桥梁工程课件：拱桥的发展

1、Developmentof arch bridges ContentStructural principlesHistoric overviewfrom ancient times to modern arch bridgesArchitectural archesArch bridgesBasic bridge formUsed for over 2000 yearsArch bridge is the synonym of the term “bridge”The books on aesthetics of bridges contain more arch bridges than a

2、ny other bridge typeEach section of the bridge is in compression materials strong in compressionAbutments resist the horizontal thrust keep the arch ends from spreading outArch bridgesOne of the oldest types of bridges“Natural” strengthArch bridgesBeam carries the load by bendingArch curved beamcomp

3、ressive internal forcesbeamarchcompressioncompressiontensionArch - inherently stable structureNatural arch bridgessandstoneRAINBOW BRIDGE Glen Canyon, ArizonaTowers 88 m high with a 84-m wide base The arch has a 13-m thickness and 10-m width at its vertex Natural arch bridgesBRYCE CANYON limestoneAZ

4、URE WINDOW Gozo, Malta Aruba, Caribbeancoral sandstonecollapsed 2 Sept 2005clear span spanintradosextradosarch axisspringingpointspringing linearch crownTerminologyNot less than:1/10Recommended: 1/5Rise-to-span ratio: f/LTrue or deck arch bridgesTypes of arch bridgesdeck supported on columns resting

5、 on the arch belowTypes of arch bridgesThrough or tied arch bridgesdeck suspended on hangers from the arch aboveTIED ARCHdeck acts as a tension tieTypes of arch bridgesArch with suspended deckdeck is carried partly below the archStoneBridge over Lika River in Kosinj, CroatiaTypes by materialTypes by

6、 materialBrickBridge in Sisak, CroatiaConcrete & reinforced concreteMaslenica motorway bridge, CroatiaTypes by materialSteelMaslenica road bridge CroatiaTypes by materialCompositeSkradin bridge CroatiaTypes by materialFixed archBixby Creek Bridge USATypes by structural systemTypes by structural syst

7、emParitally fixed archKrk Bridge CroatiaTypes by structural systemTwo-hinged (two-pinned) archGarabit Viaduc, FranceTypes by structural systemThree-hinged (three-pinned) archSaginatobel bridge SwitzerlandSemicircular (Roman) arch centre on springing lineTypes by arch formSegovia aqueduct ,Spain 813m

8、Segmental arch segment of a circleTypes by arch formPonte Vecchio, ItalyMultiple curvature archeshigher number of circle segments with different centres Types by arch formAvignon Bridge, FrancePointed archTypes by arch formBurford BridgeMedieval bridge in Abingdon, UKElliptical archTypes by arch for

9、mBrunels bridge for Great Western Railway in MaidenheadParabolic archTypes by arch formKushimoto bridgeJapanHulme Arch BridgeManchaster, UKInverted catenary (thrust-line shaped) archTypes by arch formGarabit Viaduc, FranceGateway Arch St. Louis, USAcatenaryinvertedcatenaryFixed deck bridgesThe only

10、possible solution for stone and brick arch bridgesSummary of structural typesFixed deck bridgesThe only possible solution for stone and brick arch bridgesStandard solution for largereinforced concrete arch bridgesSummary of structural typesFixed deck bridgesThe only possible solution for stone and b

11、rick arch bridgesStandard solution for largereinforced concrete arch bridgesPossible solution in steelSummary of structural typesTwo-hinged deck bridgesTypical solution for large-span steel arch bridgesSummary of structural typesPonte Maria Pia (Eiffel)Porto, PortugalTwo-hinged deck bridgesTypical s

12、olution for large-span steel arch bridgesRarely used for concrete archesSummary of structural typesViaducto#1 (Freyssinet)Caracas, VenezuelaThree-hinged deck bridgesRarely used todayHistorically: STEELSummary of structural typesHigh BridgeNew York, USAAlexandre IIIParis, Francemid-span hingemid-span

13、 hingeThree-hinged deck bridgesRarely used todayHistorically: STEELCONCRETESummary of structural typesSalginatobel Bridge (Maillart) SwitzerlandStauffacher Bridge (Maillart)Zurich, SwitzerlandThrough arch bridges (tied arches)Almost exclusively in steelSummary of structural typesFort Pitt Bridge (ti

14、ed arch) Pittsburgh, USAApollo Bridge Bratislava, SlovakiaSuspended deck bridge (deck partly below the arch)Predominantly in steelCombination of concrete and steel possible (concrete below, and steel above the deck)Summary of structural typesBayonne Bridge New Jersey / New York, USALupu Bridge Shang

15、hai, China7th century BC Network of 18 canals around Nineveh280-m long aqueduct across a river-valley (at Jerwan, Iraq)27-m section across the river supported on five corbelled archesCORBELLING - intermediate stage between cantilever and true archMESOPOTAMIAtrue archcorbelled archHistoric overviewHi

16、storic overviewCorbelling principle known to Sumerians and Egyptians already at around 3000 BC not for bridgesCorbelled archof a tombMycenae, Greecec. 1500 BCCorbelled domeRoman civilizationFirst expertise in construction of bridgesMany stone bridges survived to this dateAll timber bridges perishedJ

17、ulius Caesar “De Bello Gallico”: timber bridge across the River Rhine, 55 BCPonte Aemilius170 BC timber superstucture142 BC stone archesRoman arch bridgesRoman arch bridgeswedge cut stones, no mortarsemi-circular arches wide piers: successive building of spansRoman arch bridgesLargest span Roman arc

18、h: 35.6 m Pont St. Martin Aosta, Italy 25 BCPont Fabricius (Ponte Quatro Capi) 62 BCPont Augustus 14 ADPont du Gard, Nimes, Francebuilt by Agrippa275 m long50 m highmax span of 22 mthe entire aqueduct is 50 km longPont du Gard, Nimes, FranceSegovia Aqueduct 98 ADAlcantara Bridge, Spain - 103 AD“PONT

19、EM PERPETVI MANSVRVM IN SECVLA MVNDI” The bridge will last foreverArch BridgesMedieval timesBridge in Regensburg - 1147Avignon Bridge - 1187builty by St. Benoit : triple curvature archPonte Vecchio, Florence - 1345Design attributed to Taddeo GaddiThree shallow segmental archesspan 27-30 m, rise-to-s

20、pan ratio 0,2Pont Valentre, Cahors, France - 1355across River Lot six arches, each span 16.5 mone of the most beautiful and prefectly preserved medieval bridgesPonte Scaligero, Verona, 1356span 24 + 27 + 48,7 m Bride across Adda River, TrezzoBuilt 1371Bridge for access to the castleClear span of 72

21、mTwice the span of any Roman bridgeNo larger span for four centuriesDestroyed in 1416Site of the bridge across Adda River, Trezzo, ItalyCharles Bridge, Prague,1357-1399: Peter Parlerconstructed in sandstoneno innovation, but of monumental scale: total length 515 m,16 arches of 16.5 - 23.5 m; 10 m wi

22、de deckmassive piers 8.5-11 m wide to whitstand floating iceArch BridgesRenaissanceShaping of the archMore shallow archesLeonardo da Vincirealization that the thrust depends on arch formWeigh relieving openings are usedEmpirical design rules: Alberti 1450Ponte Rialto, Venice - 1591design by engineer

23、 Antonio da Ponteconstructed in sandstonespan 26.8 m; rise 6.1 m; rise-to-span ratio: 0,23Ponte Santa Trinita, Florence1570: design by Bartolommeo Ammannatithrust-line shaped arch (catenary)clear span 26.8 + 39.1 + 26.8 m; rise-to-span ratio: 1/8Pont Neuf, Paris, 1607design by du Cerceau19th century

24、 reconstruction: arches flattenedall 12 arches differ in span around 20 mPont Royal, Paris - 1687design by Jacques Gabrielelliptical archesDevils Bridge, Martorel, Spainspan of 37 mMostar Bridge, B&H - 1566built by Hajrudinspan of 28 mArch BridgesBeyond EuropeAn Ji (Zhaozhou) Bridge 7th centurybuilt

25、 by Li Chunvery shallow segmental arch of 55-m radius span of 37.4 mAllahverdi Khan Bridge, Isfahan, Persiac. 1650: 33 narrow pointed archesKinta-Kyo Bridge, Japan - 1673Five timber arches over the Nishiki River in southern Honshuone arch of the bridge rebuilt every four years1953 the whole bridge w

26、as rebuilt and protectedJade Belt stone bridge, Beijingtall, slender arch from 1764Arch Bridges18th, 19th & first half of 20th centuryJean Rodolphe PerronetThe first school of engineering1747: Ecole des Ponts et ChausseesVery different stone archesFlatter segmental arches (of larger radius)More slen

27、der piers (1/10 to 1/12 of span)Pont de Neuilly across the Seine in Parisbuilt by Perronet 1771 : five spans of 36.6 mPont de la Concorde, Paris -1791Built by Perronetspans: 25+28+31+28+25 m; rise-to-span ratio: 1/7.5-1/8Coalbrookdale Bridge, England - 1779 The first iron bridgebuilt by Thomas Pritc

28、hardspan: 30.6 m; weight 379 tCraigellachie Bridge, Scotland - 1815built by Thomas Telford : span of 45.7 mprincipal girder ribs were precast in five large sectionsEads Bridge, St. Louis, USA - 1874built by James B. Eads steel arch bridgespans: 153+158.5+153 m; rise-to-span ratio f/L=0,102constructe

29、d by cantilevering via falsework from piersGarabit viaduct, France - 1884built by G. Eiffelspan of 165 m; rise-to-span f/L=0,365wrought iron bridgeAlexandre III Bridge, Paris - 1900built by Louis Jean Resalspan of 107.5 m, rise-to-span ratio f/L=0,058Viaur Viaduct, France - 1902built by Bodinspan of

30、 220 m, rise-to-span ratio f/L=0,244Adolphe Bridge, Luxembourg - 1903built by P. Sejournespan of 84.6 mLarge steel arch bridges: 1915-1940Hell Gate, New Yorktwo-hinged archspan of 298 m (1916)Sydney Harbour: span 503 mLarge steel arch bridges: 1915-1940Sydney Harbour Bridgespan of 503 mBayonne Bridg

31、espan of 511 mVasterbron Bridge, Swedenspan of 204 m112323Maillart: Tavansa, Saginatobel, Schwandbach bridgesReinforced concrete bridgesSchwandbach BridgeSalginatobel BridgeRossgraben BridgeHennebique: Risorgimento Bridge (Rome) 1910; 100-m spanReinforced concrete bridgesFreyssinet: Le Veurdre, Sain

32、t-Pierre du Vauvray, Albert Loupe (Plougastel)Reinforced concrete bridgesPlougastel Bridgespan of 188 mMajor innovation:movable centering for constructionRailway bridge constructed during the World War IIConcrete arch span of 192 mViaducto Martin Gil, SpainSando Bridge, Swedenspan of 264 mArch Bridg

33、esModern bridgesGladesville Bridge, Australia, 1964L=305 m, f/L=1/7,4Arrabida Bridge, Portugal, 1963 g.L=270 m, f/L=1/5,2Viaduct Fiumarella, Italia1961L=231 m, f/L=1/3,5Nsslachbrcke, Austria 1968L=180, f/L=0,25Modern concrete archesMorbihan bridge, France - 1994span of 201 m; rise-to-span ratio 1/6.

34、6Wanxian Yangtz, China - 1997span of 420 m; rise-to-span ratio f/L=0,2largest arch using concreteDanhe Bridge (STONE), China - 2000span of 146; rise-to-span ratio f/L=1/4,5largest stone archModern steel archesASKEROFJORD BRIDGE, Sweden 1960span of 288 m, rise-to-span ratio f/L=1/6,3collapsed after a

35、 ship collison, replaced by cable-stayed bridgeFehrmarsund, Denmark Germany, 1963span of 248 mcombined rail and road bridgeNew River Gorge, USA - 1977span of 518 m; rise-to-span ration f/L=1/4.8Roosevelt Lake, USA - 1991span of 329 m; rise-to-span ration f/L=1/4.7Lupu Bridge, China - 2003span of 550

36、 m; rise-to-span ration f/L=1/5.5MEIXIHE BRIDGE, China 2000span of 288 m, rise-to-span ratio f/L=1/5Concrete filled steel tubular bridgesConcrete filled steel tubular bridgesQINGCHUAN BRIDGE, China 2000span of 280 m, rise-to-span ratio f/L=1/5CHANGFENG BRIDGE, China 2001span of 241 m, rise-to-span r

37、atio f/L=1/5Concrete filled steel tubular bridgesConcrete filled steel tubular bridgesTONGWAMEN BRIDGE, China 2001span of 238 m, rise-to-span ratio f/L=1/4.83Arch BridgesArchitectural works Santiago CalatravaBac de RodaBarcelona 1987span of 45 mSpecial attention to pedestrian paths“resting space”aesthetic lightingcharacteristic study of an architectSantiago CalatravaLa Devesa footbridgeSpain 1991span of 44 mlength 65 m6.4-m high archarch counterbalances cantilevered walkwayZavod za konstrukcije - Katedra za mostoveSantiago