高分子材料塑料讲解课件

1、高分子材料塑料篇唐凯荣Kardos TangMacro-molecular MaterialsPlastic塑料是以树脂为主要成分，适当加入各类添加剂，可用塑化、烧结或溶液等方法成型，并能在常温下保持成型形状的一类高分子材料。美观、质轻、电绝缘、耐化学腐蚀、容易成型加工成各种形状和多种性能高分子材料。应用分类：通用塑料 和 工程塑料。受热变化分类：热固性塑料 和 热塑性塑料。 树脂塑料橡胶纤维Plastic is a kind of material that use resin as main compound，and some additive，use plasticizing、heat

2、or dissove some ways to produce，and can maintain its shape in room temperature.A kind of polymer that Beautiful、light、insulated、chemical resistent, and easy to produce to many different shape and function.Application sort: General use plastic and Engineering plastic.Heating transformation sort：therm

3、oset and thermoplastic. resinPlasticrubberfibre热塑性PVCPE聚乙烯PS聚苯乙烯PP聚丙烯聚氯乙烯polyethylenePolyvinyl chloridepolypropylenepolystyreneABS通用热塑性树脂General used thermoplastic resinthermoplastic优点缺点 优良的耐水性、电性能。 抗冲击强度好、 具有良好的化学稳定性。常温下耐酸、碱等。聚乙烯 PE低密度聚乙烯 LDPE高密度聚乙烯 HDPE线型低密度聚乙烯 LLDPE 表面能低，易于清洁。 力学性能一般，拉伸强度较低，抗蠕变性不

4、好。 耐热性不好。 透气性较大，不适于保鲜包装，但适合防潮包装。 PE分子中含有少量双键和醚基，导致其耐候性不好。EVA应用范围：薄膜类制品是PE的最主要用途。LDPE树脂用于膜类制品可占50%以上。HDPE膜制品占10%以上。PE因加工型好还广泛用于注塑制品。还可用于渔网、缆绳、及民用纱窗等。聚乙烯是由乙烯单体经自由基聚合而成的聚合物。MeritDefect Good water resistent and electric insulation. Good impact resistent. Good chemical stability, chemical resistent.polye

5、thylene PELow density PE (LDPE)High density PE (HDPE)Linear low density PE (LLDPE) Low surface energy,easy to clean. Ordinary mechanical stress，low tensile stress，bad lay resistent。 Bad heat resistent. Bad airtight performance，not suitable for seal package，but suitable for water proof package. Bad a

6、ging resistent.EVAApplication：Main used for film products.Over 50% LDPE used for film products.HDPE film products about 10%.Because of PEs good machining ,it also be used on inject Also like fish net、cable and net window.PE is a kind of polymer react by ethylene monomer.优点缺点聚丙烯 PP低温脆性大。 耐老化性不好。 电绝缘性

7、和耐化学腐蚀性优良。 力学性能和耐热性在通用热塑性塑料中最高 耐疲劳性好，人称百折胶。 表面能低，易于清洁。 耐磨性能一般。应用范围：PP树脂在注塑制品中可占一半左右。PP膜可占PP用量的10%左右。中空制品透明性和力学性能好用做洗涤剂、化妆品、药品的包装，与阻隔材料复合的复合瓶用于食品和化学试剂包装。聚丙烯是由丙烯单体经自由基聚合而成的聚合物。MeritDefectpolypropyleneLow temperature fragile. Bad aging resistent. Good insulation and chemical resistent. Physical stress

8、and heat resistent are the best among all plastic. Excellent fratigue resistent. low surface energy , easy to clean. Ordinary abrasion resistent.Application：Half of PP products are used for inject products, about 10% PP are used for film products。Also many PP are used for package of medicine、deterge

9、nt、cosmetic and so on.PP a kind of polymer reacted by propylene monomer.(PP)聚氯乙烯 （ PVC）优点 PVC的热稳定性较差。 产量大、成本低。 优良的阻燃性能，耐腐蚀性。优良的机械强度及电绝缘性。 加工性能优异。 加工性能不好。 化境不友好，含有多种对人体有害成分。polyvinyl chloride 硬质PVC可用于生产各类管材，型材、板材、片材、瓶类、注塑制品等。 软质PVC可用于生产薄膜、电缆、鞋类、人造革、软透明管等缺点由氯乙烯单体经自由基聚合而得的聚合物。 耐冲击性能不好。 耐老化及耐寒性差。Merit B

10、ig output、low cost. excellent fire resistent,and chemical resistent.Excellent insulation and mechanical performance Good machining performance.polyvinyl chloride Hard PVC can be used for board、sheet、hose、bottle and inject products and so on. Soft PVC can be used for film、cable、shoes、transparent hose

11、 and so on.Defect（ PVC）PVC is a kind of polymer react by vinyl monomer. Heat stability is bad. Machining property is not good. Not environmentally friendly . Impact resistent is bad. Aging and low temperature resistance are not good. Glass statehigh-elastic state TgTf聚苯乙烯 PS优点 低温易开裂。 优良的透光性。 优良的绝缘、绝

12、热性能。熔融时热稳定性好和流动性好，易成型加工。Polystyrene 冲击强度低，易出现应力开裂。耐热性能差，不耐沸水。聚苯乙烯泡沫可膨胀60倍，发泡性能优异。EPS主要用途为防震包装材料、隔热保温材料、隔音材料、漂浮材料、绝缘材料等。 PS兼有透明性和良好的绝缘性，可用于电视机、录音机等电器配件。也可用于一般光学仪器、灯罩及包装容器等。缺点聚苯乙烯是指有苯乙烯单体经自由基缩聚反应合成的聚合物 Merit Easy to break at low temperature. Excellent transparent. Good insulation and heat proof perfor

13、mance.Good heat stability and fluid when its melted，easy to machining.Polystyrene Low impact resistent,easy to craze.Bad heat resistent.EPS can swell about 60 times big,excellent foaming performance.Application:Most of EPS used for package material、preserve heat material、sound absord material、float

14、material、insulated material and so on. PS has both transparent and insulated character ，can be used for wiring parts、optic parts、lights cover and so on.Defect(PS)PS is a kind of polymer react by styrene monomer.丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物 （ABS）优点 耐候性较差。 优良的力学性能，冲击性能极好。 优良的耐磨性，尺寸稳定性好。耐低温性优异，热稳定性好。Acrylonitrile Bu

15、tadiene Styrene 优良的耐腐蚀性。缺点较好的电绝缘性。加工性能优良。流动性比PE、PA及PS差，比PVC和PC好。 ABS的吸水率较高。较优异的隔音性。聚苯乙烯是指有苯乙烯单体经自由基缩聚反应合成的聚合物 ABS树脂的最大应用领域是汽车、电子电器和建材。汽车领域的使用包括汽车仪表板、车身外板、内装饰板、方向盘、隔音板、门锁、保险杠、通风管等很多部件。在电器方面则广泛应用于电冰箱、电视机、洗衣机、空调器、计算机、复印机等电子电器中。建材方面，ABS管材、ABS卫生洁具、ABS装饰板广泛应用于建材工业。此外ABS还广泛的应用于包装、家具、体育和娱乐用品、机械和仪表工业中。Merit

16、Bad aging performance. Excellent mechanical stress and impact resistent. Excellent abrasion resistent and demension stability.Excellent low temperature performance and heat resistent.Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Good erode resistent.DefectGood electicity insulationGood machining performance.High

17、water absorb rateGood sound insulation.ABS is a kind of polymer react by acrylonitrile、butadiene and styrene monomer.Application:The most aspects of using ABS resin are Auto、wiring and building material.Including car meter pad、outside pad、steering wheel、sound insulate pad、door lock、bumper、vent pipe

18、and so on.Electrical device:such as fridge、Television、air-condition、computer and so on. Building material:ABS hose、ABS bath room materials、ABS decorate pad and so on. ABS also widely used in sports equipment、package、furniture and so on.（ABS）力学强度耐冲击性耐高温耐低温耐磨性电性能耐腐蚀阻燃性较差一般良好优异气密性耐老化PEPPPVCPSABSExcelle

19、ntGoodOrdinaryBadMechanical stressImpact resistentAbrasion resistentinsulationChemical resistentHigh temperatureLow temperatureFire resistentAirtightAging resistent热塑性工程塑料工程塑料PA（polyamide ）(polyethylene glycol terephthalate)(polycarbonate ) 聚酰胺 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 聚碳酸酯PETPCEngineering resin means those have

20、both excellent physical and thermal performance, and can be used under huge stress and extremely chemical surrounding. Which can be in place of some metal to be structure materials.Engineering plasticThermoplastic engineering resin聚酰胺聚酰胺为大分子链上含有酰胺基团重复结构单元的一类聚合物，主要由二元胺和二元酸缩聚或由氨基酸内酰胺自聚合而成。3.良好的柔性和冲击性。

21、2.聚酰胺高熔点，热稳定性好，热变形温度可达200度。4.优异的力学性能，拉伸强度和冲击强度都较高，但冲击强度不如PC和POM，耐疲劳性好。5.优异的耐化学稳定性，尤其是耐油性突出。1.耐磨擦性和耐磨损性优良。优点缺点1.吸水性比较高。2.抗蠕变性较差。3.电绝缘性能不佳。4.耐光性不好。PA（polyamide ）由于尼龙具有很多的特性，因此，在汽车、电器设备、机械部构：、交通器材、纺织、造纸机械等方面得到广泛应用。 PA is a kind of polymer which have acylamino on its molecular chain，acylamino are reacte

22、d by diamine and binary acid.3.Good flexible and impact resistent.2.PA has very high Tf,excellent heat performance,soft temperature can reach 200.4.Excellent physical stress，both tensile and tear stress are very high，but impact resistent not as good as PC and POM，good aging resistent.5.Excellent ero

23、de resistent,especially oil resistent.1.Good abrasion resistent .MeritDefect1.High water-absord rate.2.Bad creep deformation resistent.3.Bad electricity insulation.4.Bad UV stability.PA（polyamide ）Because of some excellent character of PA，It has been widely used in Auto、wiring 、machine、traffic、costu

24、me industry.加工易产生气泡及银丝。聚碳酸酯PC（polycarbonate）聚碳酸酯是指大分子链由碳酸酯型重复结构单元组成的一类聚合物。优点缺点1.优异的冲击性和透明性。2.优良的力学性能和电绝缘性。3.使用温度范围广-1301304.尺寸稳定性高，耐蠕变性高。是塑料材料中集刚、硬、韧于一体的典型代表品种。2.制品易产生残余内应力。3.对缺口敏感性大、耐疲劳性低、摩擦性及耐磨性不好。1.吸湿性大。照明材料：建筑采光板、汽车窗玻璃、光学仪器等。包装材料：纯净水周转箱，太空杯，奶瓶等。机械零件：增强PC可用于齿轮、齿条、蜗轮、凸轮、及壳体等。加工易产生气泡及银丝。PC（polycarb

25、onate）PC is a kind of polymer that consisted by carbonate groups on its molecular chain.MeritDefect1.Excellent transparent color and impact resistent.2.Very good physical stress and insulation. 3.Wide operate temperature-130130.4.High demension stability，high creep-resistant.A very typical plastic w

26、hich has both hardness,flexible and rigidity.2.Easy to have residual stress in material.3.Sensitive to gap、low aging resistent and bad abrasion resistent.1.High water-absord rate.Lighting materials：structural plane skylight 、Car window、Optical instrument and so on.Package material：purewater containe

27、r ，space cup，milk bottle and so on.Machine parts：Enhance PC can be used on gear、turbine、crust and so on.电性能优良。PET聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯为聚对苯二甲酸和乙二醇直接酯化法制得，又称涤纶。优点缺点1.纯PET耐磨耗、低摩擦、吸水性小、尺寸稳定性高。3.可用玻璃纤维进行改性，改性后PET力学性能和耐热性能大幅提高，可用于工程塑料。2.拉伸强度很高，是HDPE膜的9倍，是PC和PA膜的3倍。1.耐热性不高，热变形温度仅为85.2.纯PET的力学强度不高、结晶速率慢。3.成型加工困难，模塑温度高

28、，生产周期长，冲击性能差。 非工程塑料级主要用于纤维、饮料瓶、薄膜、片材、耐烘烤食品容器等。 工程塑料级主要应用为电子电器方面有：电气插座、电子连接器、叶片、皮带轮、泵零件、另外还有轮椅车体及轮子、灯罩外壳、照明器外壳、排水管接头、拉链、钟表零件等。 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯电性能优良。PET（polyethylene terephthalate ）PET is a kind of polymer that reacted by ethylene and terephthalate，we also called it terylene。MeritDefect1.Pure PET has good

29、abrasion resistent、low friction、small water-absord rate 、high dimension stability。3.PET can use glass fibre to modify，modified PET have excellent physical stress and heat resistent，can be used as engineering Plastic.2.Very high tensile stress，9 times stranger than HDPE，3 times stranger than PC。1.Low

30、 heat resistent，soft temperature just 80.2.Pure PET has bad physical stress、low crystal speed.3.Difficult to machining，high operate temperature，long produce period，bad impact resistent. Non-engineering resin used for fibre、drink bottle、film、sheet、heat resistent food container. Engineering resin main

31、 used for electricity and electric equipment,such as:plug base、connecter、tape wheel、pump parts、and wheels,light cover、water tube connecter、zip、watch parts and so on. 聚氨酯不饱和聚酯聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯热固性树脂环氧树脂环氧树脂Epoxy Resin （EP）Unsaturated Polyester（UP）Polymethyl Methacrylate(PMMA)Polyurethane(PU)Thermoset resin环氧树脂

32、及塑料 epoxy resin （EP）环氧树脂是指大分子链上含有醚基而在两端含有环氧基团的一类聚合物。2.注塑和压制制品：主要用于汽车发动机部件，家电底座等。3.浇注制品：各种电子和电器元件的塑封，金属零件的固定。用EP制成的玻璃钢制品力学性能超过一半工程塑料。EP耐热性能优良、电性能优良。1.环氧树脂玻璃钢制品：可用于大型壳体，如游船，汽车车身，氧气瓶等。化学稳定性好，可耐一般的酸和碱。具有良好的尺寸稳定性。优点Epoxy resin （EP）EP is a kind of polymer that have aether inside molecular chain and epoxy

33、groups on chain ends.2.Injecting and pressing products：Being used for car engine parts,wiring base and so on.3.Casting products：all kinds of electronic component seal glue.FRP modified EP have excellent physical performance , passed most engineering plastics.EP has good reat resistent, electicity in

34、sulation.1.”Glass steel” EP products：Being used for big crust，like boats，car，oxygen cylinder .Good chemical stability，good resistent to both acid and alkali.Have good dimension stability.Merit不饱和聚酯不饱和聚酯是指不饱和二元酸或饱和二元酸同饱和二元醇或不饱和二元醇缩聚而成的聚合物。缺点：耐化学腐蚀性一般，不耐氧化介质的氧化，酸碱溶剂性也不好。1.汽车工业：保险杠、车灯架、水箱面罩等。2.电子、电器行业：

35、电器罩壳、微波炉、开关、塑封材料等。3.建筑制品：高位水箱、浴盆、洗面池等。unsaturated polyester（UP）1.纯UP各种性能不理想，一般在其中加入填料或增强材料进行改性。2.UP具有良好的电绝缘性。3.填充玻璃纤维的UP力学性能十分优秀，在某些方面接近金属。优点UP is a kind of resin that reated by unsaturated binary、 saturated binary acid,and unsaturated divalent alcohol 、saturated alcohol.Defect：Ordinary chemical res

36、istent，easy to get oxidized，also bad solvent resistent.1.Auto industry：bumper、light shelf、water tank crust and so on.2.Electron、wiring industry：wiring crust、micro-wave oven、switch、and so on.3.Construction industry：High level water tank、bathtub and so on.unsaturated polyester （UP）1.Pure up usually ha

37、s bad using performance，so we need to add enhance materials into UP.2.UP have very good insulation.3.Glass fibre modified UP has excellent physical performance，some aspects performance close to metal.Merit聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)1.常用于灯罩和玻璃，仪表窗，广告橱窗等。2.光学仪器如眼镜、放大镜、透镜、光纤等。3.工艺美术品、各种纽扣、发夹

38、、笔杆等。优点缺点1.冲击强度一般，缺口敏感大、表面硬度一般，易于划伤，耐磨性较低，抗银纹能力差。2.易燃塑料，耐热仅70。3.耐溶剂性一般，因为有酯基的存在。1.十分优异的光学性能。2.质轻而坚韧的材料，在常温下具有优良的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和压缩强度。3.耐候性好，可长期在户外使用。大分子链上含有甲基丙烯酸甲酯重复结构单元的一类聚合物，俗称“有机玻璃” 、“亚克力”。Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)1.Used for light cover、instrument window、advertising window.2.Optical products,like

39、glassed、magnifying glass、lens、fibre-optical and so on.3.Art works、button 、hairpin、penholder and so on.MeritDefect1.Ordinary impact resistent，sensitive to gap、ordinary surface hardness，easy to get scratch，low abrasion resistent.2.Flammable material,soft temperature just 70.3.Ordinary solvent resistent，because of the exist of ester group.1.Excellent optical performance。2.Light but high physical performance，have very good tensile、