2010年职称英语等级考试理工类A级真题阅读文章翻译2015年职称英语真题备考

1、 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/kecheng/english/zhicheng/ 2015年职称英语真题备考更多精品, 尽在 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/english/zhicheng/ 学派网!2010年职称英语等级考试真题（理工类A级）第2部分：阅读判断California Gives Green Light to Space Solar PowerEnergy beamed down from space is one step closer to reality, now that California has given the gr

2、een light to an agreement that would see the Pacific Gas and Electric Company buy 200 megawatts（兆瓦）of power beamed down from solar-power satellites beginning in 2016. But some major challenges will have to be overcome if the technology is to be used widely.A start-up company called Solaren is design

3、ing the satellites, which it says will use radio waves to beam energy down to a receiving station on Earth.The attraction of collecting solar power in space is the almost uninterrupted sunshine available in geosynchronous（与地球同步的）orbit. Earth-based solar cells, by contrast, can only collect sunlight

4、during daytime and when skies are clear.But space, based solar power must grapple（努力克服）with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space, says Richard Schwartz of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. “If youre talking about it being economically viable for power of the Earth, i

5、ts a tough go,” he says.Cal Boerman, Solarens director of energy services, says the company designed its satellites with a view to keeping launch costs down. “We knew we had to come up with a different, revolutionary design,” he says. A patent the company has won describes ways to reduce the systems

6、 weight, including using inflatable mirrors to focus sunlight on solar cells, so a smaller number can collect the same amount of energy.But using mirrors introduces other challenges, including keeping the solar cells from overheating, says Schwartz. “You have to take care of heat dissipation（散发）beca

7、use youre now concentrating a lot of energy in one place,” he says. According to the companys patent, Solarens solar cells will be connected to radiators to help keep them cool.Though Boerman says the company believes it can make space-based solar power work, it is not expecting to crowd out other f

8、orms of renewable energy. Laws in California and other states require increasing use of renewable energy in coming years, he points out. “To meet those needs, were going to need all types of renewable energy sources,” he says.加利福尼亚州批准空间太阳能电站从太空中获取能量的设想距现实更近了一步，因为加州为太平洋天然气电力公司从2016年开始购买200兆瓦由太阳能卫星反射回

9、来的能量的合约开了绿灯。但要广泛使用这项技术，仍有一些挑战需要克服。 发出这一设想的Solaren公司正在设计卫星。公司称卫星将会使用无线电波将能源发送到地球上的接收站。 在太空收集太阳能这一设想的吸引人之处在于它是目前在地球同步轨道上收集阳光受阻碍最少的方式。与此截然不同的是，地球上的太阳能电池只能在白天且无云的时候收集阳光。 但太空里的太阳能工厂必须努力克服的问题是：向太空发射一公斤的物品都要付出昂贵的代价。印第安纳州普渡大学拉法叶校区的Richarci Scllwartz说：如果你说的是让这一设想从经济角度上可行，从而供应地球能量，这是一条很艰难的道路。 Solaren公司能源服务部门的

10、经理Cal Boerman说公司设计这一卫星时已考虑到将发射成本降低。他说：我们知道我们必须想出一个与众不同的、有革新意义的设计。这家公司的一项专利说明了降低此系统重量的多种方法，包括使用充气镜面向太阳能电池板聚焦，这样利用较少的太阳能电池板就可以收集到等量的能量。 但使用镜子又带来了其他问题，包括防止太阳能电池板过热，Sclawartz提出。他还说，你必须处理好热量散发的问题，因为你将很多能量聚集在一个地方。按照该公司的专利书描述Solaren公司的太阳能电池板会被连接到散热板上使其保持冷却。 尽管Boerman说公司相信它能制造建立在太空中的太阳能发电厂，但它并不会排挤其他形式的可再生能源

11、。加利福尼亚州以及其他州的法律要求在未来几年增加对可再生能源的利用。他指出：为了满足这些需要，我们需要使用各种可再生能源。第3部分：概括大意和完成句子Natural GasNatural gas is produced from reservoirs deep beneath the earths surface. It is a fossil fuel（矿物燃料）meaning that it is derived from organic material buried in the earth millions of years ago. The main component of na

12、tural gas is methane（甲烷）.The popularity and use of clean natural gas has increased dramatically over the past 50 years as pipeline infrastructure（基础设施）has been installed to deliver it conveniently and economically to millions of residential, commercial and industrial customers worldwide. Today, natu

13、ral gas service is available in all 50 states in the U.S., and is the leading energy choice for fueling American homes and industries. More than 65 million American homes use natural gas. In fact, natural gas is the most economical source for home energy needs, costing one-third as much as electrici

14、ty. In addition to heating homes, much of the gas used in the United States is used as a raw material to manufacture a wide variety of products, from paint, to fibers for clothing, to plastics for healthcare, computing and furnishings. Natural gas is also used in a significant number of new electric

15、ity-generating power plants.Natural gas is one of the safest and cleanest fuels available. It emits（发出）less pollution than other fossil fuel sources. When natural gas is burned, it produces mostly carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）and water vapor the same substances emitted when humans breathe. Compared with some

16、 other fossil fuels, natural gas emits the least amount of carbon dioxide into the air when combusted（燃烧） making natural gas the cleanest burning fossil fuel of all.The United States consumes about one-third of the worlds natural gas output, making it the largest gas-consuming region in the world. T

17、he U.S. Department of Energys Energy Information Administration forecasts that natural gas demand will grow by more than 50 percent by 2025.There are huge reserves of natural gas beneath the earths surface. The largest reserves of natural gas can be found in Russia, West and North Africa and the Mid

18、dle East. LNG（液化天然气）has been produced domestically and imported in the United States for more than four decades Today, the leading importers of LNG are Japan, Korea, France and Spain.天然气天然气出产于地表极深处。它是一种矿物燃料，也就是说它是由几百万年前埋藏在地下的有机物生成的。天然气的主要成分是甲烷。过去50多年，随着管道基础设施的建设将气体便利、经济地输送到世界各地的居住区、商业区和工业区用户，天然气的受欢迎

19、程度和利用程度便迅速增长。如今全美50个州都有天然气服务，并且天然气成为美国家用燃料和工业使用燃料的首选。有超过6500万的美国家庭使用天然气。事实上，对于家庭能源需求而言，天然气是最经济的来源，其费用只有电能的三分之一。除了家庭取暖外，在美国，天然气还被用作油漆、服装纤维、保健用塑料制品、计算设备和家具等多种产品的原材料，其也被用在许多新的发电厂。天然气是可利用的最安全和最清洁的能源之一。它释放的污染小于其他矿物燃料。天然气燃烧时，主要产生二氧化碳和水蒸汽 这与人呼吸产生的物质相同。与其他一些矿物燃料相比，天然气燃烧时排放到空气中的二氧化碳最少这使得天然气成为最清洁的矿物燃料。美国大约消耗世

20、界天然气总产量的三分之一，是世界上最大的天然气消费地区。美国能源部能源信息署预测，到2025年天然气需求将会超过50%多。地表下面储存有大量的天然气。在俄罗斯、西非、北非和中东地区，天然气的储存量最大。过去的40多年，美国除了自己生产液化气外，还进口液化气。现在进口液化气的国家主要有日本、韩国、法国和西班牙。第4部分：阅读理解第一篇How the First Stars in the Universe Came into ExistenceResearchers believe that our universe began with the Big Bang（宇宙大爆炸）about 13 b

21、illion years ago, and that soon after that event, matter began to form as small dust grains and gases. How the first stars formed from this dust and gas has been a burning question for years, but a state-of-the-art computer simulation now offers the most detailed picture yet of how these first stars

22、 in the universe came into existence.The composition of the early universe was quite different from that of today, and the physics that governed the early universe were also somewhat simpler. Dr. Naoki Yoshida and colleagues in Japan and the U. S. incorporated these conditions of the early universe,

23、 sometimes referred to as the “cosmic dark ages,” to simulate the formation of an astronomical object that would eventually shine its light into this darkness.The result is a detailed description of the formation of a protostar（原恒星） the early stage of a massive primordial（原始的）star of our universe an

24、d the researchers computer simulation sets the bar for further investigation into the star formation process. The question of how the first stars evolved is so important because their formations and eventual explosions provided the seeds for subsequent stars to come into being.According to their sim

25、ulation, gravity acted on minute density variations in matter, gases, and the mysterious “dark matter” of the universe after the Big Bang in order to form this early stage of a star a protostar with a mass of just one percent of our sun. The simulation reveals how pre-stellar（前恒星）gases would have ac

26、tually evolved under the simpler physics of the early universe to form this protostar. Dr. Yoshidas simulation also shows that the protostar would likely evolve into a massive star capable of synthesizing（合成）heavy elements, not just in later generations of stars, but soon after the Big Bang.Their si

27、mulation of the birth of a protostar in the early universe signifies a key step toward the ambitious goal of piecing together the formation of an entire primordial star and of predicting the mass and properties of these first stars of the universe. More powerful computers, more physical data, and an

28、 even larger range will be needed for further calculations and simulations, but these researchers hope to eventually extend this simulation to the point of nuclear reaction initiation when a stellar（星球的）object becomes a true star.宇宙中最初的星辰是如何产生的?研究人员认为，我们的宇宙始于大约13亿年前的宇宙大爆炸，而且在这之后，很快就开始形成小的尘埃颗粒和气体。最初的

29、星辰是如何由尘埃和气体组成的，多年来这一问题一直困扰着人们。然而现在一种最先进的电脑模拟系统可以提供宇宙中最初的星辰是如何产生的最详细的图片。 宇宙最初的构成与今天有所不同，且宇宙早期的主要物理现象也比较简单。Naoki Yoshida博士同他在日本和美国的同事一起整合了宇宙早期的各种情况，这一时期有时也被称为宇宙的黑暗时代，并模拟了最终在夜空中闪耀的天体的形成过程。 这一研究的结果是对原恒星（即宇宙中巨大的原始星辰的早期阶段）的形成进行了详细描述，以及研究人员的电脑模拟系统为进一步研究星体的形成过程奠定了基础。宇宙中最初的星辰是如何形成的这一问题非常重要，因为它们的形成及最终的爆炸为随后星体

30、的形成埋下了种子。 根据研究人员的模拟系统，重力对物质、气体及宇宙大爆炸后形成的神秘黑暗物质 的密度的微小变化产生了影响，从而形成了星辰的雏形-仅有太阳百分之一大的原恒星。 模拟系统为我们展示了组成前恒星的气体是如何在早期宇宙简单的物理作用下演化并形成原恒星。Yoshida博士的模拟系统还展示了原恒星可能会在宇宙大爆炸刚刚结束就演化成能够合成重元素的巨大星体，而不是几代以后的星体才能合成。 对宇宙早期原恒星诞生的模拟意味着向拼接原始星体形成过程和预测宇宙中最初的星辰的质量和性质的宏伟目标迈出了关键的一步。要进行更进一步的计算和模拟就需要功能更强的电脑，更多的物理数据，甚至更广的研究范围，但是研

31、究者希望最终能将这个模拟结果应用于核反应初期-也就是当一个星状物质变成真正的星辰的时候。 第二篇The IcemanOn a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy. High up on a mountain pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that height (10,499 feet, or 3,200 meters), the ice is usually perman

32、ent, but 1991 had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface.It was lying face downward. The skeleton（骨架）was in perfect condition, except for a wound in the head. There was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes.

33、 The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots. Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark（树皮）and a holder for arrows.Who was this man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questions. Some peop

34、le thought that it was from this century, perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I. since several soldiers had already been found in the area. A Swiss woman believed it might lie her father, who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found. The sci

35、entists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older, maybe even a thousand years old.With modern dating techniques, the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5,300 years old. Born in about 3300 B.C, he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe. At first scientists thoug

36、ht he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidence, however, tells a different story. A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder. It left only a tiny hole in his skin, but it caused internal damage and bleeding. He almost cer

37、tainly died from this wound, and not from the wound on the back of his head. This means that he was probably in some kind of a battle. It may have been part of a larger war, or he may have been fighting bandits. He may even have been a bandit himself.By studying his clothes and tools, scientists hav

38、e already learned a great deal from the Iceman a- bout the times he lived in. We may never know the full story of how he died, but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times.冰人1991年9月的一天，两个德国人正在攀登位于奥地利和意大利之间的山脉，爬到一个山口，他们发现了一具躺在冰上的尸体。在那个高度(10，499英尺或3，200米)，冰通常是常年不化的，但1991年是

39、特别温暖的一年。山上的冰比往年融化得多，因此尸体才显露出来。他面部朝下。除了头上有伤之外，骨架状况良好。骨头上仍然保留着皮肤和残余的衣物。手上握着一把斧头的木柄，双脚穿着简单的由皮革和布料做的靴子。旁边还有一双树皮制成的手套和一个箭托。他是谁?他是怎么死的?他是什么时候死的? 对这些问题，每个人都有不同的回答。有人认为他是本世纪一战时期阵亡的士兵，因为这一区域已发现了好几具士兵的尸体。一位瑞士妇女认为那人是她父亲，他二十多年前死于山中而且尸体从未被找到过。蜂拥而至查看这具尸体的科学家们认为这一尸体的年代可能更久远，甚至有一千多年了。科学家们运用最新的年代确定技术很快获悉这一冰人已有大约5300

40、岁了。他大约出生在公元前3300年，生活在青铜器时代的欧洲。起初科学家们认为他有可能在高山间打猎时出事故而亡。然而最近的一些证据显示了不同的结果。新型的X光表明他的肩膀上仍有一个箭头，皮肤上只有一个小孔，但却导致了内部损伤和失血。基本上可以肯定他是由于这个伤口而死，而不是因为头后部的伤口。这表明他可能死于某场战斗中。也许这是一场大战役的一部分，或者他是死于同强盗的搏斗中。甚至他本人就可能是一个强盗。通过研究他的衣物和工具，科学家们得到了很多关于他生活年代的信息。我们可能永远无法知道他死亡的真相，但是他给我们提供了了解那个远古时代的重要线索。第三篇Scientists Make Sweet Di

41、scoveryGood news for chocoholics: the treat preferred by millions all over the world is good for you, according to American researchers at the University of California. Chocolate contains substances called flavonoids（类黄酮）that can help maintain a healthy heart and good circulation. The researchers ha

42、ve discovered that cocoa acts like aspirin and that eating a bar of chocolate once in a while may contribute to a healthy diet. Chocolate has also been shown to release endorphins（内啡肽）in the body: these chemicals help to reduce pain and stress and make you feel happy.But who first discovered this wo

43、nderful way of keeping healthy? The Olmec Indians of Mexico and Central America were the first to grow cocoa beans, in about 1500 B.C. and the Mayas were drinking unsweetened cocoa hundreds of years before it became fashionable in Europe. The word chocolate comes from the Nahuatl word xocolali, whic

44、h means “bitter water”.In 1544, a delegation of Mayan nobles visited Philip of Spain and gave him jars of cocoa as a gift. Cocoa soon became fashionable in Spain and Portugal. The Spanish were the first to add sugar to their Cocoa drink. In the 17th century, chocolate was becoming fashionable with t

45、he middle-classes, not only as a drink but also as a medicine. By the middle of the century, solid chocolate was becoming familiar. In 1753, a Swedish scientist renamed cocoa theobroma or “food for the gods”. In 1765, James Baker and John Hanan opened the first chocolate mill in the United States, i

46、ntroducing chocolate to the average citizen. In 1876, in Switzerland, Daniel Peter had the idea of adding milk in the chocolate. Making process and produced the first milk chocolate.Since then, chocolate has grown enormously in popularity. One of the biggest chocolate-eating nations is Britain where

47、 the average man, woman, and child eats nine kilos of chocolate a year! In fact, chocolate is the number one comfort food and there are more “chocoholics” in Britain than anywhere else in the world. Researchers warn that although chocolate is good for you, it should be eaten in small quantities and

48、with no added milk.科学家的甜蜜发现巧克力迷们的好消息：据加州大学的研究者称深受全世界成千上万人喜爱的巧克力对健康很有好处，因为巧克力中含有一种叫作类黄酮的物质，它能维护心脏健康并促进血液循环。研究者们还发现可可就像阿司匹林一样，而且偶尔吃一块巧克力有利于健康饮食。巧克力会在体内释放内啡肽，这些化学物质可以有效缓解疼痛和压力，让你感到愉快。但是，是谁第一个发现了这种保持健康的美妙方式？大约公元前1500年，居住在墨西哥和中美洲的奥尔梅克人首次开始种植可可豆；而且在可可风靡欧洲之前，玛雅人已经饮用无糖可可好几百年了。Chocolate这个词来自纳瓦特尔语xocolali，意思是

49、“苦水”。1544年，一个玛雅贵族代表团觐见西班牙国王菲利普时送给他一罐可可作为礼物。很快，可可便在西班牙和葡萄牙流行起来，西班牙人最早在他们的可可饮料里加糖。在17世纪，巧克力不仅作为一种饮料、还作为一种药流行于中产阶级。到了世纪中叶，固体可可开始为人们所熟知。1753年，一位瑞典科学家将可可改名为obroma或“神明之粮”。1765年，James Baker和John Hanan在美国开办了第一个巧克力作坊，将巧克力介绍给了普通人。1896年，瑞士的Daniel Peter想出了在巧克力制作过程中加入牛奶的点子，并生产出了第一块牛奶巧克力。 从此，巧克力越来越受人们欢迎。巧克力的最大消费国

50、之一是英国。那里的普通人，不论男女还是孩子每年都要吃9公斤的巧克力。实际上，巧克力是顶级的抚慰食品，并且英国是全世界巧克力迷最多的国家。研究者们警告，虽然巧克力对我们有好处，但应该少量食用而且不应另加牛奶。第5部分：补全短文I Know Just How You FeelDo you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal feelings ca

51、n be classified, according to Mind Reading, a DVD displaying every possible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel: the first visual dictionary of the human heart.Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emotions into six types anger

52、, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. _ (46) Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwins small group. More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worl

53、dwide. _ (47) The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions.The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism（孤独症）, who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors an

54、d teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an “emotion”. _ (48) Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from “afraid” to “wanting”.Once the

55、se emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. _ (49) The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but

56、 we instantly recognize one when we see it on someones face. “It was really clear when the actors had got it right,” says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD“Although they were given some direction,” says Ms Collis, “the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. _ (50) For example,

57、when someone feels contempt, you cant say for certain that their eyebrows always go down.Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called “actio

58、n units”. These can be combined into more than 10,000 visible facial shapes. Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion.我知道你是如何想的你感到悲伤吗?还是幸福?或者愤怒?也许你认为自己表现这些感情的方式是独一无二的。好，再想想。根据一个“阅读思维”仪器即可以展示各种可能的人类情感的DVD，就算是最私密的感情也可以被归类。它展示了412种感觉的不同方式：是第一部人类内心的可视词典。对情感进

59、行归类的尝试始于19世纪中叶，那时达尔文将情绪分为6种类型-愤怒、恐惧、悲伤、厌恶、惊喜和愉悦。他说这些感觉的表情是普遍的，是能够被任何人、任何文化所认知的。所有其它的感觉都源于达尔文确定的这几种类型。更为复杂的情感表达或许是后天习得的，因此它在不同的文化中具有自己的特色。但是更多的面部表情被认为是世界人们所共享的。我们曾试着努力描述各种情绪，但是为此制定一个清晰的规则几乎是不可能的。“阅读思维”DVD是对这些表情的系统的视觉收录。这项计划的构想来自于剑桥大学的一位教授，旨在帮助患孤独症的人，他们在阅读和情感表达方面都有困难。但是很快这项计划显示出更广泛的用途。比如，演员和教师需要了解各种各样

60、的表情。这位教授同他的研究团队首先给“情绪”下了定义。他们将其定义为：情绪是一种发生在“我觉得”或“他看起来”或“她听起来”之后的思想状态。利用这个定义，他们对1512种情绪进行了界定和讨论。最终列表上的情绪减少到412种，从“害怕”到“渴望”。 一旦这些情绪被定义和归类，DVD就成为了最清楚最有效的展现情绪的方式。在“阅读思维”里，每个表情都由6个不同的演员在三秒内表演出来。任何其他表现这412种表情的方式，例如说话，都远不如这样有效。原因很简单：我们很难用语言来形容情绪，但是当它们出现在一个人的脸上时我们会立刻辨认出来。“当演员们表演准确时表情就特别明显”，这部DVD的导演Cathy Co