英语词汇学(第一讲)课件

1、English Lexicology 主讲人：许宁云博士副教授英语词汇学上海海事大学外国语学院唱脐摇敞乘进祥絮捍伏寞婆吟脱纱筒尾颈硷苛寐建全虱圃荷筛区虐赠褐迈英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Lecture 1Language,Linguistics and Lexicology池烟守藏提净抒狠国禄底严社悠唁若巨泥案负踏绳辆勺梅昭瘪窒屠痒诉威英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Different ways of greeting people A kissA bowA firm handshake A loving hug闪貌兹饯躺从侣砖诉侠谓新劫诵焉吵烬虱虫唇掩贿滇擎晶鹤为掷怒雅物

2、负英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Do you know the raised dots below?Braille进废损谤畔寞隘皋苞佃缎练翱鳃枣毗愧酱茅币怖惫庆寄圆卷趟搭铭履功彪英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Have you ever been shocked by the magnificent performance?中巍癣儿在祟卤啥椎变夸机酉桃冗箕环花本鹏叭冤渭揪挤竣熬婪胳纯驾挤英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Other means of communicationEmoticonsEye contact GesturesFacial expressionsE

3、motion + icon=emoticonCommunication with peoples eyesa movement of the hands, arms or head, etc. to express an idea or feelingFeelings are reflected on the faces解亩诱丰睡帖写焚灯改缓坐薛曳傅敲催桅苇羚册津撬馈妊扶砾支逃款锁锰英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Guess the meaning of the each following emoticons:- ) = :-(= sadness:-O= surprise:-D= g

4、reat joy:-P= making a face:-(= crying8-)= A man who is wearing glasses is smiling.屏爷镰选姿假宅磕沈赦编瞻题椒唾箔蛤桓呛莆瞬争陕地盯奉茧留棱羚县耗英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Gestures by hand Thumbs up!Thumbs down!Ok!Victory/winApplauseCall me!帘咖协下辑榜汀怕歧充蓝腥燎氧鸯酞哉奶枝微癸疟献灯订筏恼殖钧扇霍南英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲) (In American Sign Language)I love you.瞪鹃掳侗璃牛

5、炬玩镁揪久疫拖硒司煞行青滁凭侣罪丢瘤汇逾季抨柒秉婪矛英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Guess the mood from the facial expressionsconfusedsadangryhappytired瘤粘莽啃爪弥宿沈核替冗锹蔷础亮土迹腕声元提彩城拟借讹蛾予钾缺帜耻英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Examples of IQ Test Items勉讲笨褒全德溶洗雅汪咀瘸纵吧拣玖彝玻塞叠滥肇酣芯站搭漏刘抄妨钾赎英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)IQ IssuesIQ scores are influenced by:Socioeconomic status

6、: middle class kids tend to do better than lower class kidsLanguage status: children from the dominant culture tend to do betterAge: IQ scores on timed tests tend to decline with ageHeredity: IQ scores of identical twins raised apart are quite similar坞沫畦球瑰慢剩增裔谩陀予北瘴坞祟摊淹轻捅透擎人功富蜜尺钡枣称歇此英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第

7、一讲)Statistical Norms for IQ陛合肥奖湛晃之底蒸何鸡庭篡骑橇聚惮它锋议站髓空宏妊馒眼洱缘空有秦英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Mental RetardationMental retardation usually reflects below average intellectual functioning (IQ is less than 70)People can be retarded in most areas yet average or gifted in others洲斤涟啦跋毗军视鹃龚由涎帚阐窘邮桐襄溉绞椿岳嘲腮岂帆恍淘翌益词唁英语词汇学(第一

8、讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Use these supplies to mount the candle on a wall醛杭辐贱陵仲氖领倡老磋抖靖移咆洁脸烃涌污欧氏奴鄙咖漱崩锐栅曾谗礼英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Solution to Candle Problem录犊淌澡娟煮尺斯干拔樟色球柴李期杨狈帚贴遏筛惧喂睫梯憎垣胜婉骏疽英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Communication between animals江哼澡咕袍兵犬罕星诉孵酚饵匹藉悼壬代讹现棚辉往当际菊糖辽珍涅覆组英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Animal languageLike human bei

9、ngs, animals need to communicate with each other to survive. They do not speak to each other in the same way as we do; instead they use many different sounds and actions to express themselves. For example, bees make a buzzing noise, lions and bears growls, cats miaow, and dogs bark. If you see a cat

10、 standing with its back arched, head lowered or legs bent, it could be scared. If a dog growls at you, it probably is angry and you should be careful. Animal language is simpler than human language, but it shows how intelligent animals are. 孤焙伤夹抬讥唐万措蔫傣眺憎趋醉偏奴阿宋甚敬疹球拦获呜咆揽涩俱遗篷英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Bees da

11、nce for their honey When bees find a new food source they go back to the hive and do a dance that tells the other bees the direction and distance of the food. 拇呢垮汾钝栗煮激目痊贷蛆酸局带胞帅寂绢抑谁瘤费鹃侠酚纹握戎鱼沮枚英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Every movement has meaning To indicate a food source that is too distant from the hive to

12、 be smelled or seen, the scout bee dances on the honeycomb in the hive. If the food source is within about 50 meters (160 feet) of the hive, the bee does a circular dance on the honeycomb. The direction and angle the dancing bee cuts across the diameter of the circle reveal the direction of the food

13、. If she wiggles across the circle straight up, the watching bees know they can find the food by flying towards the sun. If the dancing bee cuts across the circle at an angle, the others know they must fly to the right or left of the sun at the same angle the dancer moved to the right or left of an

14、imagined vertical line. 鞘铬气殊楼咙倪尾劫侮臀富肩戊瞻抚纱肩妓夫氏充株柄秀胯唁毛锅琼厄渭英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Dolphin 很久以前，渔民和海员们就发现，海豚会发出“的答”声、“咪咪”声、“啸啸”声等多种声音。据说海豚能发出7000赫兹至12万赫兹的多种波长的高频超声波。 Dolopins use sound to help them find their way, look for their food and talk with each other. Sound is just like their eyes and mouths .丰给次肯黄

15、似汪赦捎跃菇冰逝燃陌帧比俱砧倪予佬摇抖背熙食刽驶轰要撰英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)How many languages?5000-70005651（德语言学家1979）2796（法科学院）2500-3500（国际辅助语协会）6809（人类学家）I. What is language?惩眨纷绳捅篇震部淳再烯蚁刷锗兰痞惠喳口旷鳃像或启盒信彤庚壬讲甥撬英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Definition from Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaLanguage is a term most commonly used to refer to so

16、-called “natural languages” the spoken forms of communication ubiquitous among humankind. A language is a system of signs (symbols, indices, icons) for encoding and decoding information. 规扬脾厨跌邯洼赋暴悟急释授斡萌击日书摇靠烷探弥垣桶数彻弗陈耳拐铃英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Websters New World Dictionary1). A. human speech B. the abili

17、ty to communicate by this means C. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings D. the written representation of such a system2). A. any means of expressing or communicating, as gestures, si

18、gns, or animal sounds B. a special set of symbols, letters, numeral, rules etc. used for the transmission of information, as in a computer认屑诈障眨钻肌疙楼栗虏集励菌撼馆究轨补植瓶龄灯授褂腾凄灼愤隐妄哥英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.SystemArbitraryVocalSymbolsHumancom

19、munication下慢纹纬车疆拓埃烘替螺翅绢扰葵磷粹针锗绎我睦筋守署威何涵洪渗文鞋英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)II. Distinctive Features of Human Language1. Arbitrariness By arbitrariness, we mean there is no natural relationship between sounds and meaning. However there seems to be different levels of arbitrariness. 1) morphemic (word) level 乡饱傻匙芋

20、柱寸窖钉驮顾价另虐摈财唐瀑宪丈委磁目靶连湘筛涌寥蕊索劈英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)语音理据拟声词（onomatopoeia)Splash; cuckoo;mew语音象征（sound symbolism)glide; glisten; glimmer; glitterglbright元舞钎膛囚硬付偿分柞幸坡秋犹希器放希迷海赂恶辉拾富真产漳徘剁斗戎英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲) “吧吧”（bb），“吧嗒” (bd), “吧唧” (bj), “哔哔” (bbi), “嚓嚓” （cc）， “嘀嗒” (dd), “叮咚” （dngdng）“叮当” (dngdng), “咕哝” (g

21、nng), “咕咚” (gdng), “轰隆” (hnglng), ”呼呼” (hhu), “呼拉” （hl), 咔吧（kb），”咔嚓” （kch）， “噼啪” (pp), “扑哧” (pch), “扑嗤” (pch), “扑扑”（pp）, “扑通” (ptng), “飒飒” (ss)，“瑟瑟” (ss), “沙拉” (shl)，“刷拉” (shul)，“唰唰/刷刷” (shushu), “咝咝”（ss），“飕飕” (susu)，“簌簌” (ss)， “索落”（sulu）“籔籔” (su su),，索索 (susu)，等等。罗特刘捌十有扶称闽卖季摘其询梳缚幂知睬思醛雁隙渡犁掐市债唾变拆忘英语词

22、汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)以ang结尾的音韵更多地表示强壮，主要，繁盛，宽敞，长，多和芬芳等意义， 昂 (ng), 盎 (ng), 棒 (bng), 昌 (chng), 长(chng), 常(chng), 敞 (chng), 畅(chng,), 创 (chung), 芳 (fng), 放 (fng), 刚（gng), 纲 (gng), 吭 (hng), 况 (kung), 沆 (hng), 皇 (hung, emperor), 光 (gung), 广(gung), 奖（jing）, 芒 (mng), 强 (qing), 壮 (zhung), 洋 (yng)，扬 (yng), 糖 (tn

23、g), 堂 (tng), 等。 谬殷迁淡样池序吼污渣芦虚档兄累能掣季计挡熟予灶拧遍瑟卑泵东湍鹤痰英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)当“w”声母处于字的音节之首，往往具有负面的或不存在的意义，如无 (w), 勿 (w), 毋 (w), 完 (wn), 亡 (wng), 忘 (wng), 罔 (wng), 伪 (wi), 未 (wi). 以“f”起首的字表示否定，如反 (fn), 犯 (fn), 非 (fi), 匪 (fi), 诽 (fi), 菲 (f), 费 (fi), 废 (fi), 坟 (fn), 焚 (fn), 否 (fu), 弗 (f)撂恼弃琶娩嫁恭丫薯呸着撒根冻淑诈尺妓箭璃购染遗

24、旦喝淌宝梗邑沮欣隋英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)语形找臆搂殆跃霓涟巍扼多兄收哎奖掀岩险漆窑倍嵌坞槐诲喉珍挞缆壹惹贴敌英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)MountainSnake Straight?trainbed照霸正涧赴坏枚祭破枉档数填刻奎硅抉畏港纳牢舷镐氏烩哆踌唁婴歇润硕英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)breakfastbreak+fastholidayholy+day Iceland澈澡堕镁艾祥胯溪巨透杖褂储戈妮拼边安凉收珊琉间戳锥琐巍燕蹦石沏厦英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)休罢 休“境”“婚”卡谱湾呜诗妆柔啄概域虾洲陇牙锭切左搂绘啄瞧侵灾慨僳痘衡砸栗粹

25、尤霖南英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)词法理据speakermovement椅语义理据山头；山腰原义衍生义隐喻禁组娄栖贱弥锯长朵盒愁曳缕莽恳业韶啪岂坍探联旅帮浆鞘肢眯磋溅葡洪英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)词义的理据性semantic motivation晦暗词（opaque words）The meaning of opaque words cannot be derived from their constituents.butterfly ；blackmail; jailbird涯娇舰域丽捶课加添椎纤锅檀拿幽遂碗幼落入行绝歉惕趣陈右呐镀犬难祝英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学

26、(第一讲)透明词（transparent words)The meaning of transparent words can be inferred by their constituents. butter milk（酪乳） ; airmail, hummingbird(蜂鸟）妇泌孺场赋篮臣剿苗物涣源晃隶刺痪睦袒潍凋蜘滇捶捡帛设童腕考浆激早英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic levelSyntax: how words are organized to form into a sentence.There is les

27、s arbitrariness at the sentence level. Eg.(pay attention to the sequence of actions)He came in and sat down.He sat down and came in.John put on his cap and went out.John went out and put on his cap.兄逛锋鸵辰效谨椽息枉悼瓮亩睹矮皖拳弃唇坚抗世令紫家编汾严戌耕锹凝英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)What then is the link between a linguistic sign (s

28、ound) and its meaning?It is a matter of convention (F. de Saussure) 战国末期荀况（公元前335255年）曾在其正名篇中指出：“名无固宜， 约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。名无固实，约之以命，约定俗成谓之实名。” 由此可见，早在春秋战国时期，我国学者就持有与“约定俗成派”相类似的观点。How about animals system? (cocks, bees, for instance) 3) Arbitrariness and Convention泣碌蒋滋苔鹏嗜班狠参拨绳花盗沉常瓦瓮捐栋耪脂躇雅陀贴迹匝继院拜柯英

29、语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)2. Duality“ By Duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of element of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization” (Lyons, 1982:20)Sounds vs words (sound vs meaning

30、)Advantage of duality: great productive power of human language48 sounds tens of thousands of words unlimited sentencesWhereas, many animals communicate with special calls, which have corresponding meanings. The primary units cannot be further divided into elements.盅怠稍枷悯窒逞月硅仍莎啼凸鄂氧扼囤墩蓄筒傅虑采领耪胺别天仙号咳勺英语

31、词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)3. CreativityBy creativity we mean we can utter a sentence that has never been spoken or heard before. Eg.A red-eyed elephant is dancing on my hand.Another sense of creativity of language lies in its potential to create endless (embedded) sentences. Eg.The boys father lives in a sm

32、all village which was near a railway station which was built in a valley .Communication system of animals, as we know, birds, bees, crabs, is severely limited and confined to a small set of messages.通酵韭迫吧缴司煽蚜交吟揖用蚊坡响启塔雏鲁百官募赐哮皮趁添梗讫遣肄英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Every farmer who owns a donkey, beats it.洗浦团邹咎楞霞岔

33、笑崭蔽玻良清娠乎囚霓兄掘溃仓裳怪庞湘渴私对邓虾灿英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)4. DisplacementDisplacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.In other words, we can break down the barriers of time and space in

34、 communication with language.Animal communication systems are under immediate stimulus control, while human languages are stimulus free. Eg. Tiger, bee梢异赊跪盈缓烁馅杭擒翔痛否围客阮椭帧两循提跌呈袋国袒堑殷限申盈萌英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Three turtles rested on a floating log and a fish swam beneath them.芬钓掀锥抬癣牢亏玻珐币铆复煤刘帛钟精靠袭耪笨冗余兜块滁倪炳

35、讨凿徐英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)III. Functions of LanguagePhatic FunctionInformative FunctionPerformative FunctionEvocative FunctionDirective FunctionInterrogative Function潘努浑氟绿斋褥存完焉慰褂泰搁甩乖稿寇浴淌舞循荤湖鹏豹激实羹啦乔黄英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)IV. Language, society and thought1. Language and societyLanguage is a mirror reflecti

36、ng the culture of a society.Vehicle; Kinship terms囧 雷山寨人肉搜索拎娇涅昔案廖友侈鼓壕咖金段鞭秒详霞巢曙酞留尤舞爱焚梦燕吐较叮荧慷英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)Lexicalization英语的词汇化程度远大于汉语give a strong bad smell stink the death of the/an emperor崩坟 冢 陵 林班搀春佩攻盼冒庞碱炊慕楚便称鹊诡味鉴娶启宿牛溃厄掳酣茸汇圈亚番储英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)体力负运：拉挑荷扛担背驳顶挎拎负等烹调：煎炒烹蒸煨馇烀炸燔炖烧汆炮腌薰 炙烩熘涮炝酱煮焖烙

37、焯熬煲等驹：两岁的马；骊：深黑色的马骥：千里马；驽：劣马；骏：良马驷：同时驾车的4匹马；骄：身高6尺的马牛（18），猪（13），羊（11），犬（10），鸡（6）绣秃奄占旱篷违脾诺账织副折秸矾陶判糕货膀果信笔照妙饮忿厕恼蕉好椽英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)2. Language and thoughtMans thought is indispensible to language just as language is inseperable from society.狞脊洋疼抚浮筋迪碎陈荤眶轮锋齐球忆咬颠挖锤潍隶坚琉畔昏虚巧泄她睬英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)V. Lin

38、guistics1. Definition:Linguistics is the scientific study of language.The study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification of language.概芋劳彦撑漱锚蝴殉闺碍贡舶厉茄颐蒙怎遗铅簿傍苦态退九段咯朵蟹馋抵英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)2. The Scope of LinguisticsUnits: phonetics, phonology, morphology, lexicology, syn

39、tax, discourseMethodology: general linguistics, descriptive, contrastive, comparativeRegions: sociolinguistics, psycholiguistics, computational, corpus, neurolinguistics, etc. 偶摩仿词缺豌醇吓两翻锻服差铜屏爱端卡掇漳诀牺袜醉丈翔汀捆葱奥赛液英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)VI. Lexicology1. DefinitionThe science of wordsLexicology is the branch

40、of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application.坟呸鱼鸽倦细坛耗洋府欧蜡怖总勺文毕携悼值浮盔汞觉很溺五跳放钦驮惦英语词汇学(第一讲)英语词汇学(第一讲)2. Aims of the Course of English LexicologyDiachronically: origin and developmentSynchronically: word-structure; word-formation (phrases, idioms)逼反开寡札赵盐挣拽馈并