid (滑液).Joints consist of the following:

27、cartilage the bones are covered with cartilage (a connective tissue), which is made up of cells and fibers and is wear-resistant. Cartilage helps reduce the friction of movement. synovial membrane a tissue called the synovial membrane lines the joint and seals it into a joint capsule. The synovial m

28、embrane secretes synovial fluid (a clear, sticky fluid) around the joint to lubricate it. ligaments strong ligaments (tough, elastic bands of connective tissue) surround the joint to give support and limit the joints movement. tendons tendons (another type of tough connective tissue) on each side of

29、 a joint attach to muscles that control movement of the joint. bursas fluid-filled sacs called bursas, between bones, ligaments, or other adjacent structures help cushion the friction in a joint. synovial fluid a clear, sticky fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. meniscus a curved part of cartil

30、age in the knees and other joints. 2. What are the functions of the joints?Hinge joints allow movement in one direction, as seen in the knees and elbows.Pivot joints allow a rotating or twisting motion, like that of the head moving from side to side.Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest freedom

31、of movement. The hips and shoulders have this type of joint, in which the round end of a long bone fits into the hollow of another bone.Joints of the BodyFixed/Immovable Joint不动关节 : Joint does not moveEx. SkullGliding Joint: 滑动关节Bones slipping over other bones with a free flowing movement.Ex. Knuckl

32、esJoints of the BodyHinge Joint: 屈戍关节Movement at joint in one direction like a door.Ex. Knee and ElbowJoints of the BodyPivot Joint:轴关节Bone resting atop another bone permitting free movement.Ex. Neck, Wrist and AnklesJoints of the BodyBall and Socket Joint:杵臼关节 Round end of bone fitting snugly withi

33、n another bone.Ex. Shoulder and HipWhat Are the Muscles and What Do They Do?Types of MusclesThe human body has more than 650 major muscles. About 240 of them have specific names. In general, muscles are classified into three groups: (1) skeletal muscles, (2) smooth muscles, and (3) cardiac muscles.5

34、1Skeletal muscles or striated muscle骨骼肌/横纹肌attach to the bones of our skeleton and provide strength and mobility for our bodyCardiac muscle 心肌found in the heart; this muscle pumps blood throughout the bodySmooth muscles 平滑肌found in most internal organsHuman have three different kinds of muscle:52Mus

35、cles may also be classified asvoluntary 随意肌(muscles over which we have conscious control)Involuntary 不随意肌 (muscles over which we have no conscious control)Skeletal MuscleCardiac muscleMuscles and movement1. What are the functions of the muscle?2. How can a person move?3. How do the flexors and exten

36、sors work together to move body parts?1. What are the functions of the muscle?Muscles enable your heart to beat, your chest to rise and fall as you breathe, and your blood vessels to help regulate the pressure and flow of blood through your body. When we smile and talk, muscles are helping us commun

37、icate, and when we exercise, they help us stay physically fit and healthy.2. How can a person move?The movements of your muscles are coordinated and controlled by the brain and nervous system. When you decide to move, the motor cortex sends an electrical signal through the spinal cord and peripheral

38、 nerves to the muscles, causing them to contract. The motor cortex on the right side of the brain controls muscles on the left side of the body and vice versa.motor cortex: 皮层运动区spinal cord: 脊髓peripheral nerve：末梢神经3. How do the flexors and extensors work together to move body parts?Muscles move body

39、 parts by contracting and then relaxing. Your muscles can pull bones, but they cant push them back to their original position. So they work in pairs of flexors and extensors. The flexors contracts to bend a limb at a joint. Then, when you have completed the movement, the flexors relaxes and the exte

40、nsors contracts to extend or straighten the limb at the same joint. flexors屈肌extensors伸肌Opposing Muscles in the ArmThings That Can Go Wrong With the Bones, Muscles, and Joints1.Skull 14.Metacarpal Bones2.Mandible 15.Phalanges of Fingers3.Hyoid Bone 16.Thoracic Vertebra4.Cervical Vertebra 17.Lumbar V

41、ertebra6.Sternum 19.Os Coxa11.Radius 24.Tarsal Bones12.Ulna 25.Metatarsal Bones13.Carpal Bones 26.Phalanges of ToesProblems of the Skeletal SystemArthritis: Inflamed and stiff joints , swelling, warmth, pain, and often have trouble moving. Fracture: bone breakIt may crack, snap, or shatter.crack: 裂缝

42、 snap: 折断，shatter: 粉碎plaster cast：石膏绷带metal pin：钢钉 plate: 金属板Problems of the Skeletal SystemMuscular dystrophy :肌肉萎缩症 an inherited group of diseases, muscle weaken and break down over time. Osgood-Schlatter disease :胫骨粗隆骨软骨病inflammation (pain and swelling) of the bone, cartilage, and/or tendonOsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis is a bone infection that is often caused bu Staphylo