英语演讲与辩论课件Lecture-Two

1、Lecture Two Writing Techniques For English Speeches Preparation To set a topic or subject To collect and arrange speech materials To make an outline To frame up and organize the structure of the speech Read a number of original English books, magazines, newspaper and internet resources General princ

2、iples Inventing Planning and organizing Drafting Revising (macroscopic and microcosmic) Editing and proofreading HowDonts Analyze the subject. How much you have known about the topic. What your attitude is. What position do others stand. What do you want to illustrate in your speech. Do not care the

3、 words, expressions, grammar and the structure too much. Planning Organizing Arrange the materials collected. Tell what are useful or useless. Pay special attention to those which are interesting, new, meaningful and sparkling. Decide the keynote and purpose of the speech. How to begin How to develo

4、p in the body How to end What examples, stories, quotations or statistics will be used Main task Dont To build up the main structure of the speech. Do not be hypercritical to the expressions, sentences and grammar Macroscopic revising Microcosmic revising Revise the whole content and structure Revis

5、e paragraphs, wording and phrasing Word, phrase and sentenceRules of composition and rhetoric Basic parts of a speech Introduction Body Conclusion Introduction is a big challenge on how to begin. Functions and Purposes: Introducing topic and purpose Previewing main points Gaining audiences attention

6、 例：下面的例子中演讲者开宗明义：“免费午餐”无处不 有，给社会带来极大的危害。 This evening, I want to challenge the myth that “There is no such thing as free lunch.” I want to show you the fact that there is a lot of free lunch out there in this country and the profound ways that the fact has affected our society. My remarks today inte

7、nded to give you a sense of how badly we need to improve the roads in our community. Specifically, I want to focus on three things: 1.How bad the roads in our community are. 2.What needs to be done to fix the roads 3.How everyone in the community can help make it all happen. Using a quotation Tellin

8、g a story Posing questions Giving startling statistics Using humor 例：由美国总统罗斯福的一句名言由此引出“要战胜恐怖 主义就得首先战胜各种恐惧”的主旨。 F.D.R used to say, “The only thing to fear is fear itself. ” Unfortunately, when it comes to fighting terrorism, there is a lot of fear that haunts people in this country and takes away the

9、ir ability to think and act. Advantages: Stories are “Surefire attention getters.” Stories make ideas concrete and colorful. Stories personalize issues, and strike a chord with audience. Prosing questions in introduction can attract audiences attention and cause them to think. Questions used can be

10、both real or rhetorical. Real questions:e.g. How many of you have felt tired of working for somebody else? How many of you have wanted to be your own boss so that you dont have to work if you dont feel like it? (waiting for a show of hands) Rhetorical questions:e.g. Are you tired of working for some

11、body else? Have you ever wanted to be your own boss so that you dont have to work if you dont feel like it? e.g. 1) Did you know how many movie tickets were sold in the United States in the year 2001? 1.49 billion! 2) Did you know that around 15% of couples in the world divorce every year？ “Humor is

12、 a rubber swordit allows you to make a point without drawing blood.” 例：假设你被选为本年度的“自信先生”，被邀就自信这个 题目演讲。 I have to confess up front that I have been quite nervous about todays speech. In fact, I tossed and turned and didnt get a wink of sleep last night. When I got up in the morning and looked at mysel

13、f in the mirror, I noticed, to my dismay, that the wrinkles on my face had deepened for at least two inches, my eyes were swollen like a pair ofwell, swollen eyes, and quite a few gray hairs had appeared on my temples. What a price I have paid for being voted Mr. Confidence of the Year Tips for Humo

14、r: Appropriate to the occasion Relevant to the topic or occasion Not potentially offensive or demeaning Easy to understand Fresh and funny Functions Strategies Signaling the end of speech Summarize the key points Reiterating the central idea Challenging the audience to respond Verbal signals:“Finall

15、y”“Looking back”“In conclusion”“In summary”“To sum it up”“As I bring this to a close”“Let me close by saying” 例：下列演讲题目是“最低工资” ，其主旨是最低工资应经常调整提高，结尾是： I have covered a lot of ground here today. But as I draw to a close, Id like to stress three things. First, minimal wage should be raised regularly to h

16、elp millions of Americans to live a decent life. Second, increasing the minimal wage regularly would not ruin small businesses as has been sensationalized. Third, the government does have an important role to play in the economic life of the country to ensure that every American Verbal signals: I wi

17、sh to close by emphasizing again thatLet me close by emphasizing again thatFinally, Id like to emphasize again that 例：下列演讲在结尾号召听众行动起来，帮助贫困的人们，大有“只有解放全人类，才能最后解放自己“的气魄： Now it is time to act on behalf of families who are struggling in the inner cities, families who are caught in the jaws of stark pove

18、rty and bottomless despair. Only when we take bold steps to help these families get on their feet economically can we hope to cure all the other ills that plague our country; only then can we hope to Using a striking quotation Telling a story Using humor Linking back to the introduction Cause the au

19、dience to think and ponder over what you have said. Leave audience a deep impression and cause them to think more than the humor. “Here, I want to leave you with a poem by Robert Frost, a favorite American poet on mine: “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, /And sorry I could not travel both/I took

20、the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference.” Remember the story of John I told in the beginning?. Using language effectively Sentence or Syntax Diction Figurative use of language Four Basic Sentence Types Sentence Variety and Maturity Other Syntactical Patterns Simple sentenceC

21、ompound SentenceComplex SentenceCompound-complex sentence Definition Example A simple sentence has only independent clause without any dependent clauses. Early in May all kinds of flowers bloom in the garden and fill the air with their heady fragrance. Definition: A compound sentence has at least tw

22、o independent clauses, joined in one of the following ways:1.By a comma and a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, so, or , for, nor and yet. e.g. Reading a classic like Cao Xueqins The Dream of the Red Mansion is more challenging than reading a thriller, but it is also much more rewarding.2.W

23、ith a semicolon and no coordinating conjunctione.g. Christopher Columbus set out to find a shorter route to India and China; he ended up discovering a new world. 3.With a semicolon and conjunctive adverb such as nonetheless or therefore, consequently, followed by a comma. e.g. She promised to call t

24、he first thing in the morning; therefore, I was rather disappointed and worried when I didnt hear from her until very late in the evening. Definition: A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses and the clauses are joined in the following two ways: 1. With a subor

25、dinate conjunction（从属连词） such as although, because, since, when, as soon as, whether, provided:e.g. We shouldnt dismiss this treatment as a failure just because the early results arenot that significant. 2. With a relative pronoun such as that, which, who, whose, what, whatever:e.g. The young childr

26、en, who are mostly 5 or 6 years old, are learning some basic Chinese by playing games. Definition: A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses to express a more complex thought: e.g. The young children, who are mostly 5 or 6 years old, are l

27、earning some basic Chinese by playing games while the older ones are working on more advanced reading, speaking, and writing exercises. A good delivery should be various in sentence length and format. Try to avoid using short and simple sentences or complex ones excessively. Disadvantages: Simple an

28、d immature in mind Difficult to understand, boring, lacking interest 1. Avoid using short and simple sentences excessively or stringing short and simple sentences with coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, so, or, for, etc.2. Avoid using excessively long and involved sentences. Excessive: I am

29、 excited. I am looking forward to the end of this semester. I am planning to take a trip to China to visit my parents. I havent seen them for a year now.(4 short simple sentences) Revised: I am excited and looking forward to the end of this semester. I am planning to take a trip to China to visit my

30、 parents whom I havent seen for a year now.(1 simple sentence and 1 complex sentence) Excessive: There was a long line at the bookstore, and the clerk was rather slow, and Bob waited for a while, and then decided to leave. (3 simple sentences strung together by and)Revised: Since the line at the boo

31、kstore was long and the clerk was rather slow, Bob waited for a while, and then decided to leave. (1 complex sentence) Excessive: I have spent more than a decade working with aspiring writers in southern California and around the world and throughout this period, I have realized that there are core

32、principles and techniques that help writers get off to a fast start and today Ill help you begin the journey by explaining to you what these core principles and techniques are.(1 long sentence with 3 sentences jointed together with coordinating conjunctions) Revised: I have spent more than a decade

33、working with aspiring writers in southern California and around the world. Throughout this period, I have realized that there are core principles and techniques that help writers get off to a fast start. Today Ill help you begin the journey by explaining to you what these core principles and techniq

34、ues are. (3 shorter sentences, which make it easier for both the speaker and the audience.) Parallelism (排比结构) Anaphora (首语重复) Antithesis (对偶结构) Climactic Order (层进结构) Definition: Parallelism involves using similar grammatical forms for words, phrases, and clauses listed in a series to express a clo

35、se connection or contrast between them. Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty John F. Kennedy 让每个国家都知道不论它希望我们繁荣还是希望我们衰落为确保自由的存在和自由的

36、胜利，我们将付出任何代价、承受任何负担、应付任何艰难、支持任何朋友、反对任何敌人。 Definition: Anaphora is a kind of parallelism that creates an emphatic effect through repeating the same word or words at the beginning of a series of clauses. These are things that the government hasnt done a good job taking care of; these are things that t

37、he government can not take good care of; and these are things that the government shouldnt take care of any way. ( Said by a high-ranking official to justify streamlining of government agencies.) Definition: Antithesis is also a form of parallelism which expresses contrasting ideas in parallel phras

38、es or clauses, thus calling attention to the contrast. United, there is little we can not do; divided, there is little we can do John F. Kennedy Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country John F. Kennedy Definition: Climactic Order is the arrangement of phrases or

39、 clauses in order to increase importance to produce a dramatic effect. That government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. 这个民有、民治、民享的国家将不会从地球上消失。 Thomas Jefferson起草的独立宣言： And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of div

40、ine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives(生命), our Fortunes(命运), and our sacred Honor(人格). Winston Churchill 在1941年12月8日给下院的演讲： In the past we have had a light which flickered, in the present we have a light which flames, and in the future there will be a light which shines over all

41、 the land and sea. Effective Diction: Appropriate/Accurate Simple/Concise Concrete/Vivid Culturally sensitive Appropriateness: Appropriate to subject, audience, and occasion Standard English as the basic language Flexible with mixed audience Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the Board

42、 of Directors of the Central Connecticut(康乃狄格) Chinese Association, I welcome you to the celebration of the Chinese New Year, the Year of the Pig, and wish all of you a very happy Chinese New Year! 祝诸位新年快乐，合家幸福，万事如意！Accuracy: Use correct usage, terminology, etc. Avoid slanderous, libelous, or false statements; Be sensitive to connotative meanings of words. Respect the audience, their cultural background as well as their values. Appealing to Audiences Senses or