常见生化名词

1、biochemistry生物化学molecularbiology分子生物学geneknockout基因剔除protein蛋白质aminoacid氨基酸glycine,Gly,G甘氨酸alanine,Ala,A丙氨酸valine,Val,V结氨酸leucine,Leu,L亮氨酸isoleucine,Ile,I异亮氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F苯丙氨酸proline,Pro,P脯氨酸tryptophan,Trp,W色氨酸serine,Ser,S丝氨酸tyrosine,Tyr,Y酪氨酸cysteine,Cys,C半胱氨酸methionine,Met,M甲硫氨酸、蛋氨酸asparagine

2、,Asn,N天冬酰胺glutamine,Gln,Q谷氨酰胺threonine,Thr,T苏氨酸asparticacid,Asp,D天冬氨酸glutamicacid,Glu,E谷氨酸lysine,Lys,K赖氨酸arginine,Arg,R精氨酸histidine,His,H组氨酸isoIsoelectricpoint,PI等电点peptide肽polypeptidechain多肽链peptidebond肽键oligopeptide寡肽polypeptide多肽residue氨基酸残基aminoterminal氨基末端carboxylterminal羧基末端glutathione,GSH谷胱甘肽

3、pyroglutamicacid焦谷氨酸neuropeptide神经肽Chapter2guanine鸟嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶uracil尿嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶glycosidicbond糖苷键adenosine腺苷guanosine鸟苷cytidine胞苷uridine尿苷绪论ribozyme核酶humangenomeproject人类基因组计划polymer多聚体Chapter1蛋白质的结构与功能conformation构象primarystructure（蛋白质）一级结构secondarystructure（蛋白质）二级结构peptideunit肽单元a-helixa-螺旋B-p

4、leatedsheetp-折叠B-turnp-转角randomcoil无规卷曲motif模序zincfinger锌指结构chaperon分子伴侣tertiarystructure（蛋白质）三级结构domain结构域fibronectin纤连蛋白subunit亚基quaternarystructure（蛋白质）四级结构heme血红素cytochromec细胞色素cmyoglubin,Mb肌红蛋白hemoglubin,Hb血红蛋白positivecooperativity正协同效应allostericeffect变（别）构效应denaturation变性renaturation复性proteinc

5、oagulation蛋白质的凝固作用ninhydrinreaction茚三酮反应biuretreaction双缩脲反应saltprecipitation盐析electrophoresis电泳dialysis透析chromatography层析gelfiltration凝胶过滤ultracentrifugation超速离心sedimentationcoefficient,S沉降系数核酸的结构与功能nucleicacid核酸deoxyribonucleicacid,DNAribonucleicacid，RNA核糖核酸genetype基因型nucleotide核苷酸base碱基purine嘌呤pyr

6、imidine嘧啶adenine腺嘌呤Chapter4糖代谢phosphodiesterlinkage磷酸二酯键ploydeoxynucleotide多聚脱氧核苷酸链majorgroove大沟minorgroove小沟nucleosome核小体chromatin染色质coreparticle核心颗粒gene基因genome基因组basepair,bp碱基对messengerRNA,mRNA信使RNAheterogeneounuclearRNA,hnRNA不均一核RNAcapsequence帽子结构tripletcode三联体密码transferRNA,tRNA转运RNArarebase稀有碱基

7、pseudouridine假尿嘧啶stem-loop茎-环cloverleafpattern三叶草型anticoden反密码子ribosomalRNA,rRNA核蛋白体RNAribosome核蛋白体、核糖体ribozyme核酶hyperchromiceffect增色效应meltingtemperature,Tm融解温度annealing退火hybridization杂交nuclease核酸酶Chapter3酶biocatalyst生物催化剂enzyme酶substrate底物monomericenzyme单体酶oligomericenzyme寡聚酶multienzymesystem多酶体系mu

8、ltifunctionalenzyme多功能酶tandemenzyme串联酶simpleenzyme单纯酶conjugatedenzyme结合酶apoenzyme酶蛋白cofactor辅助因子holoenzyme全酶metalloenzyme金属酶metalactivatedenzyme金属激活酶coenzyme辅酶prostheticgroup辅基essentialgroup必需基团activecenter活性中心activesite活性部位bindinggroup结合基团catalyticgroup催化基团activationenergy活化能specificity特异性absolutes

9、pecificity绝对特异性relativespecificity相对特异性stereospecificity立体异构特异性induced-fithypothesis诱导契合假说transitionstate过渡态proximityeffect邻近效应orientationarrange定向排列multielementcatalysis多元催化sufaceeffect表面效应optimumtemperature最适温度inhibitor抑制剂irreversibleinhibition不可逆抑制reversibleinhibition可逆性抑制cholineesterase胆碱酯酶Lewis

10、ite路易士气pyridinealdoximemethyliodide,PAM解磷定Britishanti-Lewisite,BAL二巯基丙醇competitiveinhibition竞争性抑制non-competitiveinhibition非竞争性抑制uncompetitiveinhibition反竞争性抑制dihydrofolicacidsynthetase二氢叶酸合成酶essentialactivator必需激活剂non-essentialactivator非必需激活剂kat（酶）催量zymogen酶原allostericsite变构部位regulatorysite调节部位allost

11、ericregulation变构调节allostericenzyme变构酶allostericeffector变构效应剂allostericactivator变构激活剂allostericinhibitor变构抑制剂covalentmodification共价修饰inducer诱导剂induction诱导作用corepressor辅阻遏剂repression阻遏作用isoenzyme同工酶lactatedehydrogenase乳酸脱氢酶creatinekinaseCK肌酸激酶oxidoreductase氧化还原酶transferase转移酶hydrolase水解酶lyase裂合酶isomer

12、ase异构酶ligase合成酶（连结酶）enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassayELISA酶联免疫测定法immobilizedenzyme固定化酶abzyme抗体化酶dynamicequilibrium动态平衡starch淀粉glucose葡萄糖glycogen糖原amylase淀粉酶maltose麦芽糖Na+-dependentglucosetransporterSGLT钠依赖性葡萄糖转运体glucosetransporterGLUT葡萄糖转运体glycolysis糖酵解pyruvate丙酮酸glycolyticpathway糖酵解途径glucose-6-phospha

13、teG-6-P6-磷酸葡萄糖hexokinase己糖激酶glucokinase葡萄糖激酶fructose-6-phosphateF-6-P6-磷酸果糖1,6-fructose-biphosphateF-1,6-2P1,6-双磷酸果糖6-phosphofructo-kinase-16-磷酸果糖激酶-1aldolase醛缩酶triosephosphateisomerase磷酸丙糖异构酶glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶phosphoglyceratekinase磷酸甘油酸激酶substratelevelphosphorylation底

14、物水平磷酸化phosphoglyceratemutase磷酸甘油酸变位酶enolase烯醇化酶phosphoenolpyruvate,PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸pyruvatekinase丙酮酸激酶fructosebiphosphatase果糖二磷酸酶aerobicoxidation有氧氧化acetylCoA乙酰辅酶Atricarboxylicacidcycle三羧酸循环citrate柠檬酸citratesynthase柠檬酸合酶isocitrate异柠檬酸isocitratedehydrogenase异柠檬酸脱氢酶a-ketoglutaratea-酮戊二酸Chapter5succinylCoA琥

15、珀酰辅酶Aa-ketoglutaratedehydrogenasecomplexa-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体succinyl-CoAsynthetase琥珀酰辅酶A合成酶succinatedehydrogenase琥珀酸脱氢酶fumaratehydratase延胡索酸酶malatedehydrogenase苹果酸脱氢酶citratelyase柠檬酸裂解酶pentosephosphatepathway磷酸戊糖途径lactonase内酯酶transaldolase转醛醇酶transketolase转酮醇酶glutathione谷胱甘肽uridinediphosphateglucose,UDPG尿苷二磷

16、酸葡萄糖UDPGpyrophosphorylaseUDPG焦磷酸化酶glycogensynthase糖原合酶primer引物branchingenzyme分支酶glycogenolysis糖原分解glycogenphosphorylase糖原磷酸化酶debranchingenzyme脱支酶glucose-6-phosphatase葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶cAMP-dependentproteinkinase依赖cAMP的蛋白激酶cascadesystem级链放大系统calmodulin钙调蛋白glycogenstoragedisease糖原累积症gluconeogenesis糖异生gluconeog

17、enicpathway糖异生途径pyruvatecarboxylase丙酮酸羧化酶substratecycle底物循环futilecycle无效循环insulin胰岛素glucagon胰高血糖素glucosetolerence葡萄糖耐量hyperglycemia高血糖glucosuria糖尿症hypoglycemia低血糖脂类代谢triglyceride,TG甘油三酯prostaglandin,PG前列腺素thromboxaneA,TXA血栓烷leukotrienesLTs白三烯phosphoglyceride甘油磷脂micelle微团pancreaticlipase胰脂酶phospholip

18、ase磷脂酶cholesterylesterase胆固醇酯酶colipase辅脂酶monoglyceride,MG甘油一酯mixedmicelle混合微团acylCoAtransferase脂酰辅酶A转移酶apolipoprotein,apo载脂蛋白phosphatidicacid磷脂酸freefattyacid,FFA游离脂肪酸hormone-sensitivetriglyceridelipase,HSL激素敏感性甘油三酯脂肪酶glycerokinase甘油激酶acylCoAsynthetase脂酰辅酶A合成酶carnitine肉（毒）碱,卡尼汀carnitineacyltransferas

19、e,CAT肉碱脂酰转移酶acylcarnitine脂酰肉碱carnitine-acylcarnitinetranslocase肉碱-脂酰肉碱转位酶3-cis-transenoyl-CoAisomerase3顺反烯酰CoA异构酶epimerase表构酶peroxisome过氧化物酶体acetoacetate乙酰乙酸B-hydroxybutyratep-羟丁酸acetone丙酮thiolase硫解酶ketonebodies酮体3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylCoA,HMG-CoA羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶Acitratepyruvatecycle柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环acetylCoAc

20、arboxylase乙酰辅酶A羧化酶acylcarrierprotein,ACP酰基载体蛋白4-phosphopantetheine4-磷酸泛酰氨基乙硫醇desaturase去饱和酶choline胆碱inositol肌醇Chapter6phosphatidylinositol肌醇磷脂phosphatidylserine丝氨酸磷脂cardiolipin心磷脂phospholipidexchangeprotein磷脂交换蛋白phospholipase磷脂酶sphingosine鞘氨醇sphingolipid鞘脂sphingomyelin神经鞘磷脂ceramide神经酰胺,N-脂酰鞘氨醇3-keto

21、dihydrosphingosine3-酮基二氢鞘氨醇sphingomyelinase神经鞘磷脂酶cholesterol胆固醇sitosterol谷固醇ergosterol麦角固醇reductase还原酶mevalonicacid,MVA甲羟戊酸isopentenylpyrophosphate,IPP异戊烯焦磷酸dimethylallylpyrophosphate,DPP二甲基丙烯焦磷酸farnesylpyrophosphate,FPP焦磷酸法尼酯squalene鲨烯sterolcarrierprotein,SCP固醇载体蛋白bileacid胆汁酸lipoprotein脂蛋白remnant残粒

22、hyperlipoproteinemia高脂蛋白血症生物氧化biologicaloxidation生物氧化respiratorychain呼吸链electrontransferchain电子传递链reducednicotinamideadeninedinucleotide,NADH还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸ubiquinone泛鲲flavinmononucleotide,FMN黄素单核苷酸flavinadeninedinucleotide,FAD黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavoprotein黄素蛋白iron-sulfurcluster,Fe-S铁硫簇iron-sulfurprotein铁硫蛋白co

23、enzyme辅酶cytochrome细胞色素oxidativephosphorylation氧化磷酸化chemiosmotichypothesis化学渗透假说oligomycin-sensitive-conferringprotein,OSCP寡酶素敏感蛋白rotenone鱼藤酮piericidin粉蝶霉素amobarbital异戊巴比妥antimycin抗霉素dimercaptopropanol,BAL二巯基丙醇uncoupler解偶联剂dinitrophenol,DNP二硝基苯酚uncouplingprotein解偶联蛋白oligomycin寡霉素respiratorycontrolrat

24、io,RCR呼吸控制率mitochondrialDNA,mtDNA线粒体DNAcreatinekinase肌酸激酶creatinephosphate磷酸肌酸adenylatekinase腺苷酸激酶glycerophosphateshuttlea-磷酸甘油穿梭malate-asparateshuttle苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭adeninenucleotidetranspoter腺苷酸载体ATP-ADPcarrierATP-ADP载体catalase过氧化氢酶perioxidase过氧化物酶superoxidedismutase,SOD超氧化物歧化酶monooxygenase加单氧酶mixed-fu

25、nctionoxidase混合功能氧化酶hydroxylase羟化酶Chapter8核苷酸代谢Chapter8核苷酸代谢Chapter7氨基酸代谢nitrogenbalance氮平衡nutritionvalue营养价值essentialaminoacid必需氨基酸non-essentialaminoacid非必需氨基酸pepsin胃蛋白酶pepsinogen胃蛋白酶原autocatalysis自身激活作用casein酪蛋白endopeptidase内肽酶exopeptidase外肽酶trypsin胰蛋白酶chymotrypsin糜蛋白酶elastase弹性蛋白酶carboxypeptidase

26、羧基肽酶enterokinase肠激酶oligopeptidase寡肽酶aminopeptidase氨基肽酶dipeptidase二肽酶carrierprotein载体蛋白Y-glutamylcycleY-谷氨酰基循环putrefaction腐败作用amines胺类falseneurotransmitter假神经递质ammonia氨degradation降解protease蛋白酶peptidase肽酶ubiquitin泛素metabolicpool代谢库aminotransferase氨基转移酶transaminase转氨酶a-ketoacida-酮酸transamination转氨基作用gl

27、utamicpyruvictransaminase,GPT谷丙转氨酶glutamicoxaloacetictransaminase,GOT谷草转氨酶L-glutamatedehydrogenaseL-谷氨酸脱氢酶purinenucleotidecycle嘌呤核苷酸循环glucogenicaminoacid生糖氨基酸ketogenicaminoacid生酮氨基酸glucogenicandketogenicaminoacid生糖兼生酮氨基酸alanine-glucosecycle丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环glutaminesynthetase谷氨酰胺合成酶glutaminase谷氨酰胺酶asparagin

28、ase天冬酰胺酶ornithinecycle尿氨酸循环ureacycle尿素循环N-acetylglutamaticacid,AGAN-乙酰谷氨酸carbamoylphosphatesynthetase,CPS氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶ornithinecarbamoyltransferase,OCT鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶argininosuccinatesynthetase精氨酸代琥珀酸合成酶arginiosuccinase精氨酸代琥珀酸酶arginiosuccinatelyase精氨酸代琥珀酸裂解酶decarboxylation脱羧基作用decarboxyase脱羧酶amineoxidase胺氧化酶

29、gamma-aminobutyricacid,GABAY-氨基丁酸histamine组胺5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT5-羟色胺polyamines多胺spermidine精脒spermine精胺ornithinedecarboxylase鸟氨酸脱羧酶onecarbonunit一碳单位methyl甲基methylene甲烯基methenyl甲炔基formyl甲酰基formimino亚氨甲基tetrahydrofolicacid,FH4四氢叶酸dihydrofolatereductase二氢叶酸还原酶S-adenosylmethionine,SAMS-腺苷甲硫氨酸methytr

30、ansferase甲基转移酶methylation甲基化homocysteine同型半胱氨酸methioninecycle甲硫氨酸循环cystathioninesynthase胱硫醚合酶creatine肌酸creatinephosphate磷酸肌酸creatinekinase,CK激酸肌酶creatinine肌酸苷3-phospho-adenosine-5-phospho-sulfate,PAPS3-磷酸腺苷-5-磷酸硫酸phenylalaninehydroxylase苯丙氨酸羟化酶dihydroxyphenylalanine二羟苯丙氨酸dopa多巴dapamine多巴胺norepinephr

31、ine去甲肾上腺素epinephrine肾上腺素catecholamine儿茶酚胺melanin黑色素tyrosinase酪氨酸酶albinism白化病phenylketonuria,PKU苯丙酮酸尿症tryptophaneoxygenase色氨酸加氧酶denovosynthesis从头合成途径salvagepathway补救合成途径inosinemonophosphate,IMP次黄嘌呤核苷酸phosphoribosylpyrophosphate,PRPP磷酸核糖焦磷酸amidotransferase酰胺转移酶adeninephosphoribosyltransferase,APRT腺嘌呤磷

32、酸核糖转移酶hypoxanthine-guaninephosphoribosyltransferase,HGPRT次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶ribonucleotidereductase核糖核苷酸还原酶thioredoxin硫氧化还原蛋白thioredoxinreductase硫氧化还原蛋白还原酶6-mercaptopurine,6MP6-巯基嘌呤azaserine氮杂丝氨酸diazonorleucine6-重氮-5-氧正亮氨酸aminopterin氨蝶呤methotrexate,MTX甲氨蝶呤uricacid尿酸xanthosineoxidase黄嘌呤氧化酶allopurinol别嘌呤醇

33、aspartatetranscarbamoylase天冬氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶oroticacid乳清酸thymidylatesynthetase尿苷酸合成酶5-fluorouracil,5-Fu5-氟尿嘧啶B-aminoisobutyricacidp-氨基异丁酸Chapter9物质代谢的联系与调节regulatoryenzyme调节酶keyenzyme关键酶limitingvelocityenzyme限速酶allostericregulation别构调节allostericeffector别构效应剂feedbackinhibition反馈调节covalentmodification共价修饰che

34、micalmodification化学修饰proteinkinase蛋白激酶proteinphosphatase磷蛋白磷酸酶inducer诱导剂repressor阻遏剂proteosome蛋白酶体cyclin细胞周期蛋白receptor受体hormoneresponseelement,HRE激stress应急Chapter10DNA的生物合成（复制）thecentraldogma中心法则replication复制transcription转录translation翻译semiconservativereplication半保留复制geneexpression基因表达polymerase聚合酶t

35、emplate模板primer引物replicase复制酶E.coli大肠杆菌KlenowfragmentKlenow片断mitochondiaDNA,mtDNADNA线粒体DNAexonuclease核酸外切酶proofread校读fidelity保真性incorporation参入helicase解螺旋酶DNAtopoisomeraseDNA拓扑异构酶singlestrandedDNAbindingprotein单链DNA结合蛋白primase引物酶primosome引发体DNAligaseDNA连接酶cellcycle细胞周期bidirectionalreplication双向复制rep

36、licationfork复制叉replicon复制子oriC(origin)起始点ter(termination)复制终点leadingstrand前导链laggingstrand随从链Okazakifragment冈崎片断rollingcirclereplication滚环复制nick缺口telomere端粒telomerase端粒酶mutation突变DNAdamageDNA损伤spontaneousmutation自然突变polymophism多态性ultraviolet,UV紫外线cyclobutanering环丁基环thyminedimer胸苷酸二聚体mismatch错配deleti

37、on缺失insertion插入rearrangement重排frame-shift框移pointmutation点突变DNArepairingDNA修复lightrepairing光修复excissionrepairing切除修复recombinationrepairing重组修复photolyase光修复酶xerodermapigmentosis着色性干皮病recombination重组regulon调节子reversetranscriptase逆转录酶reversetranscription逆转录integration整合ribozyme核酶retrovirus逆转录病毒Roussarco

38、mavirus,RSV劳式肉瘤病毒humanimmuno-deficiencyvirus,HIV人类免疫缺陷病毒acquiredimmuno-deficiencysyndrome,AIDS获得性免疫缺陷综合症complementary互补Chapter11RNA的生物合成（转录）asymmetrictranscription不对称转录structuralgene结构基因codingstrand编码链transcriptase转录酶coreenzyme核心酶holoenzyme全酶heatshockproteins,Hsp热休克蛋白rifampicin利福平amanitin鹅膏蕈碱smallnu

39、clearRNA,snRNA小分子核内核糖核酸ribosome核蛋白体operon操纵子upstream上游promoter启动子consensus一致性recognitionsite辨认位点transcriptionbubble转录空泡cis-actingelement顺式作用元件trans-actingfactor反式作用因子transcriptionalfactor,TF转录因子domain结构域pre-initiationcomplex,PIC起始前复合物hybridduplex杂化双链polysome多聚核蛋白体hairpin发夹primarytranscripts初级转录产物pos

40、t-transcriptionalmodification转录后修饰splicing剪接hetero-niclearRNA杂化核RNAsplicesome并接体splitegene断裂基因exon外显子intron内含子distrophin抗肌萎缩蛋白lariatRNA套索RNAsplicingjunction剪接接口transesterification二次转酯反应selfsplicing自身剪接redundantgene丰富基因tandemgene纵列串联基因spacer间隔区highlyrepeatsequence高度重复序列tetrahymena四膜虫hammerheadstructu

41、re槌头结构Chapter12蛋白质的生物合成（翻译）initiationfactor,IF起始因子eukaryote真核生物elongationfactor,EF延长因子releasefactor,RF释放因子ribosomalreleasefactor,RR核蛋白体释放因子openreadingframe,ORF开放读码框架commaless（遗传密码的）连续性frameshift框移degeneracy（遗传密码的）简并性wobble（遗传密码的）摆动性universal（遗传密码的）通用性inosine,I次黄嘌呤initiationcodon起始密码子stopcodon终止密码子sm

42、allsubunit小亚基largesubunit大亚基adaptor接合体aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetase氨基酰-tRNA合成酶aminoacyl-tRNA,AAcyl-tRNA氨基酰-tRNAeditingacticity校正活性translationalinitiationcomplex翻译起始复合物ribosomalbindingsite,RBS核蛋白体结合位点peptidylsite肽位donorsite给位aminoacylsite氨基酰位acceptorsite受位cap-sitebindingprotein,CBP帽子结合蛋白entrance进位registra

43、tion注册peptidebondformation成肽translocation转位transpeptidase转肽酶ribosomalprotein,largesubunit,rpl核蛋白体大亚基上的蛋白质ribosomalprotein,smallsubunit,rps核蛋白体小亚基上的蛋白质translocase转位酶post-translationalprocessing翻译后加工oligomer寡聚体B-endophinp-内非肽pro-opio-melano-cortin,POMC鸦片促黑皮质素原Chapter13B-lipotropin,B-LTB-脂酸释放激素proteint

44、argeting靶向输送secretoryprotein分泌性蛋白signalpeptide信号肽preproinsulin胰岛素原preproarathyroidhormone前甲状旁腺素原signalpeptidase信号肽酶signalrecognitionparticles,SRP信号肽识别颗粒dockingprotein,DP对接蛋白antibiotic抗生素baseanologue碱基类似物tetracyclin四环素chloromycetin氯霉素streptomycin链霉素karamycin卡那霉素puromycin嘌呤霉素cycloheximide放线菌酮diphtheri

45、atoxin白喉毒素interferon,IF干扰素基因表达调控temporalspecificity时间特异性stagespecificity阶段特异性spatialspecificity空间特异性cellspecificity细胞特异性tissuespecificity组织特异性housekeepinggene管家基因constitutivegeneexpression组成性基因表达induction诱导repression阻遏coordinateexpression协调表达coordinateregulation协调调节maternal-effectgenes母亲效应基因segmenta

46、tiongenes分节基因operon操纵子promoter启动序列operator操纵序列consensussequence共有序列repressor阻遏蛋白activator激活蛋白catabolitegeneactivationprotein,CAP分解物基因激活蛋白transcriptionfactor转录因子dimer二聚体polymer多聚体dimerization二聚化monomer单体homodimer同二聚体heterodimer异二聚体heatshockresponse热休克反应polycistronic多顺反子monocistronic单顺反子lacoperon乳糖操纵子

47、catabolicrepression分解代谢阻遏attenuation衰减attenuator衰减子phasevariation相变异geneticrecombination基因重组invertedrepeat反转重复序列TBP-assotistedfactor,TAFTBF相关因子hypersensitivesite超敏位点5flankingregion5侧翼区transcriptionstartsite转录起始点enhancer增强子enhanson增强体upstreamactivatorsequences,UASs上游激活序列silebcer沉默子generaltranscriptio

48、nfactors基本转录因子specialtranscriptionfactors特异转录因子transcriptionactivitors转录激活因子transcriptioninhibitors转录抑制因子enhancerbindingprotein,EBP增强子结合蛋白DNAbindingdomainDNA结合域activationdomain转录激活域zincfinger锌指basicleucinezipper,bZIP碱性亮氨酸拉链basichelix-loop-helix,bHLH碱性螺旋-环-螺旋acidicactivationdomain酸性激活域glutamine-richd

49、omain谷氨酰胺富含域proline-richdomain脯氨酸富含域initiator,Inr启动元件Chapter14基因重组与基因工程conjugation接合作用transformation转化作用transduction转导作用lysispathway溶菌生长途径lysogenicpathway溶原菌生长途径transposition转座insertionsequences,IS插入序列transposase转座酶conservativetransposition保守性转座duplicativetransposition复制性转座transposons转座子recombinatio

50、n重组site-specificrecombination位点特异的重组longterminalrepeat,LTR长末端重复序列homologousrecombination同源重组generalrecombination基本重组clone克隆cloning克隆化molecularclone分子克隆replicon复制子genecloning基因克隆DNAchimeras嵌合DNArecombinantDNA重组DNArecombinantDNAtechnology重组DNA工艺学geneticengineering基因工程targetDNA目的DNArestrictionendonucle

51、ase限制性内切核酸酶methylase甲基化酶restriction-modificationsystem限制-修饰体系palindrome回文结构basepairs,bp碱基对cohesiveend(stickyend)粘性末端bluntend平头(钝性)末端compatibleend配伍末端cloningvector克隆载体expressionvector表达载体plasmid质粒complementation互补cosmidvector柯斯质粒载体Chapter15signaltransduction信号转导targetcell靶细胞network网络系统paracrinesignal

52、旁分泌信号endocrinesignal内分泌信号synapticsignal突触分泌信号autocrinesignal自分泌信号secondarymessenger第二信使receptor受体yeastartificialchromosomevector,YAC酵母人工染色体载体genomicDNAlibrary基因组DNA文库polymerasechainreaction,PCR聚合酶链反应anneal退火terminaltransferase末端转移酶linker接头competentcell感受态细胞transformation转化transfection转染infection感染sc

53、reening筛选selection选择directselection直接选择法markerrescue标志补救insituhybridization原位杂交enzymeimmunodetectionassay酶免检测分析ribosome-bindingsite,RBS核蛋白体结合位点polylinkercloningsite多接头克隆位点inclusionbody包涵体calciumphosphatetransfection磷酸钙转染DEAEdextran-mediatedtransfectionDEAE葡聚糖介导转染electroporation电穿孔lipofectintransfect

54、ion脂质体转染microinjection显微注射transienttransfection瞬时转染stabletransfection稳定转染molecularmedicine分子医学polymorphism多肽性chromosomewalking染色体步移DNAdiagnosticsDNA诊断学genetherapy基因治疗somaticcellgenetherapy体细胞基因治疗germlinegenetherapy性细胞基因治疗fluorecenceactivatedcellsorter,FACS荧光活化细胞分离器细胞信息传递ligand配体serpentinereceptor蛇型受

55、体guanylatebindingprotein鸟苷酸结合蛋白,G蛋白adenylatecyclase,AC腺苷酸环化酶stimulatoryGprotein,Gs激动型G蛋白inhibitoryGprotein,Gi抑制型G蛋白PI-PLCGprotein,Gp磷脂酶C型G蛋白catalyticreceptor催化型受体internalization内化proteinkinaseA,PKA蛋白激酶Aphosphodiesterase,PDE磷酸二酯酶cAMPresponseelement,CREcAMP应答元件cAMPresponseelementbindingprotein,CREBcAM

56、P应答元件结合蛋白immediateearlygene立早基因phorbolester佛波酯calmodulin,CaM钙调蛋白guanylatecyclase,GC鸟苷酸环化酶tyrosine-proteinkinase,TPK酪氨酸蛋白激酶justanotherkinase,JAK另一类激酶autophosphorylation自身磷酸化adaptorprotein连接物蛋白mitogen-activatedproteinkinase,MAPK有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶januskinase,JAKs具有激酶结构的连接蛋白signaltransductorsandactivatoroftran

57、scription,STAT信号转导子和转录激动子nuclearfactor-KB,NF-KB核因子KBhormoneresponseelement激素反应元件proteinphosphatase蛋白磷酸酶crosstalk交联对话insulinreceptorsubstrate胰岛素受体底物Chapter16血液的生物化学blood血液plasma血浆serum血清non-proteinnitrogen,NPN非蛋白氮bloodureanitrogen,BUN尿素氮electrophoresis电泳ultra-centrifuge超速离心albumin清蛋白globulin球蛋白polymo

58、rphism多态性acutephaseprotein,APP急性时相蛋白质acutephasereactant,APR急性时相反应物bloodcoagulation血液凝固coagulationfactor凝血因子anticoagulationfactor抗凝血因子tissuefactor,TF组织因子thrombogen凝血酶原thrombin凝血酶fibrinogen纤维蛋白酶原fibrin纤维蛋白酶plasminogen纤维蛋白溶酶原heme血红素6-aminolevulinicacid,ALA6-氨基-Y-酮基戊酸prophobilinogen,PBG胆色素原ferrochelatas

59、e亚铁螯合酶protoporphyrin原卟啉erythropoietin,EPO促红细胞生成素porphyria卟啉症Chapter17肝的生物化学脱氧胆酸acid鹅脱氧胆酸石胆酸甘氨胆酸牛磺胆酸heterogeneity异质性a-fetoprotein甲胎蛋白falseneurotransmitter假神经递质biotransformation生物转化detoxication解毒作用monooxygenase加单氧酶monoamineoxidase,MAO单氨氧化酶alcoholdehydrogenase,ADH纯脱氢酶aldehydedehydrogenase,ALDH醛脱氢酶micro

60、somalethanoloxidizingsystem,MEOS微粒体乙醇氧化系统nitroreductase硝基还原酶azoreductase偶氮还原酶conjugationreaction结合反应UDP-glucuronyltransferase,UGTUDP葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶uridinediphosphateglucuronicacid,UDPGA尿背二磷酸a-葡萄糖醛酸sulfatetransferase硫酸转移酶glutathione-S-transferase谷胱甘肽S-转移酶acetylase乙酰基转移酶bile胆汁hepaticbile肝胆汁gallbladderbile胆囊