欧洲文化入门(一)课件

1、WelcomeEuropean Culture: An Introduction欧洲文化入门TextbookEuropean Culture: An Introduction欧洲文化入门主编：王佐良 祝珏 李品伟 高厚堃外语教学与研究出版社ContentsGreek Culture and Roman CultureThe Bible and ChristianityThe Middle AgesRenaissance and ReformationThe Seventeenth CenturyThe Age of EnlightenmentRomanticismMarxism and Dar

2、winismRealismModernism and Other TrendsReview for Final TestchronologicalAssessmentFinal ScoreCoursework 20% regular grade 20%Final Test 60%The Purpose of Learning European CultureLanguage cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture behind it.European culture itself is a part of world cu

3、lture. Some knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world.To show ones opinion:OneselfThe leaderOld age lifePurpose for My Culture ClassLearning culture is not to recite numerous informations from textbook. But to improve self-cultivation, to promote ones thinking ability, then to prob

4、e our cultures merits and defects from different culture, to think about what we should learn from others and what others should learn from ours. So that we could cultivate a habit of thinking and knowinghow to make life meaningful.For My Personal View文化，不是让你死记硬背时间、地点、人物、事件、影响、意义。而是透过不同的文化，探究自身文化的优缺

5、点，从中吸取精华、去除糟粕，来达到提升自我修养，培养独立思考能力的目的。从而让文化成为我们参悟生活，领会人生意义的重要渠道。IntroductionUses of the SubjectLanguage cannot be learned without the knowledge of the culture behind it.Necessary to the citizens of the world.Two Major Elements in European CultureGreco-Roman elementJudeo-Christian elementCivilization a

6、nd CultureCivilization: (a) (esp advanced) state of human social development.(b) C culture and way of life of a people, nation or period regarded as a stage in the development of organized society . U civilized conditions or society Eg: the civilizations of ancient Egypt and Babylon; live far from c

7、ivilization Culture: U (a) refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc (b) (often derog ) art, literature, etc collectively; U state of intellectual development of a society Eg: tourists coming to Venice in search of culture; twentieth-century mass culture western civilization and

8、 western cultureWestern 1. geographic factor (simple)2. the result of the coactions of a series of historical factors, such as rule of law, freedom, democracy, science and private ownership of propertyWestern civilization: here refers principally to the general conditions of social and cultural deve

9、lopmentswestern culture: many aspects (educational systems, public institutions, spiritual pursuits, concerns for science and culture.)When did Western civilization originate?Western civilization has a history of almost 5,000 years since the origin of Cretan society. Her rapid growth, high prosperit

10、y and world influence did not come until the Renaissance.where did Western culture originate?Western culture originated in Greek, Roman and perhaps Celtic culture, which is known as classicism. It has also benefited a lot from Jewish culture.The Origin of CultureMesopotamia两河流域文明Egyptian古埃及文明Hebrew希

11、伯来文明Greek and Roman希腊与罗马文化（文化=文明）Division OneGreek Culture and Roman CultureThe Origin-historyCrete (3000 B.C.) 克里特岛Trojan War (1200 B.C.) 特洛伊战争Greek Dark Ages (1200 B.C.800 B.C.) Archaic Greece (800 B.C.500 B.C.)古风时期Classical Period (500 B.C.336 B.C.) 古典时期Hellenistic Age (336 B.C.31 B.C.) 希腊化时代 Gre

12、ece and Troy1. Historical context (background)Bronze Age in the Aegean Sea Area(3000 B.C.-2900B.C.)War between Greece and Troy in about 1,200 B. C. Greek culture in the 5th century B. C.Civil war between Athens and Sparta.Rule of Alexander in the 4th century B. C. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered G

13、reece.Greek CultureSocial and Political Structure(P3)Athens was a “democracy”.The economy rested on an immense amount of slave labour.The Greeks loved sports.Olympic GamesThe worlds foremost amateur sports competition (1896)3. HomerHomer 荷马 (around 700 B.C.) , epic 史诗Iliad 伊利亚特Odyssey 奥德赛 Today we s

14、ee Iliad and the Odyssey incorporated into the course of almost every high school in America.Greek CultureHomer 700B.C. Author of ancient Greeks epics (1200-1100 B.C.)The Iliad Trojan War Greek: Agamemnon, Achilles, Odysseus Trojan: HectorThe Odyssey Return of Odysseus after the Trojan War to his ho

15、me island of Ithaca.EpicDefinition：An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods.简言之，史诗是叙述英雄传说或重大历史事件的叙事长诗。Trojan War 特洛伊战争In Greek mythology and in Iliad and Odyssey by Homer About 1,200 B. C.War between Greece and Tro

16、yFought over the beautiful HelenLasted for 10 yearsTrojan horseTroy defeated Greece and TroyGreek CultureAchilles 阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯MatchingGold appleTrojan horseAchilles heelDeathful weaknessBaneIntruding destructive element Matching (key)Gold apple BaneTrojan horse Intruding destructive elementAchilles hee

17、l Deathful weakness“不和的金苹果” 祸根“特洛伊木马” 侵入内部的破坏性因素“阿喀琉斯的脚踵” 致命的弱点Poetry=Poem=Verse （诗歌）Ballad（民谣）Lyric（抒情诗）Epic（史诗）Ode（颂诗）Elegy（挽歌）Pastoral（田园诗）Sonnet（十四行诗）Narrative Poem（叙事诗）Blank Verse（无韵体诗）Free Verse（自由体诗）4. Lyric （抒情诗）Definition: A lyric is a poem that expresses strong feeling.4. Lyric WritersSapp

18、ho (about 612-580 B. C.) 萨福 -love poemPindar(about 518-438 B. C.) 品达-odes：a poem to praise and glorify an individual or a thing.Greek CultureLyric PoetrySappho (612-580 B.C.) woman poet - The most important lyric poet of ancient Greece - Noted for love poems of passionate intensityPindar (518-438 B.

19、C.) Best known for odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games. (the 14 Olympian odes)5. DramaOpen-air theatres, stone benches, looking down at the stage from three sides, actors with masks.mask =masque假面剧Three Greatest Tragedy Writer:a. Aeschylus （埃斯库罗斯）b. Sophocles（索福克勒斯）c. Euripides （欧里庇

20、得斯）a. Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) 埃斯库罗斯 The “Father of Tragedy” , one of the three great ancient Greek tragedians古希腊悲剧之父Prometheus Bound被缚的普罗米修斯 Prometheus (2012 a film: discovery of another world)Prometheus BoundBased on the myth of Prometheus, a titan泰坦神族人 who gave the gift of fire to mortals and was

21、 punished by the god Zeus. MatchingPrometheusMartyr to the cause of human 殉道者Pandoras boxRoot of all disasterb. Sophocles(496-406 B.C.)索福克勒斯 Second of the three great tragedians of classical Athens Oedipus the King俄狄浦斯王Strong impact on European literature “the Oedipus complex”俄狄浦斯情结MatchingOedipus c

22、omplex 俄狄浦斯情结（恋母情结）complex feeling toward parents or between accident and necessityElectra complex 恋父情结Sphinxs riddle（狮身人面） 斯芬克斯之谜、难题something of person that hard to understandc. Euripides (484-406 B.C.) 欧里庇得斯 Third of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the first writer of “problem play

23、s”社会问题剧 concerned with conflicts-origin of realismAndromache, Medea, Trojan Womend. ComedyAristophanes (阿里斯托芬 450-380 B. C.)ancient Greek Comic dramatist, the Father of Comedy11 plays: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps, Birds6. HistoryHerodotus 希罗多德The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.Herodotus(

24、484-430 B.C.), Ancient Greek historian, “Father of History” 古希腊历史学家，“历史之父”7. Philosophy and science IntroductionThe ancient Greeks curiosity about things, free enquiry, imaginationIntroductionThe Pre-Socrates Greek PhilosophersPythagoras 毕达哥拉斯Heracleitue 赫拉克利特 Democritus 德莫克里特Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯Founder

25、 of scientific mathematicsthe father of numbersTo Pythagoras, All things were numbers.Heracleitue 赫拉克利特 Ancient Greek philosopher Fire is the primary element of the universe. 火是万物之源“You cannot step twice into the same riverThe sun is new everyday.” “人不能第二次踏进同一条河流。”Democritus 德莫克里特The earliest materi

26、amlist.Get the English word atom The Greatest PhilosophersSocrates 苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图Aristotle 亚里士多德a. Socrates 苏格拉底Socrates (470-399 B. C.)Dialectical Method 辩证法Story TimeWhat is love?What is marriage?What is affair? （艳遇）What is happiness?What is life?b. Plato (428-348 B.C.) 柏拉图 Dialogues 对话录Idealism（唯心

27、主义）Influenceabsorbed into Christian thought Platonic Love柏拉图式爱情，追求心灵沟通，排斥肉体欲望，是一种理性的精神上的纯洁恋爱。c. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) 亚里士多德Ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the GreatThe great humanist and the great man of science WorksEthics, Politics, Poetics, and Rhetoric 诗

28、学 Aristotle and Plato p28Differences between Plato and Aristotle1. Aristotle theory should follow factPlato subjective thinking（主观想法） is important2. Aristotle idea + matter = realityPlato idea is higher than physical worldd. Contending Schools of ThoughtSophists 智者派-Protagoras 普罗泰戈拉 Four schools the

29、 Cynics 犬儒派the Sceptics 怀疑派the Epicureans 伊壁鸠鲁派（享乐派） and the Stoics 斯多葛派Cynic-dog in Greek-rejection of conventionsthe Sceptics -not all knowledge is attainabe;the Epicureans -pleasure to be the highest good in lifethe Stoics -the most important thing in life is duty;enduring hardship and misfortune

30、 with courage; materialisme. ScienceEuclid 欧几里德Elements, geometryArchimedes 阿基米德Euclid 欧几里德 The Father of Geometry Elements, a textbook of geometry Archimedes 阿基米德Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist and engineer“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”Father of the mechanics 力学之父-The

31、 Archimedes Law 阿基米德浮力定律8. Art；architecture； sculpture and pottery多立克柱式（Doric order） Parthenon 帕德农神庙 Acropolis of Athens雅典卫城爱奥尼克柱式（Ionic order）-伊瑞克提翁神庙（Erechtheion）科林斯柱式(Corinthain order)-列雪格拉德音乐纪念亭掷铁饼者米洛的维纳斯拉奥孔人物组图陶器9. ImpactSpirit of InnovationSupreme achievementLasing effectII. Roman CultureRoman

32、s and GreeksRoman historyLatin literatureArchitecture, painting and sculpture1. Romans and Greeks146 BC, Roman conquest of GreeceLanguages of the Roman Empire: Latin (western) and Greek (eastern)Similarities between Romans and Greeksdemocracy, religion, languagesDifferencesp37“Captive Greece took he

33、r rude conqueror captive.” -Horace被俘虏的希腊使野蛮的征服者成了她的俘虏！ 2. Roman historyThe year 27 BC, Rome-republic, the Roman EmpirePax Romana: Latin for “the Roman peace” between 27 BC and 180 AD.Roman law: 3rd century BC罗马法学 Decline in the 3rd century The emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzan

34、tium拜占庭 (Constantinople君士坦丁堡 -Istanbul伊斯坦布尔)Divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and the West in 395In 476, end of the West Roman Empire by the GothsIn 1453, end of the East Roman Empire by the Turks3. Latin literatureProse Marcus Tullius Cicero 西塞罗 Julius Caesar 凯撒Poetry Lucretius 卢克莱修 Virgil 维

35、吉尔Prose and PoetryProse is writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to the patterns of everyday speech. Poetry is a form of art in which language is used for its aesthetic（审美的） and evocative（共鸣的） qualities in addition to its ostensible（表面的） meaning.Prose and PoetryProse is writing a story, either fiction or nonfiction.Prose writing most often follows standard rules in grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and sentence structure.Poetry refers to poems, with or