高考英语阅读理解题型训练-篇章结构

1、高考难点突破高考英语阅读理解题型训练高考英语阅读理解题型训练篇章结构解题思路英语文章的阅读理解首先要从文章的篇章结构入手，弄清了作者谋篇布局的设计之后， 才能更好地理解全文的主旨大意和具体细节。各种体裁的文章篇章结构都有一定的写作规律，如议论文一般遵循:提出问题，分析问 题，解决问题的过程;记叙文一般以故事的发生、发展和结局为写作顺序;说明文突出体现 说明事物的特点。文章篇章结构试题经常设问的试题有：How does the passage mainly develop?By providing examples.（举例子）By making comparisons.（作 比较）By foll

2、owing the order of time.（按时间顺序）By following the order of importance.（按重要性顺序）典例剖析A （湖北卷）Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy .After all ,you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just becau

3、se they are happy .However ,they sing most of the time for a very different reason .Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.Do you know what a “territory is ?A territory is an area that an animal usually the male, claims as its own .Only he and his family ar

4、e welcome there .No other families of the same species are welcome .Your yard and house are your territory where only your family and friends are welcome . If a stranger should enter your territory and threaten you ,you might shout .Probably this would be enough to frighten him away.If so ,you have

5、actually scared the stranger away without having to fight him .A bird does the same thing. But he expects an outsider almost any time ,especially at nesting （筑巢）season. So he is screaming all the time whether he can see an outsider or not .This screaming is what we call a birds song ,and it is usual

6、ly enough to keep an outsider away.Birds sing loudest in the spring when they are trying to attract a mate and warn others not to enter the territory of theirs.You can see that birds have a language all their own .Most of it has to do with attracting mates and setting up territories.How does the wri

7、ter explain birds singing?A. By comparing birds with human beings.67.C68.C观点态度题。第三段作者提出调查的结果并不能理解为现在的家长对孩子不放手，接下来的两段作者论述了出现这种结果的真正原因是科技的发展使得交流手段更丰富，成本更低廉。见 第四段最后一句Many studies show that older parents-today grandparents-would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had

8、 not been a barrier 0 最后一段更是再次强调了这 种观点。故选C。69.A主旨大意题。由第一段第二句话得出。这种科技的改变容易被误认为态度的改 变。第2-5段讨论到底是科技还是态度的改变。第6段再次明确表示是科技的改变。故选A。70.B文章结构题。文章第一段是introduction,第二段是第一个论点，指出父母在子女生活中参与度 提高的现象。第三段是第二个论点(关键词However),指出通过调查并不能推断出父母未能对子女放 手，分论点一是科技的进步导致父母对子女生活更多的参与，分论点二(关键词Furthermore)是子女经 济不独立导致父母对子女生活的过多参与。最后一

9、段总结。故选B。4.1 .解析：A.作者在第一段提出论题：The progress in science caused the changes in the twentieth century.接下来，第二、三段作者提出论据:The progress in science has brought us advantages and the continuation of the progress will surely result in even greater advantages.第 四段作者从另一方面提出论据：The creativity of science has been emp

10、loyed in doing damage to mankind.再接下来，按行文结构作者应该做出结论，但作者在第五段并没有直接说出 不言自明的结论(We should separate the good from the ill.),而是用了 几个问句：But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?这样可引起读者对结论的深入思考，引起读者的重视。5.分析：本题正确答案为D。本文叙述了作者上学时在一个苹果加工厂打工的

11、经历。作者在第一段 提出在苹果加工厂工作的辛苦：工资低和工作条件差(the work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible)中间三段举例具体描述，最后一段得出“再也不愿意做”的结论 (by I left I was determined never to go back there again)6.大学是形成独立人格的阶段，但是却成了青春的延长期，期间学生未能担负起成年责任。.many of todays students are not shouldered wit

12、h adult responsibilities.原来大学.而现在大学则提供和家庭同样的环境。Instead of. autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.(Pl P2两段阐明现在大学的不足之处。是引入问题。)为了大学生的自主和责任应采用新方法。To college needs to be a time of exploration and experim

13、entation. Pl学会适应社交能力也同样重要。Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. spl学会社交能力面临的问题。Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults. sp2学生们缺少的.7总结【7】本文是一篇议论文。文章先列举出科学的许多功能，接着指出科学有巨大的诱惑力，以致许多作 家抵挡不住

14、这种诱惑，在文学作品中运用到科学。并以Brooks的新书The social animal为例，批判地 分析这本书的优势和不足。.D写作用意题。首段第一、二句首先列举出科学的许多功能，接着指出科学有巨大的诱惑力，以致 许多作家抵挡不住这种诱惑，在文学作品中运用到科学。故选D项。.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中his writing is mostly clear and , to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed,”可知作者认为写作思路清晰是这本书的一大优势。故选C项。.D观点态度题。最后一段中的链接词“whi

15、le”之前是这本书的优势，其后作者指出了其不足。因此作 者对这部书持批判的态度。故选D项。69题难。从第一段David Brooks, author of The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement, appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the temptation.也可以看出来。. A篇章结构题。文章最后一段中链接词“while”后面部分开始谈论这本书存在的问题。因此紧接着

16、 作者应该还是在写这本的不足。故选A项。B By reporting experiment results.By describing birds daily life.By telling a birds story.分析：由文章第一、二两段：Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy. Some scientists believe that bird

17、s do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. 可知作者是 把鸟儿和人类进行对比。答案为A。1.Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing

18、bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or cultures celebrations or traditions. The foods we eatand when and how we eat them-are often unique to a particular culture or may even

19、differ between rural and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake we

20、re simply a kind of bread, so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special c

21、ake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies （预示）success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome thei

22、r child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of di

23、fferent cultures around the world.According to the passage, sharing bread.A. indicates a lack of foodB. can help to develop unityC. is a custom unique to rural areasD. has its roots in birthday celebrationsWhat does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?A. Trust. B. Success

24、.C. Health.D. Togetherness.The author explains the role of food in celebrations by.A. using examplesC. analyzing causes75. What is the passage mainly about?The custom of sharing food.C. The role of food in ceremonies.making comparisonsD. describing processesB. The specific meaning of food.D. The imp

25、ortance of food in culture.2.The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism（相对主义）,are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions. Such a view, however, fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.His

26、tory has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world. It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls, as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries, Unique works of this kind are different from todays popular art, even if they

27、 began as works of popular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.In a 1757 essay, the philosopher David Hume argued that because46the general principles of taste are uniform in human nature,“the value of some works of

28、art might be essentially permanent. He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years. Works of this type, he believed, spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries.Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the

29、universality of art. For example, evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long-lasting themes and plot devices in fiction. The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before. Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by

30、 a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist.According to the passage, what do we know about cultural relativism?A. It introduces different cultural values.It explains the history of artistic works.It relates artistic values to local conditions.It excites the

31、human mind throughout the world.In Paragraph 2, the artists are mentioned in order to show that .great works of art can go beyond national boundarieshistory gives art works special appeal to set them apartpopular arts are hardly distinguishable from great artsgreat artists are skilled at combining v

32、arious culturesAccording to Hume, some works of art can exist for centuries because .A .they are results of scientific studythey establish some general principles of artthey are created by the worlds greatest artiststhey appeal to unchanging features of human natureWhich of the following can best se

33、rve as the title of the passage?A. Are Artistic Values Universal?B. Are Popular Arts Permanent?C. Is Human Nature Uniform?D. Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?3.（北京）Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes are brought about b

34、y new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.Surveys on this topic suggests that parents today continue to be very or somewhat overly-protective even after their children move i

35、nto college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However,

36、 greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult children.In the context of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents9 involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier gene

37、rations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents - todays

38、 grandparents - would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially depen

39、dent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well bey

40、ondthe role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.The surveys inform us of.the development of

41、 technologythe changes of adult childrens behaviorthe parents9 over-protection of their college childrenthe means and expenses of students communicationThe writer believes that.parents today are more protective than those in the pastthe disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantagestechnolo

42、gy explains greater parental involvement with their childrenparents changed attitudes lead to college childrens delayed independenceWhat is the best title for the passage?Technology or AttitudeDependence or IndependenceFamily Influence or Social ChangesD. College Management or Communication Advancem

43、entWhich of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?.The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the ch

44、anges, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and o

45、f its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science-a wider and deeper

46、knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied sciencea more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and

47、 technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the

48、 number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线)，good and il

49、l together. The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activitiesscience seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?Which of the following best shows the structure of

50、the passage?A.B.C.D. (二Paragraph 1,二Paragraph 2,=Paragraph 3,=Paragraph 4,(5)=Paragraph 5)(浙江卷)In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of

51、 all, the working conditions were terrible.First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. Each box contained twelve heavy bottles of apple juice. I once figured out that I was lifting an average

52、of twelve tons of apple juice every night.I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time-two dollars an hour. Because of the low pay, I felt eager to get as much as possible. I usually worked twelve hours a night bu

53、t did not take home much more than $ 100 a week.But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions. During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. Most of my time was spent outside loading trucks with those heavy boxes in near-zero-

54、degree temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stone. And after the production line shut down at night and most people left, I had to spend two hours alone cleaning the floor.I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of

55、the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. How is the text organized?A Topic-Argument-ExplanationB , Opinion-Discussion-DescriptionMain idea-Comparison-Supporting examplesIntroduction-Supporting examples-Concl

56、usion6.Why College Is Not Home(1 ) The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性)and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibili

57、ties.(2 ) For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have

58、 increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the

59、home.(3 ) To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在 思维方面)and personally. While we should provide safe spaces within colleges, we must

60、 also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.(4 ) Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a