环境污染与治理知识点

1、环境污染与治理环境：是相对于某一事物来说，是指围绕着某一事物(通常称为主体)并对该事物会产生某些影响的所有外界事物(通常称其为客体)，即环境是指相对并相关于某项中心事物的周围事物。Biosphere:Theentirepartofearthsland,soil,water&atmosphereinwhichlivingorganismarefoundiscalledbiosphere。Thecombinedarealithosphere,hydrosphereof&atmosphereisknownasbiosphere.Ecologicalfootprint:Theamountofbiolo

2、gicallyproductivelandandwaterneededtoindefinitelysupplythepeopleinagivenareawithrenewableresources0Alsoincludesthelandandwaternecessarytoabsorbandrecyclewastesandpollution。(Percapitaecologicalfootprint:Averageecologicalfootprintofanindividualinagivenarea)。Sustainableliving:Theabilityoftheearthsvario

3、usnaturalsystemsandhumanculturalsystemsandeconomiestosurviveandadapttochangingenvironmentalconditionsindefinitely.(可持续发展被定义为：“能满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展。提出可持续发展的四大支柱是经济、社会、环境和文化，只有四个方面协调发展，才能实现可持续发展)。(太阳能、生物多样性、化学循环)自然资本(naturalcapital):Ourlivesandeconomiesdependonenergyfromthesunandnaturalreso

4、urcesandnaturalservices(naturalcapital)providedbytheearth.水的自然循环和人为循环：ImportantContaminantsOfConcernInWastewaterTreatmentSuspendedsolids(SS)Leadtothedevelopmentofsludgedepositsandanaerobicconditionswhenuntreatedwastewaterisdischargedintotheaquaticenvironment.Nutrients(P,N2&C)Whendischargedintotheaqu

5、aticenvironment,thesenutrientscanleadtothegrowthofundesirableaquaticlife.Whendischargedinexcessiveamountsonland,theycanalsoleadtothepollutionofgroundwater.Prioritypollutants:Organicandinorganiccompoundsselectedonthebasisoftheirknownorsuspectedcarcinogenicity,orhighacutetoxicity.Manyofthesecompoundsa

6、refoundinwastewaterRefractoryorganics:Theseorganicstendtoresistconventionalmethodsofwastewatertreatment.Typicalexamplesincludesurfactants,phenols,andagriculturalpesticides.HeavymetalsHeavymetalsareusuallydischargedtowastewaterfromcommercialandindustrialactivitiesandhavetoberemovedifthewastewateristo

7、bereused.DissolvedinorganicSnorganicconstituentssuchascalcium,sodium,andsulfateareaddedtotheoriginaldomesticwatersupplyasaresultofwateruseandmayhavetoberemovedifthewastewateristobereused.CharacteristicsOfWastewaterPhysicalCharacterisecsTotalSolidsAnalyticallythetotalsolidscontentofawastewaterisdefin

8、edasallthematterthatremainsasresidueuponevaporationat103to105C.OdorsWastewatermaycontaineitherodorouscompoundsorcompoundsthatproduceodorduringtheprocessofwastewatertreatment.TemperatureThetemperatureofwaterisaveryimportantparameterbecauseofitseffectonChemicalreactionsandreactionratesintreatmentproce

9、ss.Aquaticlife.ColorColorofindustrialwastewatervariesaccordingtothetypeofindustry.Mostcoloredmatterisinadissolvedstate.TurbidityTurbidity,ameasureofthelight-transmittingpropertiesofwater,isanothertestusedtoindicatethequalityofwastewaterdischargesandnaturalwaterswithrespecttocolloidalandresidualsuspe

10、ndedmatter)2。5血1QohhMsMcs21OrganicMatterThTtswaofsubstance珈w叩心由d岫前idMsttra幡trtttwwtbeuusewnyofIhenncawtbevwryslculy蛇呻皿他用ic曲.Typd风唧后府心；FgOil:血幻岷Sir%加称Phenols.VolcrileOrkAnpotrds(VOCsPtiticidesIAjituhnlMcdlt2-L1ParamE怕sOfCrgoni匚CwitentInorganicMatter:Nitrogen&Phosphorus,Sulfur,HeavyMetals.Howtomeasure

11、BOD/Fiveddybioassayforexygenconsumption,BOD5*300mltninspecialboTTlcs,.Usesanoxygenmetertomedfurcdiffolvcdoxygen(DO)eartiumptj*rtinafivedayptndduTheO口与ycalculatedby-审BOD5(m9/L)St1i-D/PDjHgtwlDOfnvg/Lof产sairple1t2sampleDOfmg/L)after5Pdecimalvlwwetricfna-ctiouiof.0tr甲&uwd.BiologicalCharacteristics：Path

12、ogenicorganismslikeslaughterhousesothershavemoldsandfungiasstarchandyeastfactories.Biologicalinformationisneededtoassessthedegreeoftreatmentofthewastewaterbeforeitsdischargetotheenvironment.NaturalPurification(SelfPurificationWhenwastewaterisdischargedintotheriverorstream,theBODofmixincreasesinitial

13、lyandDOlevelstartsfalling.AsriverwatertravelsfurtherBODgraduallyreducesandDOincreasesandreachesitssaturationlevel.Thusrivergetspurifiedonitsown.Thisphenomenaisknownasselfpurificationofstream.环境容量(Theselfpurificationcapacity)一定水体在规定的环境目标下所能容纳ACTIONSINVOLVEDINSELFPURIFICATIONOFSTREAMS1.DILUTION2.DISPE

14、RSIONDUETOCURRENTSEDIMENTATIQN4.OXIDATION5.REDUCTION6.TEMPERATURE7.SUNLIGHTDOSAGCURVE(氮垂Utl要戈)=2 1dllHcuwuC餐SIAXOSturst Join C cncfl ，/ i 的OMyger) (Sag Curve jB.O.DDow n*t mam Distaince-氧垂曲线：Whenpollutionalloadisdischargedintothestream,DOgoesonreducing.Thisprocessisknownasdeoxygenation.Itdependsupon

15、organicmatterpresentandtemperature.ThevariationordepletionofDOisrepresentedgraphicallybydeoxygenationcurve.Atthesametimeoxygengetsaddedintothestreamthroughvariousprocessessuchasphotosynthesis,rainsetc.ThecurverepresentingoxygengainingprocessisknownasReoxygenationorreaerationcurve.Inarunningpolluteds

16、treamdeoxygenationandreaerationprocessesgohandinhand.Euthophication(富营养化)：由于氮、磷等植物营养物质含量过多而引起的水质污染现象，一般发生在湖泊、江河、海湾等缓流水体中。NaturalEutrophicationAndCulturalEutrophication。点源污染：(pointsourcepollution)：以点状的形式集中排放的工业废弃物或从污水处理厂排放的工业废水。非点源污染：(non-pointsourcepollution)：从田间和果园冲刷下来的农药、化肥和畜禽养殖产生的废水，通过径流进入河流、湖泊或渗

17、入地下水。废水处理分级：LevelsofTreatmentPnlni)ryKrnmiiloflatrloliibvuchnsrui.tkkjkgritMdsrtEhrthatmagrriitlpnirFiilorrewllInoperBllonalprobilennhPhyiculPrimaryKemovalofandeltlmblesmrhniisuspendrdaiimllifttletPhysical,nnridirmicalKeruoiL甫Iofblodefiradaiblenrintlernadu+pmded、口Hd，HlvitKKkalJllOlcbriiikTiliei叩加,富n

18、eedKpnirni|nfFhyiilrAL,rhmlir|.口*MoJogtciJPhysicalUnitOperationsTreatmentmethodsinwhichtheapplicationofphysicalforcespredominates.Screening,mixing,flocculation,sedimentation,flotation,filtration,andgastransferaretypicalunitoperations.ChemicalUnitProcessesTreatmentmethodsinwhichtheremovalorconversion

19、ofcontaminantsisbroughtaboutbytheadditionofchemicalsorbyotherchemicalreactions.Precipitation,adsorption,anddisinfectionarethemostcommonexamplesusedinwastewatertreatment.BiologicalUnitProcesses:Treatmentmethodsinwhichtheremovalofcontaminantsisbroughtaboutbybiologicalactivity.Biologicaltreatmentisused

20、primarilytoremovethebiodegradableorganicsubstances(colloidalordissolved)andnutrients(nitrogen&phosphorus)fromwastewater.Basically,thesesubstancesareconvertedintogasesthatcanescapetotheatmosphereandintobiologicalcelltissuethatcanberemovedbysettling.水的物理处理：1、格栅，格栅的基本结构是由一组平行设置的栅条所组成的框架，主要是去除一些大块的固体悬浮物

21、和漂浮物。2、沉淀，沉砂池，可分为平流式、旋流式和曝气沉砂池三大类。3、离心分离，物体高速旋转时产生离心力场利用离心力分离废水中密度与水不同的悬浮物的处理方法；4、气浮，气浮法是利用高度分散的微细气泡作为载体去黏附废水中的污染物利用其密度小于水的特性，使其上浮到水面，从而实现固液或液液分离的过程，又称气泡浮上法。5、过滤，过滤是用来分离悬浮液，获得清净液体的单元操作。在水处理中，过滤一般是指以石英砂等粒状颗粒的滤层截留水中悬浮杂质，从而使水获得澄清的工艺过程。6、隔油，API、CPI。水的化学处理：1、中和处理的目的是中和废水中过量的酸或碱，使中和后的废水呈中性或接近中性，以满足下一步处理或外

22、排的要求。2、Oxidation/ReductionOxidants(Oxygen(O2).Chlorine(Cl2).Sodiumhypochlorite(NaClO).Calciumhypochlorite(Ca(ClO)2).Potassiumpermanganate(KMnO4).Hydrogenperoxide(H2O2).)areusedinwastewatertreatmentasafirststepintheremovalofheavymetalstooxidizeorganicsorasalaststepinatreatmentprocess,tooxidizeodorife

23、rouscompoundssuchashydrogensulphideortooxidizeinorganicssuchascyanideandfordisinfection.3.Chemicalprecipitationinwastewatertreatmentinvolvestheadditionofchemicalstoalterthephysicalstateofdissolvedandsuspendedsolidsandfacilitatetheirremovalbysedimentation.凝聚是指胶体被压缩双电层而失去稳定性，发生相互聚集的过程；絮凝是指脱稳胶体聚结成大颗粒絮体

24、的过程；混凝则是凝聚和絮凝的总称。Biological TreatmentPrimary treatment：，Npn-bialogical treatment d Removes solids$ Was+e haj high nutrientfood (eg C, N, 5, and P)Second try rre 加士nt：$ Decreases dissolved organic carbon D。Ujw biological trccitment* A cro b rc arid arme ro bk secfrndcry treatment2AnaerobicBiologicalT

25、reatmentThemiaerobieprocesshasbeendevelopedforthetreatmeritofsludgeandhighstrengthonganicloadThedisodvanfageoftheanaerobictrtdttmerrtascompared忖aerobictreafmenti$Thatttiedo留grwthratesrequirearelatiwly心叫detentrontmetnthedigesterfore加qwfewaste鼾砧酒工口日前馆Btcur.Ontheotherhandriflosto(ftheorganicwaskrsconve

26、rtedtomethanegas.whKhiscrnbusfibleandfhtreforeausefulwndproduct.Thehighternperaturinecessarytouhieveddequfitetreatmentareoftenlifted05dixdvan怕oftheanaerobictreatmentprflx骁；however,highlemperotirwarecearywilywhensufficientlylon9加anedbresidencetimecannotbeobtainedatncniindtemperatures.ActiveSludgecanb

27、edefinedasamixtureofmicroorganismswhichcontactanddigestbiodegradablematerials(food)fromwastewater.细菌在活性污泥的生物量中占95%,利用污水中蛋白质、碳水化合物等进行生长，为了较好的保证活性污泥的生物降解进程，控制细菌的生长成为关键(细菌的生长曲线、合成(Anabolism)和分解代谢(Catabolism)。AerobicBiologicalTreatment,95%oftheBODisreducedduringthisstageConventionalActivatedSludgesystem

28、containsatankforwastewateraerationfollowedbyasettlerandasolidsrecycleline.TheunitprocessesinvolvedintheSBR(SequentialBatchReactor)andconventionalactivated-sludgesystemsareidentical.Aerationandsedimentation/clarificationarecarriedoutinbothsystems.However,thereisoneimportantdifference.Inconventionalpl

29、ants,theprocessesarecarriedoutsimultaneouslyinseparatetanks,whereasinSBRoperationtheprocessesarecarriedoutsequentiallyinthesametank.Ascurrentlyused,allSBRsystemshavefivestepsarecommonlycarriedoutinsequenceasfollows:1-fill.2-react(aeration).3-settle(sedimentation/clarification).4-draw(decant).5-idle.

30、AuniquefeatureoftheSBRsystemisthatthereisnoneedforareturnactivated-sludge(RAS)system.Becausebothaerationandsettlingoccurinthesamechamber,nosludgeislostinthereactstep,andnonehastobereturnedfromtheclarifiertomaintainthesludgecontentintheaerationchamber.TricklingFilterBiologicalAirFilters(生物接触氧化法):Thet

31、ricklingfilterconsistsofabedofahighlypermeablemediumtowhichmicroorganismsareattachedandthroughwhichwastewaterispercolatedortrickledRotatingBiologicalContractor物转盘)：ConsistsofaseriesofcloselyspacedplasticcirculardisksDisksaresubmergedinwastewaterandrotatedslowlythrough1.Operation,biologicalgrowthsbec

32、omeattachedtothesurfacesofthedisksandformaslimelayerovertheentirewettedsurface.RotatingBiologicalContractorTertiaryTreatmentNitrogenandPhosphorusRemovalDisinfectionNitrification(conversiontoNitrate)Denitrification(conversiontoN2gas)Nitrifying bacteria/ tnmoflia is converted into n(+rate/ 4巾何niQ has

33、a high BOD because NH: oxidation requires oxygen./ Two groups of mkMb器 m 而加M.Aeiwnic oxidizing baritr (AOB)Kitrtt axid 力峭 baCEra (NCB)/ROB oxidize MH Jo NO”n two stepsnrrtnia n-cnwxyjcncje (AQO)Hydroxy enw dx dcrEiLCtase HAO)/NOBoxidceNO. toNOfUses the Mor enzyme eplex/ Both AOB 血 NOB respire oxygen

34、B ologial DenitrifiutionA nod ficaticn cf oerobit ptrtt邳(no oxycen)-Saw bocterw ttwt mmt carbon rnhwl cerobi叫1 位而 ri啊 bfideria obtan energy fromMFwersior ofNOj-to Nosf but隰，啊H如N*即知鸣硝化和反硝化(反硝化的要求：Needlow(no)oxygen(NeutralpH(pH7)、Concofnitrate)。庐罔号庐OD底回目颂欧VZNLAJNA1SKOB1C/ABROBICP ROCIiSS1：SAtHJI I ION

35、 UP M l hze The n小icn抬* Ljw toltntt to bubble cold climafei* Odor and马口殁而帕SubsurfaceFlowConstructedWetlandLargegraveIand加闻-filledchonnel,pJarrtedwithaquotvegetationWastewaterflewshorizorrtdlythroughthechannel“MainlyanaErobicccndrtfoisnF/-VHrt- M4N|HThefdterrnattrialfiltersoutparticiesandmicroongamsm

36、sdegradeorganicmatterPollutionRemovalHorizontal CWVertical CWFree-Surface CWHybrid CWHighreductioninBOD,suspendedsolidsandpathogensProvidesmainlydenitrification.HighreductioninBOD,suspendedsolidsandpathogens.Providesrnainiynitrificaticn.HighremovalsofsuspendedsolidsModerateremovalofpathogens,nutrien

37、tsandotherpollutantssuchasheavymetalsIncreasedperformanceduetoacombinationofdifferentmethods恒昌VF&HF)Simple O&M du# to High prfAcidrain（了解其危害）。TheimportantdevicestoremovePMGravitysettlingchamber:Thesearetheoldestandsimpletypeofparticulatecollector.Particlessize40-100仙mindiameterarereadilycollectedbyt

38、histechnique.Theefficiencyisverypooronfinedustanddecreaseastheloadincreases.Havingthelargephysicalsize,buttheyareinexpensiveandreliable.Costofequipmentisverylowandveryeasytomaintain.CyclonesCyclonesusecentrifugalforcesforremovingthefineparticles.Theyarealsoknownascentrifugalorinertialseparators.Thec

39、ycloneconsistsofaverticallyplacedcylinderwhichhasaninvertedconeattachedtoitsbase.Theparticulateladengarstreamenterstangentiallyattheinletpointtothecylinder.Centrifugalforceisutilizedtoseparatetheparticulatematter.Itcanremove10to50仙mparticlesize.ElectrostaticPrecipitators（ESPs）:AnESPisaparticlecontro

40、ldevicethatuseselectricalforcestomovetheparticlesoutoftheflowinggasstreamandontocollectorplates.TheESPplaceselectricalchargesontheparticles,causingthemtobeattractedtooppositelychargedmetalplateslocatedintheprecipitator.99%efficiency.Canremoveparticlesizerangeof0.1仙mto1仙m.FabricFiltersFabricfilters,o

41、rbaghouses,removedustfromagasstreambypassingthestreamthroughaporousfabric.Thefabricfilterisefficientatremovingfineparticles（upto1仙m）andcanexceedefficienciesof99%inmostapplications.TherearefourcommonlyusedcontroltechnologiesforgaseouspollutantsAbsorption（吸收），Adsorption（吸附），Condensation（冷凝），andInciner

42、ation（combustion）（燃烧）固体废弃物：Municipalsolidwaste(MSW)isgeneratedfromhouseholds,offices,hotels,shops,schoolsandotherinstitutions.Themajorcomponentsarefoodwaste,paper,plastic,rags,metalandglass,althoughdemolitionandconstructiondebrisisoftenincludedincollectedwaste,asaresmallquantitiesofhazardouswaste,su

43、chaselectriclightbulbs,batteries,automotivepartsanddiscardedmedicinesandchemicals.Waste management concept: The 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)WastemanagementistheCollectionTransportandhandlingRecycling、Disposalandmonitoringofwastematerials.Figure 3-1. The Soitd ManageHt&rarchyRecyditvqVSource Reductio

44、nResource RecoveryWas电Dispo sa/Inci tie rationLandfill1MoitTreatmentanddisposalofsolidwasteomposting(Compostingbytrenching、Openwindrowcomposting、Mechanicalcomposting)、Anaerobicdigestion、IncinerationLandfilling、PyrolysisRecycling土壤：SoilisthethinlayeroforganicandinorganicmaterialsthatcoverstheEarthsro

45、ckysurface.Soiliscomposedofparticlesofbrokenrockthathavebeenalteredbychemicalandmechanicalprocessesthatincludeweatheringanderosion.土壤污染：Itisdefinedasthebuild-upinsoilsofpersistenttoxiccompounds,chemicals,salts,radioactivematerials,ordiseasecausingagents,whichhaveadverseeffectsonplantgrowthandanimalh

46、ealth.Soilpollutionisalsocausedbymeansotherthanthedirectadditionofxenobiotic(man-made)chemicalssuchasagriculturalrunoffwaters,industrialwastematerials,acidicprecipitates,andradioactivefallout.污染原因：SeepagefromalandfillDischargeofindustrialwasteintothesoilPercolationofcontaminatedwaterintothesoilRuptu

47、reofundergroundstoragetanksExcessapplicationofpesticides,herbicidesorfertilizerSolidwasteseepageDeforestationandsoilerosionBiodegradation-theuseoflivingorganismssuchasbacteria,fungi,andplantstodegradechemicalcompoundsBioremediation(生物修复)-processofcleaningupenvironmentalsitescontaminatedwithchemicalp

48、ollutantsbyusinglivingorganismstodegradehazardousmaterialsintolesstoxicsubstances生物修复条件：Itrequiresthecontrolandmanipulationofmicrobialprocessesinsurfacereactorsorinthesubsurface.Thecontaminantscanbebiodegradedinsituorremovedandplacedinbioreactor(atoroffthecontaminationsites).Toisolatemicrobesthatcan

49、degradeoreataparticularcontaminantToprovidetheconditionswherebyitcandothismosteffectively,therebyeliminatingthecontaminantREQUIREMENT 三 FOR B IO R E MEOIATIOMProkaryotic cellEucaryotic cellBlLiA-gre-n badena or cyanobajctanaPkan 诲 Aninnalt Protozoa Fungf MostMicrobial DtvlslansTwo kiftd $ of cell$ 日

50、 re recogn the prMkaFgtlc eukaryotiic.mo式 important groups to biOFcmediatioin!- are Iwctena fungLInsitubioremediationswhenthecontaminatedsiteiscleanedupexactlywhereitoccurred.Itisthemostcommonlyusedtypeofbioremediationbecauseitisthecheapestandmostefficient,soitsgenerallybettertouse.Therearetwomainty

51、pesofinsitubioremediation:intrinsicbioremediationandacceleratedbioremediation.ExSituBioremediationvhichiswhencontaminatedlandaretakenoutoftheareatobecleanedupbytheorganisms.Thistypeofbioremediationisgenerallyusedonlywhenthesiteisthreatenedforsomereason,usuallybythespillthatneedstobecleanedup.Exsitub

52、ioremediationisonlyusedwhennecessarybecauseitsexpensiveanddamagingtothearea,sincethecontaminatedlandisphysicallyremoved.-|4il)khSurmnaryolhuHiiidJi/aliu。slraLei；TeLlhnDloyy日仃up府1“f-atoraIgocirmi.clMjmAi附南M帆*4C1141心山*瞿dicingHki1aMKinenlMiu”MuniQfl.ufTikk111Hlrhi.liiriy再12福匚NjAufiI.pmcesK-HHYenUnulldm

53、!wdioIjnirionimtbUltmlcikdkxJILEvaliiiciil.timeh-liidlurhigJitTkuLtieHimk.川山ahilinicii*状mumliUfiHiQJdnkliilil*胪incmXETudEElClalblUJcHfieriiiorganiKnfcjTvmmjamtalpwAnieiJEnRdi3d|frjiilj|NLll|iyHliiLmn(,heinicjiilmHuEUu*讪电瓶中打wil汝EK,DiirihulinnERiiiiilM旧ExJ-andranrLiin(.aniipiKlirilfH叫CostefticienlCmhe

54、dniwsm那以Spa:：erequirmientskHtendedgrigtHlimeNwJIo0餐1tn/用以1匕hvlk1口看4作；1b3门pmhimhmhailonSeeaJhciveflinmrtan1stiirryrerlzirKRpidcte-ftrnilslacirikinf-hiT(timidFcdirnrnwimcnijllrJirrr-undfurfrirdJinlG,hi|huKi、醇Stw-aHnvrBfoaiimBUlInfltieliLynni吐nslnwiM七TsaiiczmlnilMinr*Phytoremediation(植物生物修复)istheuseofl

55、ivinggreenplantsforinsituriskreductionand/orremovalofcontaminantsfromcontaminatedsoil,water,sediments,andair.Phytoext ract ionPhvtovolat il izationRhizofil t rationAdvantagesofbioremediationBioremediationisanaturalprocessandisthereforeperceivedbythepublicBioremediationisusefulforthecompletedestructi

56、onofawidevarietyofcontaminants.Insteadoftransferringcontaminantsfromoneenvironmentalmediumtoanother,forexample,fromlandtowaterorair,thecompletedestructionoftargetpollutantsispossible.Bioremediationcanoftenbecarriedoutonsite,oftenwithoutcausingamajordisruptionofnormalactivities.Bioremediationcanprove

57、lessexpensivethanothertechnologiesthatareusedforcleanupofhazardouswasteDisadvantagesofbioremediationBioremediationislimitedtothosecompoundsthatarebiodegradable.Notallcompoundsaresusceptibletorapidandcompletedegradation.Therearesomeconcernsthattheproductsofbiodegradationmaybemorepersistentortoxicthan

58、theparentcompound.Biologicalprocessesareoftenhighlyspecific.microbialpopulations,suitableenvironmentalgrowthconditions,andappropriatelevelsofnutrientsandcontaminants.Bioremediationoftentakeslongerthanothertreatmentoptions.附录：各章节的重难点KeyPointsThefocusofthischapter口MinitiogSustainabilitvEOC.CCCJheself-

59、puriiicatio0口必埒Environment. B osphere, Ecological FootprintSustainable living, Natural Capital.Wtiatara the five majot environmental issues?惘i玳 are the three key points for sustainable livingsEutrophication,PointSourcePollution,Non-pointSourcePollutionShortArmorsWhatareimportantcontaminantsofconcern

60、inwastewatertreatment?Descriptthecharacteristicsofwastewater.Descripttheprocessofnaturalpurification.KeyPointsDelnition:Scmnng,S?drwtati3i.Flalator.CMgLlaUorFlocojl3：icnAerobe-JiBBTtICAvijaC1r=3tT?n(kilkiprlfAjertAcfr.&Skjdge般岫Obn,An曲Definiions：torKJSphene PolLtion, Primary Pollutants,Seconwrv Pollu