高中英语语法复习

1、 PAGE 44第一讲 名词一、思维导图二、考纲分析1、可数名词单复数变化2、不可数名词常见用法3、名词作定语和名词的所有格三、语法讲解(一)可数名词单复数变化 1规则名词的复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加smonthmonthsapplea pples以s ，x ，ch ，sh 结尾的名词在词尾加esglassglasses boxboxesmatchmatches以辅音字母y 结尾的名词变 y 为 i 再加esfactoryfactoriescandycandies以元音字母y 结尾的名词在词尾直接sholidayholidaysmonkeymonkeys以 o 结尾的名词一

2、般在词尾加spianopianosphotophotos有些在词尾加esheroheroesnegronegroes potatopotatoestomatotomatoes以 f, fe 结尾的名词一般要变 f 或 fe 为 vesselfselveswolfwolves少数直接加sroofroofsbeliefbeliefs名师点睛:巧记-f 结尾的名词直接加-s 变复数: gulf,roof,chief,serf,belief,proof,handkerchief.海湾边、屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望； 谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。巧记-o 结尾的名词复数:Negroes are hero

3、es.They live on potatoes and tomatoes.黑人是英雄。他们以马铃薯和西红柿为食。2不规则名词的复数变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deer, sheep,fish, means, series, headquarters,works (工厂）Chinese, Swiss变内部元音footfeet, toothteeth, goose - geese mouse - micemanmen, womanwomen louse - lice 虱子特殊名词变化mediummedia 媒体 bacteriumbacteria 细菌phenomenonphenomena 现

4、象 criterioncriteria 标准analysisanalyses 分析名师点睛(1)fish 表示同一种鱼时,其单复数形式相同,表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，； (2)people 指“人们”时单复数同形，指“民族”时，其复数为 peoples。The Chinese nation is made up of 36 peoples. 3合成名词的复数形式若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。passerby passersbymotherinlaw mothersinlawgrownup grownupseditor-in-chiefe

5、ditors-in-chief “man/womann 变复数时，作定语的 man/woman 和中心词都要变复数：women engineersmen teachers (二)不可数名词常见用法常见的不可数名词有些名词，通常只用作不可数名词，俗称“雷打不动十大金刚”有：news，information，progress，advice, weather，work(工作)，fun，luck，music, money.另外，还有以下名词也通常只做不可数名词， homework, housework, equipment, furniture，luggage, baggage，health，weal

6、th, garbage，rubbish，grass, word(消息), room(空间), man(人类)，knowledge（知识）,laughter 等。名师点睛 word 意为“消息”，room 意为“空间”，man 意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。抽象名词的具体化某些抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事failure失败失败的人或事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴

7、令人高兴的事pleasure乐趣快乐的人或事surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情water水（复数）水域，领海（三）名词作定语通常用单数名词作定语silk goods 丝织品English teacher 英语老师paper factory纸厂telephone number电话号码shoe shop 鞋店weather forecast天气预报名师点睛“数词名词”作定语时，其中的名词也要用单数形式。He has an 18yearold daughter.他有一个 18 岁的女儿。man, woman 用于名词前作定语时，其单复数形式与所

8、修饰的名词的单复数形式一致。如：a woman writer/some women writers 女作家a man doctor/ some men doctors 男医生名师点睛与 man 和 woman 不同，boy 和 girl 用作定语时，总是用单数。如 boy (girl) friends 男(女)朋友。有些名词只有复数形式，没有单数形式，或者用于某一意义时，习惯上要用复数形式，此时它们用作定语显然只能用复数。如：goods ship 货船customs officer 海关人员clothes line 晾衣绳sales plan 销售计划clothes shop 衣服店sport

9、s meeting 运动会（四）名词所有格有生命名词的 6 种所有格情况构成示例不以 s 结尾的名词加sMarys email childrens books以 s 结尾的复数名词加the girls dormitory the teachers readingroom以 s 结尾的单数名词加s 或our boss office the hostess room复合名词在最后一个词的词尾加shis mother-in-laws letter 他岳母的信表示几个词共同的所有关系在最后一个词的词尾加sMary and Toms books 玛丽和汤姆共有的书表示几个词各自的所有关系在每个词的词尾都

10、加sMarys and Toms books 玛丽和汤姆各自的书无生命名词的 2 种所有格通常用 of 所有格表示The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the north on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马，位于北部沿海地区。表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用s 所有格表示Beijings parks 北京的公园the factorys output 工厂的产量双重所有格双重所有格的构成形式为：名词of名词所有格/名词of名词性物主代词。He is a friend of my fathers.他是我父亲的一个朋友。名师点睛

11、名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)， 而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。 双重属格与s 属格及 of 属格都有所区别，如：a friend of my mothers 的含义是我母亲朋友中的一个，表示我母亲还有其他朋友,而用s 属格表示出的 my mothers friend 指强调母亲和这个朋友的关系，不涉及其他人。再如 a picture of Jims 是指吉姆所拥有的照片中的一张，而 a picture of Jim 是指一张吉姆的照片，意指照片上的人是吉姆。 真题集锦 一、语法填空1、（2019全国 1语法填空）I

12、n recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 66(believe) thatpopulations are increasing.2、（2019全国 3语法填空）When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 66（compete）to watch，

13、together with the story behind it.3、（2018全国 I语法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).4、（2018全国 2语法填空）This switch has decreased 66 (pollute)

14、in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.5、【2018全国 3 卷语法填空】My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a 66(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.6、（2017全国新课标卷 I语法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）as a method of fighting heart dis

15、ease, has had some unintended side 62(effect)such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. 7、(2017全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid ter

16、rible (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.8、(2016全国卷)Recent(study) show that we are far more productive at work ifwe take short breaks regularly.9、（2016全国新课标卷 I语法填空）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like m

17、e, pandas are its top 61(attract)10、（2016全国新课标卷 I语法填空）The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mum she neversuspects. 二、短文改错 【2019全国 I 卷短文改错】 All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a

18、 talent for football. 【2019新课标 II 卷短文改错】Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do.3、【2019新课标 3 卷短文改错】I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city Each of my cafes will have a different theme and a unique style.4.（2018全国新课标卷 I短文改错）Last winter when I went there again

19、, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.5、（2018全国新课标卷 II短文改错）When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night.6 、(2017 全国卷 )The instructor kept repeating the word ， “Speed up ！ ”“Slowdown！”“Turn left！”7、(2017全国卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the I

20、nternet.8、(2016全国卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.9、(2016全国卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. 10、(2015全国卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.三、单项选择1（. 2019江苏）Nowadays the for travel

21、ling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.A. priorityB. potentialC. proportionD. pension 2.（2019天津）We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n)onour lives in many ways.A. StatementB. impactC. impressionD. judgment3.（2018江苏）Try to understand whats actually happening inste

22、ad of acting on the youve made.A. assignmentB. associationC. acquisitionD. assumption4.（2016天津）The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slightof rain later tonight.A. effectB. senseC. changeD.chance 5.（2016江苏） Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full

23、, definitely.A. recipeB. recordC. rangeD. receipt6.（2015湖北）He gave himself a new name to hide hiswhen he went to carry out the secret task.A. emotionB. talentC. identityD. treasure7（. 2015安徽）There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some and then let meknow.A. thoughtB. supportC. protecti

24、onD. authority 8.（2015江苏）Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.Id like to, but Im afraid she wont be happy with my.A. requestsB. excusesC. apologiesD. regrets 9.（2015江苏）Some schools will have to makein agreement with the national soccer reform.A. judgmentsB. adjustmentsC. commentsD. achievements答案解析： 一

25、、语法填空1、belief2、competition3、causes4、pollution5、scientist 7、effects7、crowds8、studies9、attraction10、days二、短文改错1、player 改为 players2、job 改为 jobs3、city 改为 cities4、chicken 改为chickens5、Fridays 改为 Friday 6、解析：wordwords根据后面的举例可知，此处应用 word 的复数形式。7、解析：informationsinformationinformation 是不可数名词，没有复数形式。8、解析：knowl

26、edgesknowledge9、解析：yearyears此处指 1319 岁的年龄，故用名词复数形式。10、解析：airsair三、单项选择1.A2. B3.D4.D5.A6.C7.A8.C9.B 第二讲 冠词一、思维导图二、考纲分析1、不定冠词 a/an 的用法及其区别 2、定冠词 the 的用法 3、零冠词的用法及其冠词固定搭配 三、语法解读冠词放在名词前面，用来说明名词。英语中的冠词有两类：定冠词和不定冠词。一般来说，定冠词“the”表示特指；不定冠词“a 和 an”表示泛指。 学习冠词须把握好以下三个原则： 单数可数名词用不定冠词 a/an 表示泛指； 复数可数名词及不可数名词表示泛指

27、时，其前不加冠词； 无论可数名词还是不可数名词，表示特指时，其前都要加定冠词 the。 （一）不定冠词的用法：1、不定冠词 a/an 用于单数可数名词前，表示泛指，说明其名称和种类，具有“一个”的意思。或用于首次提到对方不知道的人或物。不定冠词有 a 和 an 两种形式。a 用在以辅音音素开头的名词前，an 用在以元音音素开头的词前。In a university，a European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a usefultool. This is a usual thing.在一所大学里，一个欧洲人和一个一只

28、眼的人拿着一件有用的工具沿着一条单行道走着。这是一件平常之事。An hour ago，an honest man accepted an unusual gift and went to finish an honorable task.一小时前，一个诚实的人接受了一件非同寻常的礼物，去完成一项光荣的任务。The Chinese Dream is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony，peace and development.中国梦是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平和发展的梦。If we expect a

29、much cleaner world，we should attract the worlds attention to protecting the world.2、可数名词泛指一类人或事物：A dog is a faithful animal.= Dogs are faithful animals.狗是忠诚的动物。3、表示单位，相当于“每一（个）”的意思，与 every、each、per 大致同义：He was driving at 50 miles an hour。4、同一（个）：They are of an age. 他们是同一年龄的。Birds of a feather flock

30、together. 物以类聚。5、当抽象名词具体化，表示“一件”或具体的人或事物等意思时。The sports meeting was a success。这次运动会是个成功。Its an honor to be invited to the party。被邀请参加这次聚会是一件荣幸的事。Its a great pleasure to meet you. 见到你非常高兴。6、用于不可数的抽象名词前，表示某中具体的情况或概念。He has a knowledge of chemistry.他精通化学。The little boy wants to be a Lei Feng. A Mrs. Gr

31、een wants to see you.Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Picasso。7、“a/an”+ 序数词不表示排序，表示”又一；再一”，amost 表示“很”“非常”。Would you like a second cup of coffee？你想再喝一杯咖啡吗？ Qingdao is a most beautiful city.青岛是一个非常美丽的城市。8、 世界上独一无二的东西前有修饰语时。China hopes to have a peaceful and friendly world

32、in the 21st centuries.中国希望 21 世纪是一个和平友好的世界。9、表示季节、月份、日期、三餐等的名词前有修饰语时。We had a wonderful lunch at that wedding party.我们在那个婚礼宴会上吃了一顿美味的午餐。This happened on a rainy Sunday towards the end of May.这件事发生在五月底一个下雨的星期天。as a result 因此，结果 as a rule 通常 as a whole 大体上 as a matter of fact 事实上 at a loss 不知所措 in a h

33、urry 匆忙 in a word 总之 in a sense 在某种意义上 in a way 在某种程度上 in a short while 不久 keep an eye on 照看，留意 pay a visit to 拜访 put an end to 结束 once in a while 偶尔 once upon a time 从前 all of a sudden 突然 be on a diet 节食 have a gift for 在某方面有天赋 have/catch a cold 感冒 make a living 谋生 have/take a rest 休息 give sb. a li

34、ft 让某人搭便车 We had a very cold winter last year.我们去年过了一个很冷的冬天。10不定冠词用于固定搭配中 （二）定冠词the 的用法 1、表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。 Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door? 你认识那个站在门口的人吗？ I went to a university in New Zealand. The university was set up in the early twentieth century.

35、我在新西兰的一所大学学习。这所大学是 20 世纪初建立的。 I have bought a book and a pen. The book is for my brother, and the pen is for is for my sister.我买了一本书、一支笔，书是给我弟弟的，笔是给我妹妹的。 2、用在世界上独一无二的名词前。 The earth goes around the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。 3、用于序数词、形容词的最高级前。 Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao? 这是你第一次游览青岛吗？ China is

36、one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world. 在自然资源方面，中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。 4、用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词/分词前，表示一类人或物。 the wounded 伤员 the rich 富人The Greens are on holiday now. 格林一家现在正在度假。 The rich are not always happier than the poor。富人并不总是比穷人快乐。5、用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。 in the 1990s 在

37、 20 世纪 90 年代 6、用在“bythe单位计量词”中。 I hired the car by the hour. 我按小时租车。 The cleaners in the city are paid by the week。 7、用在表示身体部位的名词前，表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部位”。The police caught the thief by the arm. 警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。 hit sb. in the face 打某人脸 put sb. on the shoulder 拍某人的肩膀 catch sb. by the collar 抓住某人的衣领 8、与形容词或副词的比

38、较级连用，一般用于以下两种情况： 用于“the比较级.，the比较级.”结构中，表示“越越”之意。The more we do for the people, the happier well be. 我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。 用在“the比较级of the two”结构中，表示“两个中较的一个”。She is the taller of the two girls. 她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。 9.在中国的传统节日前，通常加上定冠词，例如： the Spring Festival 春节 the Dragon-Boat Festival 龙舟节 the Mid-Autumn Fes

39、tival 中秋节 但是，在公共的假日前通常不用冠词，例如： make the most/best of 充分利用in the end 最后 by the way 顺便说一下 in the distance 在远处 in the way 挡道 on the whole 总的来说 at the same time 同时 on the other hand 另一方面 to tell the truth 说实话 for the time being 暂时 on the spot 在现场 not in the least 一点也不 the other day 前几天 take the place of

40、 代替 at the moment 此刻，目前 to the point 中肯，切题 in the middle of 在中间 all the best 一切顺利 National Day 国庆节 Army Day 建军节10定冠词 the 用于固定搭配中 （三）零冠词的用法及固定搭配 1、专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。He is living in Canada now. 他现在住在加拿大。 2、季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。We usually have breakfast at 7 oclock. 我们通常 7 点吃早饭。 3、在

41、学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。Im interested in English. 我对英语很感兴趣。 He is fond of playing chess. 他喜欢下棋。 4、表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或宾语补足语时，其前通常不用冠词。 Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.” 这所学校的校长彼得斯彭思博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”

42、5、用于与by 连用的表示交通工具、通信工程的名词前。 Are you going there by plane or by ship? 你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？ 6、系动词 turn(变成)后跟单数名词作表语时不用冠词。His brother has turned writer. 他弟弟已成为一名作家。 7、在 as/though 引导的部分倒装句中，“零冠词单数名词as/though主语谓语”意为“尽管但是”。 Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings. 尽管他是个英雄，但是他也有一些缺点。 8、用在“名词介词短语”的独立主格结构中。The teac

43、her came in, book in hand. 老师手里拿着一本书走进来。 9、序数名词前不用冠词的情况：序数词作副词用时；序数词作名词用，表示“名次” 时；序数词和名词构成复合形容词；有些由序数词表示的街道名称。 First come， first served.先到先得/先来先接待。 He always comes first and leaves last.他总是第一个来，最后一个走。 Fifth Avenue （美国）第 5 大道 at present 目前 take part in 参加 in peace 平静 by chance/accident 碰巧 on purpose

44、故意 on second thoughts 再一想 ahead of time 提前 in advance 提前 by law 根据法律 by mistake 由于差错 under repair 处于维修中 lose heart 灰心 day and night 整日整夜 from morning till night 从早到晚 out of control 失控 out of work 失业 in danger 处于危险之中 at risk 有危险 10、零冠词用于固定搭配中 真题集锦一、语法填空1、（2019新课标卷II语法填空）When we got a call saying she

45、was short-listed, we thought it wasjoke. But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud ofher. Its wonderful。2、（2019浙江卷语法填空）Everybody wearssame style of clothes.3、（2018新课标卷 II语法填空）Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent overpast 25 years, while rice has increased on

46、ly 7 percent.4、（2018新课标卷 III语法填空）Unexpectedly, Im face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound maleappears.5、(2017全国卷) When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. Asresult, peopl

47、e will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.6、(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof overtop.7、2017 新课标 3 卷语法填空）But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting .Instead, she is earning 6500

48、 a day as model in New York.8、（2016全国新课标卷 II语法填空）Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside forwhile, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.9、(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed,other is with mum she never suspects.10

49、、(2015全国卷)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by evenmost modern of architects and engineers.二、短文改错1.（2019新课标 I 卷短文改错）Suddenly football feel just in front of me and almost hit me.（2018新课标 II 卷短文改错）As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no m

50、atter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.3、（2017 年 2 卷短文改错）During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my fatherto visit my grandparents.4、(2017全国卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.5、（2

51、017 年新课标 3 卷短文改错）Around me in picture are the things which were very importantin my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. 6、(2017全国卷)I still remember how hard first day was.7、(2016全国卷)But in that case, we will learn little about world.8、(2016全国卷)At the first, I thought I knew eve

52、rything and could make decisions by myself. 9、(2015浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.10、(2014陕西高考)That day I didnt learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!三、选择题题组一1.（2

53、016浙江）prize for the winner of the competition istwo-week holiday in Paris.A. The ; 不填B. A ; 不填C. A ; theD. The ; a2（. 2015浙江）Janes grandmother had wanted to write childrens book for many years,but one thing or another always got inway.A. a;不填B. the; theC. 不填;theD. a; the 3.（2015重庆）I just heardbank w

54、here Dora works was robbed bygunman wearing amask.A. the; /B. a; /C. the; aD. a; the 4.（2014重庆）I cant tell youway to the Wilsons because we dont have Wilson here in the village.A. the; aB. a; /C. a; theD. the; / 5.（2014天津）Life the likeocean; Onlystrong-willed can reach the other shore.A. an; theB. t

55、he; aC. the ;/D. / ; a 6.（2014江西）They chose Tom to becaptain of the team because they knew he was smart leader.A. a; theB. the; theC. the; aD. a; a 7.（2014陕西）village where I was born has grown intotown.A. The; aB. A; theC. The; theD. A; a8.（2014浙江）The paper is due next month, and I am working seven

56、daysweek, often long intonight.A. a; theB. the; 不填C. a; aD. 不填；the题组二Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to beBeethoven.A. aB. anC. theD.不填2.How do you like his plan?It may be great intheory, but how will it work inpractice?A. the; theB./; /C. the; /D./; theWe have every reason to be

57、lieve that2022 Winter Olympic Games will be great success./ ; aB. the; /C. the; aD. a; aLily ownslarger collection ofbooks than any other student in our class.the; /B. a; /C. a; theD./; the headmaster Smith is quite good at painting and it is said that he isPicasso.The; /B./;aC./;/D. The; a 6.Whatgr

58、eat fun it is to play with computer games!Dont you think itswaste of time?A. a; aB./;aC./; theD. the; theThe woman hascomplete absence of small talk. As a consequence, she acted as if she hadnt recognized me and didnt makesound./; aB. a; aC. the;/D. a; the China you see today is powerful and fast-de

59、veloping country, quite differentfrom what it used to be.A. The; aB. The; theC. 不填; aD. 不填; theIn 1778, Banks was electedpresident of the Royal Society,position he held for 42 years./, theB. the, /C. the, theD./, aam not fond ofmusic very much, but I do likemusic they are dancing to.A.不填; 不填B. the;

60、theC. the; 不填D.不填; the答案解析： 一、语法填空1、a2、the3、the4、the5、a6、the7、a8、a9、the10、the二、短文改错1、suddenly 后面加 a2、the 改为 a3、 countryside 前加 the4、第一个 aan5、 picture 前加 the 或 this 6、first 前加 the/my 7、解析：world 前加 the 此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。8、解析：去掉 the at first “起初”，为固定短语。9、解析：hurry 前加 a in a hurry“匆匆忙忙”，为固定短语。10、解析：aan三、选择题