律师的基本功-法律研究及法律文书概述课件

1、律师的基本功 法律研究及文书起草主讲人：谢青前言合格律师的三大法宝 学习能力 善于吸收别人的经验和长处 法律思维能力 层次分明，条理清晰，论证严密 沟通能力 沟通无处不在交易律师的三项基础工作进行法律研究 法律研究是律师工作的基础 提交法律分析报告 合格交易律师的“试金石”制作合同文本和发表意见 律师如何见“功底”如何进行法律研究基本点 明确法律研究的目的 注意法规之间的联系、差异 当心法律查询和搜索系统的缺陷 了解法律规定和实践操作的差距如何进行法律研究经验的总结从“大法”入“小法”，从一般到特殊正确的关键词注意法规的时效性、注意发文机关及其之间的关系注意条文背后的含义及对法规内容的提炼他人

2、的研究成果仅可作为参考和背景知识利用官方的解释和答记者问了解背景所有资料必须经过法规研究的验证和确认电话咨询和当面咨询- 正确的机关、正确的部门、正确的人- 事先进行充分的准备：基础法规研究、初步问题和衍生问题的准备如何进行法律研究成果的归纳、整理和包装“三不”不是法规和咨询记录的简单堆砌不仅是罗列法律规定不仅是对咨询结果的简单引用“二是”法律研究的成果应该是一个系统化的表达视要求如何，进行一定的包装如何起草备忘录 起草目的为客户分析整体法律和政策环境, 特别是实践中做法和市场先例为客户分析某一/某些特定问题, 提供法律意见和建议 为客户策划交易结构, 比较各种可选择的方案为尽责目的就现状/方

3、案向客户揭示风险 如何起草备忘录 接任务阶段明确客户/合伙人的要求 明确起草目的、需解决的问题如何起草备忘录 准备过程 法律研究/事实调查/实践作法(举例) 形成大纲/主要观点并进行充分内部讨论(举例)形成初稿措辞复查、进一步修改、定稿如何起草备忘录 基本内容(如为设计交易结构) 提出须解决的问题 -例如, 我们理解交易的结构是, 客户需解决的问题是假设条件或不同情形 -例如, 我们假设某些条件已经满足, 假设有Scenario A,B,C在假设条件或情形下讨论各种可能的方案 -Option/Alternative One, Two 分别论述每一方案 -列出程序和步骤、可能的障碍、风险(举例)

4、如何起草备忘录 基本内容(如为设计交易结构)各种方案的利弊比较 -条件具备的难度、审批的障碍、经济利益的考量必要的限制免除方案提供者的责任-例如, 有赖于政府机关对法规的进一步解释, 未经证实是否会被司法机关支持我们的建议/解决方案如何起草备忘录 形式的重要性 层次分割一段话仅说明一个问题 序号的编排(举例)简单问题和复杂问题(举例)小窍门：论述时借助图形, 以脚注引述法规, 按客户提问的顺序进行回答(举例)如何起草备忘录 初学者应避免的问题 条理不清晰、逻辑性不强内容不够丰富、结论过于轻率同一含义多次重复内容中加入不必要的自己的思维过程如何起草和审阅合同熟悉合同条款结构熟悉常见合同条款准确把

5、握特殊条款如何起草和审阅合同以M&A典型条款为例典型的M&A协议股权收购协议资产收购协议合并协议M&A典型条款基本要件交易机制Deal Mechanics完成Closing陈述和保证Representations and Warranties承诺事项Covenants完成条件Conditions赔偿Indemnification终止Termination交易机制Who gets what and when购买价格和支付方式调价机制完成何时&何处基本方式Sign-and-CloseDelayed Closing承诺事项一方关于做某事或不做某事的承诺完成前承诺/完成后承诺典型的承诺接触和检查信息进

6、行业务“No Shop”陈述和保证是卖方关于目标及其业务以及拟议交易产生的影响的书面说明有的时候买方也要做陈述和保证典型的陈述和保证Flat “The sky is blue”Qualified, e.g., :Knowledge: “To my knowledge, the sky is blue”Materiality: “The sky is materially blue”Time: “Since 31 December 2003, the sky has been blue”Disclosure: “Except as set forth in the Disclosure Lett

7、er, the sky is blue”陈述和保证(续)典型的陈述和保证目标的性质和状态知识产权合同需获得的第三方同意代表买方和代表卖方时审查的不同重点披露函陈述和保证条款举例“Such financial statements fairly present (and the financial statements delivered pursuant to Section 5.8 will fairly present) the financial condition and the results of operations, changes in shareholders equity

8、 and cash flows of Target as at the respective dates of and for the periods referred to in such financial statements, all in accordance with GAAP.”The Target Financial Statements are accurate and complete in all material respects and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of

9、Target and its consolidated Subsidiaries as of the respective dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows of Target and its consolidated Subsidiaries for the periods covered thereby. The Target Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP applied on a consistent bas

10、is throughout the periods covered (except that the financial statements referred to in Section 2.4(a)(ii) do not contain footnotes). 陈述和保证条款举例(续)Buyer-Favorable “No Undisclosed Liabilities” Representation“No Undisclosed Liabilities. Except as set forth in Part 3.13 of the Disclosure Letter, Target h

11、as no Liability except for Liabilities reflected or reserved against in the Balance Sheet or the Interim Balance Sheet and current liabilities incurred in the Ordinary Course of Business of Target since the date of the Interim Balance Sheet.”“Liability”-with respect to any Person, any liability or o

12、bligation of such Person of any kind, character or description, whether known or unknown, absolute or contingent, accrued or unaccrued, disputed or undisputed, liquidated or unliquidated, secured or unsecured, joint or several, due or to become due, vested or unvested, executory, determined, determi

13、nable or otherwise, and whether or not the same is required to be accrued on the financial statements of such Person. 陈述和保证条款举例(续)Target-Favorable No Undisclosed Liabilities” Representation“No Undisclosed Liabilities. Except as set forth in Part 3.13 of the Disclosure Letter, Target has no liability

14、 of the nature required to be disclosed in the liabilities column of a balance sheet prepared in accordance with GAAP except for “Full Disclosure. No representation or warranty or other statement made by Target or any Target Shareholder in this Agreement, the Disclosure Letter, any supplement to the

15、 Disclosure Letter, the certificates delivered pursuant to Section 2.7(a) or otherwise in connection with the Contemplated Transactions contains any untrue statement or omits to state a material fact necessary to make any of them, in light of the circumstances in which it was made, not misleading.”完

16、成的先决条件一方完成交易的先决条件 (“walk right”)典型的Walk Rights陈述和保证的准确性公司内部必要的授权没有重大不利变化尽职调查令一方满意完成的前提之一：陈述保证的准确性“Accuracy of Representations and Warranties. Each of the representations and warranties made by the Target in this Agreement shall have been accurate in all respects as of the date of this Agreement, and

17、 shall be accurate in all respects as of the Closing Date as if made on the Closing Date.” “Accuracy of Representations and Warranties. Each of the representations and warranties made by the Target in this Agreement shall be accurate in all respects as of the Closing Date as if made on the Closing D

18、ate, except for inaccuracies of representations or warranties the circumstances giving rise to which, individually or in the aggregate, do not constitute and could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.”“ No Material Adverse Change. Since the date of this Agreement, there has

19、not been any Target Material Adverse Change.”完成的前提之二：无重大不利影响“Material Adverse Effect” means any change or effect that is or would reasonably be expected to be materially adverse to the assets, properties, Business, operations, liabilities, results of operation or financial condition of Target and it

20、s Subsidiaries, taken as a whole; including, without limitation, the occurrence prior to Closing of any single event, or any series of related events, or set of related circumstances, which could reasonably be expected to cause an actual, direct net decrease in EBITDA for either the 12 month period

21、ending January 31, 2004 or EBITDA for any 12 month periods ending after the Closing Date but prior to the first anniversary of the Closing Date, in excess of * (after giving effect to any other offsetting increases or decreases affecting EBITDA); * 完成的前提之二：无重大不利影响(续)Material Adverse Effect means, (a

22、) with respect to Target or the Shareholders, any breach of a representation or warranty hereunder or a covenant to be performed by Target or the Shareholders the effect of which is likely to cause Target (or the Surviving Company) to pay or become liable to pay more than Five Hundred Thousand ($500

23、,000) Dollars to remedy any single such event, violation, breach, default or termination (as the case may be) or more than One Million ($1,000,000) Dollars in the aggregate for all such events, violations, breaches, or defaults or terminations (as the case may be), and (b) with respect to Parent, an

24、y breach of a representation or warranty hereunder or a covenant to be performed by the Parent or Acquisition Subsidiary the effect of which is likely to cause the Parent (or the Surviving Company) to pay or become liable to pay more than Five Hundred Thousand ($500,000) Dollars to remedy any single

25、 such event, violation, breach, default or termination (as the case may be) or more than One Million ($1,000,000) Dollars in the aggregate for all such events, violations, breaches, or defaults or terminations (as the case may be).完成的前提之二：无重大不利影响(续)“Target Material Adverse Effect” shall mean any cha

26、nge, event, occurrence or condition which has had, or could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the business, assets, liabilities, financial condition, results of operations or prospects of the Target, taken as a whole MATERIAL ADVERSE CHANG

27、E/ EFFECT means, when used in connection with a Person, any change, event, violation, inaccuracy, circumstance or effect that is materially adverse to the business, assets, liabilities, financial condition, results of operations or prospects of such Person taken as a whole, other than as a result of

28、 (i) changes generally adversely affecting the United States economy (so long as such Target is not disproportionately affected thereby) (ii) performance by such Person of its obligations under this Agreement or, with respect to Target only, the failure of Target to consent to actions reasonably req

29、uested by Parent pursuant to Section 4.1 of this Agreement, (iii) the announcement or pendency of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or (iv) war or the outbreak of hostilities “据某人所知”条款“Knowledge of Target” or “Targets Knowledge” means the actual knowledge of Targets Chief Executive Of

30、ficer, Chief Financial Officer or Chief Technology Officer. “Knowledge” means (a)with respect to Target, the actual knowledge of the Acquired Companies chief executive officer, Vice President of Finance and Administration senior vice presidents, vice presidents, Richard Katz, Sanjay Anand, and offic

31、ers having responsibility for such matter, and (b)with respect to Parent, the actual knowledge of Parents chief executive officer, chief financial officer and other officers and employees having responsibility for such matter. “据某人所知”条款(续)“Knowledge” means, when referring to the “Knowledge” of Targe

32、t, or any similar phrase or qualification based on knowledge or awareness with respect to Target, (i) the actual knowledge of any of named individuals, and (ii) the knowledge that any such Person referenced in (i) above, as a prudent business person, would have obtained in the conduct of his or her

33、business. “knowledge means (i) with respect to any natural person, the actual knowledge, of such person, or (ii) with respect to any corporation or entity, the actual knowledge of such partys officers provided that such persons shall have made due and diligent inquiry of those employees and director

34、s of such party whom such officers reasonably believe would have actual knowledge of the matters represented. known or knowledge means, with respect to any party, the actual knowledge of such partys executive officers and senior management and such knowledge as would be reasonably expected to be kno

35、wn by such executive officers in the ordinary and usual course of the performance of their professional responsibilities to such party. 赔偿完成后买方要求赔偿的权利违反陈述和保证违反承诺事项发生特定事项赔偿的权利在完成后能够存续多久？赔偿限制条款“Sandbagging”(“pro-sandbagging” clauses, i.e., no limitation on Buyers remedies based on Buyers pre-existing

36、knowledge of an inaccuracy or breach)“The right to indemnification, reimbursement or other remedy based upon such representations, warranties, covenants and obligations shall not be affected by any investigation (including any environmental investigation or assessment) conducted with respect to, or

37、any Knowledge acquired (or capable of being acquired) at any time, whether before or after the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the Closing Date, with respect to the accuracy or inaccuracy of or compliance with any such representation, warranty, covenant or obligation.”赔偿限制条款(续)“Sandbaggi

38、ng” (“anti-sandbagging” clauses, i.e., express limitation on Buyers remedies based on Buyers pre-existing knowledge of an inaccuracy or breach)No claim for indemnity for a breach of a particular representation, warranty or covenant shall be made after the Closing if the Buyer had Knowledge (includin

39、g by virtue of any Disclosure Schedule) of such breach as of the Closing, except for claims with respect to any Events Outside of the Ordinary Course. No representation or warranty of Target contained in this Agreement shall be affected or deemed waived or otherwise impaired or limited by reason of

40、any investigation or due diligence conducted by Purchaser or its representatives, except to the extent that on or before the Closing Date Purchaser obtains Actual Knowledge of any facts, events or circumstances that would cause the particular representation or warranty of Target in question to be un

41、true. 赔偿限制条款(续)Survival/Time to Assert ClaimsAll representations, warranties in this Agreement, the Disclosure Letter, the supplements to the Disclosure Letter, the certificate delivered pursuant to Section 2.4(a)(v), and any other certificate or document delivered pursuant to this Agreement will su

42、rvive the Closing.If the Closing occurs, Sellers will have no liability (for indemnification or otherwise) with respect to any representation or warranty unless on or before _ Buyer notifies Sellers of a claim specifying the factual basis of that claim in reasonable detail to the extent then known b

43、y Buyer赔偿限制条款(续)Limitation of AmountThe Indemnifying Party will have no liability (for indemnification or otherwise) with respect to claims under Section 11.4(a) until the total of all Damages with respect to such matters exceeds _ dollars ($_) and then only for the amount by which such Damages exce

44、ed _ dollars ($_).An Indemnifying Party shall not be liable for any claim for indemnification pursuant to Section 7.02(a) or 7.03(a), unless and until the aggregate amount of indemnifiable Losses that may be recovered from the Indemnifying Party equals or exceeds $12,000,000 (the Aggregate Threshold

45、) in which case the Indemnifying Party shall be liable for all such Losses No Indemnified Parties shall be entitled to indemnification pursuant to Section 8.2.1(a) for any Damages until the aggregate amount of all Damages under all claims of all Indemnified Parties for all such breaches shall exceed

46、 the Threshold, at which time the full amount of Damages incurred (minus a deductible of $500,000) shall be subject to indemnification hereunder. The “Threshold” shall be $1,000,000.终止任何一方终止的权利典型的终止事件单方终止的权利违反陈述、保证或承诺未能获得必要的公司内部授权双方终止的权利最迟完成日(Long Stop Date) 有关限制补救措施的条款Limitation of Remedies The par

47、ties hereto have voluntarily agreed to define their rights, liabilities and obligations respecting the subject matter of this Agreement exclusively in contract pursuant to the express terms and provisions of this Agreement; and the parties hereto expressly disclaim that they are owed any duties not

48、expressly set forth in this Agreement. The sole and exclusive remedies for any breach of the terms and provisions of this Agreement (including any representations and warranties set forth herein) shall be those remedies available at law or in equity for breach of contract only (as such contract reme

49、dies may be further limited or excluded pursuant to the express terms of this Agreement); and the parties hereto hereby waive and release any and all tort claims and causes of action that may be based upon, arise out of or relate to this Agreement, or the negotiation, execution or performance of thi

50、s Agreement (including any tort claim or cause of action based upon, arising out of or related to any representation or warranty made in or in connection with this Agreement or as an inducement to enter into this Agreement). “不得依赖”条款Non-Reliance Provisions“Acquiror acknowledges and agrees that neith

51、er the Company nor the Selling Stockholder has made any representation or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the Company or any Company Subsidiary or as to the accuracy or completeness of any information regarding the Company or any Company Subsidiary furnished or made available to Acquiror and i

52、ts representatives, except as expressly set forth in this Agreement . . . and neither the Company nor the Selling Stockholder shall have or be subject to any liability to Acquiror or any other Person resulting from the distribution to Acquiror, or Acquirors use of or reliance on, any such informatio

53、n or any information, documents or material made available to Acquiror in any “data rooms,” “virtual data rooms,” management presentations or in any other form in expectation of, or in connection with, the transactions contemplated hereby.” “不得依赖”条款(续)Section 6.09 No Additional Representations or Wa

54、rranties. Parent acknowledges that neither the Company nor any Shareholder has made any representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information regarding the Company, except as expressly set forth in this Agreement or the Company Disclosure Schedules, an

55、d, except in the case of fraud, Parent further agrees that neither the Company nor any Shareholder will have or be subject to any liability to Parent or any other person resulting from the distribution to Parent, or Parents use of, any such information in expectation of the transactions contemplated

56、 by this Agreement EXCEPT FOR THE REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN ARTICLE III THE COMPANY DOES NOT MAKE ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AT LAW OR IN EQUITY, IN RESPECT OF THE COMPANY OR ANY OF THE ASSETS, LIABILITIES OR OPERATIONS OF THE COMPANY, INCLUDING,

57、WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY AS TO THE CONDITION, MERCHANTABILITY, SUITABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND PARENT EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY SUCH REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY. 买方关于不依赖的免责声明Non Reliance Disclaimer of Buyer Except for the specific representations a

58、nd warranties expressly made by the Company or any Selling Stockholder in Article _ of this Agreement, Buyer acknowledges and agrees that neither the Company nor any Selling Stockholder is making any representation or warranty, expressed or implied, at law or in equity, in respect to the Business, t

59、he Company, the Companys Subsidiaries, or any of the Companys or its Subsidiaries respective business, assets, liabilities, operations, prospects, or condition (financial or otherwise), including with respect to merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose of any assets, the nature or exten

60、t of any liabilities, the prospects of the Business, the effectiveness or the success of any operations, or the accuracy or completeness of any confidential information memoranda, documents, projections, material or other information (financial or otherwise) regarding the Company or any Company Subs