新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文Spendorsave—Thestudentx27sdilemma语法讲解-Unit5

1、新视野三版读写 B2 U5 Text ASpend or save The students dilemmaDo you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this questio ShouldI spend or should I save? I think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common sense and contradict each other The government tel s us to spend or wel ne

2、ver get out of the recession. At thesame time, they tel us that unless we save more, our country is in grave danger.Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings. Then the same banks send us credit card offers so we can spend more.Heres another familiar example: If we dont pay our credit

3、card bil on time,we get demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company sayingsomething like: Your failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or youlbe in trouble! Then, as soon as we pay, we get a fol ow-up email in acharming tone tel ing us how valuable a customer we are and encouraging

4、usto resume spending. Which depiction is correct: a failing consumer in troubleor a valued customer? The gap between these two messagesis enormous.The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odd witheach other. One is the permissive perspective, Buy, spend, get it now. Youneed this!

5、 The other we could cal an upright message,which urges us,Work hard and save. Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control your appetite for more than you truly need. This message comes to us frommany sources: from school, from parents, even from political figuresreferringto traditional values. Har

6、d work, family loyalty, and the capacity to postponedesires are core American values that have made our country great.*4But the opposite message, advertisings permissive message, is inescapable. Though sometimes disguised, the messages are everywhere welook: on TV , in movies on printed media and ro

7、ad signs, in stores, and onbuses, trains and subways.Advertisements invade our daily lives. W areconstantly surrounded by the message to spend, spend, spend. Someonerecently said, The only time you can escapeadvertising is when youre in yourbed asleep!5 Its been calculated that by the age of 18, the

8、 average American w haveseen 600,000 ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one mil ion. Eachadvertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions,from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we wil use for ourvacation. There is no shortage of ideas and things to b

9、uy! Now, of course, wedont remember exactly what the products were, but the essential messageis cemented into our consciousness, Its good to satisfy your desire Youshould have what you want. You deserve the best. So, you should buy it now! A famous advertisement said it perfectly, I love me. Im a go

10、od friend tomyself. I do what makes me feel good. I derive pleasure from nice things andfeel nourished by them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today Il buynew ski equipment, look at new compact cars, and buy that camera Ivealways wanted. I live my dreams today, not tomorrow.6 What happens as

11、 we take in these contradictory but explicit messages? What are the psychological and social consequencesof this campaign to control our spending habits? On one hand, we want morethings because we want to satisfy our material appetite. Most of us derivepleasure from treating ourselves. On the other

12、hand, a little voice insideus echoes those upright messages: Watch out, take stock of your li dont letyour attention get scattered. Postpone your desires. Dont fal into debt.Wait! Retain control over your own life. It wil make you stronger.7 Anyway, many of the skil s you need as a successful studen

13、t can appliedto your finances. Consider your financial wel -beings a key ingredient of youruniversity education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting. They can make you feel terrible and hinder your ability to focus onyour prime objective: successful y completing your education.*8

14、 How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools,community organizations, and even some banks offer financial literacyclasses.Consider consulting with your schools financial aid office orseek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up budget. An additional option is f

15、inding a partner to help you stay on track andfind pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs. Mostimportantly, if you find yourself getting into financial trouble, dont letyour ego get in your way; urgently get help with tackling your problem before itspins out of control and land

16、s you in legal troubles.9 Al this wil help you become an educated consumer and saver. As you learnto balance spending and saving, you wil become the captain of your own ship,steering your life in a successful and productive direction through the choppy waters.Language Points：Do you feel as confuseda

17、nd manipulated as I do with this question, “ Should Ispend or should I save? ” (Para. 1)Meaning: When asking yourself whether you should spend or save, do you feel puzzled and control ed as I do?Meaning beyond words: According to the conventional concept, we are the master orthe boss of the money we

18、 have earned. It is up to us to decide how to use our money. However, the sentence gives us the hintthat we are actual y no longer in control of our money.I think that the messages we get from our environment seem defy commonsense and contradict each other. (Para. 1)Meaning: In my opinion, the messa

19、ges we get in our daily life about the question “ ShouldI spend or should I save? ” are against common seenyseofatennd don t agree with each other.Usage note:defy, denydefy 和 deny 都是及物动词，词形相近，但实际上两者词义有别，用法也不同。1 defy 主要表示 “违抗；反抗；蔑视” ，后接名词；而deny 主要表示 “否认；拒绝承认” ，后接名词或 that 引导的从句。*Nearly 11 thousand peo

20、ple have been arrested for defying the ban on street trading.近一万一千人因违抗在街上交易的禁令而被捕。The government has denied that the authorities have uncovered a plot to assassinate the*president. 政府已否认当局发现了一个暗杀总统的阴谋。2 defy 后接动词不定式表示 “挑战；刺激某人做某事 ” 时，不能用动名词形式； deny 表示 “否认；拒绝承认” 时，后面不能接动词不定式，只能接动名词形式。*I defy you to c

21、ome up with one major accomplishment of thecurrent prime minister.我倒要看看你能否讲出一项现任首相作出的重大成就。He denied doing anything il egal. 他否认做过任何违法的事。The government tells us to spend or we ll never get recession. (Para. 1)Meaning beyond words: To help the country recover from the economic recession, thegovernment

22、 is encouraging people to spend, which will help stimulate production, jobmarkets and bank liquidity.At the same time, they tell us that unlesswe save more, our country is in gravedanger. (Para.1)Meaning: Meanwhile, they warn us that if we don st ave more money the economicrecession wil grow and sev

23、erely harm our country.Usage note:unless1 unless作连叫 表示 除非一；如果不”，引导条件状语从句，意为 “如果某个条件不出现，某件事就不会进行”。使用 unless 时必须留意从句中动词的时态。虽然unless 所说的条件都是未出现或未发生的，但必须用一般现在时或过去时，不能用表示将来的时态。例如：*I will not go to Beijing unless the company pays for the trip.如果 公司不支付旅费，我不会去北京。 （不能用 wil pay ）She wouldn t do that unless I

24、allowed her. 果我不允许，她不会去做那件事。 （不能用would allow )*She wil keep on singing unless she is told to stop.她 会一直唱下 去，除非有人叫她停止。(不能用 wil be told )She would not come to work as before unless her mother hsealth condition turned for the*better. 她不会像以前那样来上班了，除非她母亲的病情好转。 （不能用 would turn ）unless和if not都可以3肾条件状语从句，但适

25、用情况不 同，很容易混淆，要注意区别。指将来可能发生或可能真实的情况用unless;如果知道事情没有发工或不真实则用ifno t可以说 If you weren t always in such a hurry, your work would b much better。不说 Yourwork would be much better unless you were always in such a hurry 。 见更多例句：Unless they get protection, they will not testify. (= If they do not get protection

26、, they will not*testify.） 如果得不到保证，他们不会作证的。*I would go out if it wasngoing out.） 我就出去了。t raining. (= But it is raining, so I 要是不下雨，Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings. The the same bankssend us credit card offers so we can spend more. (Para. 1) Meaning beyond words: Here is the “

27、 spend or save ” parone hand, thegovernment tells us to spend, and, on the other hand, they want us t save more. Whilethe banks offer high interest rates to attract us to deposit money, the send us credit cardsto encourage us to spend.Here asnother familiar example: If we don tpay our credit card bi

28、ll on time, weget demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company saying something like:“ Your failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or you be in trouble! ” (Para.2)Meaning: If we fail to pay our credit card bil on time, the credit card company will send usharsh and unfriendly email m

29、essages to warn us that either we payonce or we l getpenalties.Sentence structure note 祈使旬 + or/and + 陈述旬金威翱,+襄油整觐WI表示“.否则其中，0r还可以 应的变化，羡不 如果工就”。对连词or或者and的选择, 主要根据相应连词前后句表达的意义，如果前后句有转折关系，就用 or ，一般表达一种负面的结果；如果前后句表示意义顺承，无转折关系，就用 and。例如：*Listen to the teacher careful y in class, or you cansaying.上课时要仔

30、细听老师讲课，否则你就无法了解他在说什么。*Walk down our street, and you l see kidS卷阕喝走上 街 头，就会看到孩子们在玩耍。2 在 “祈使句 + or/and +陈述句”结构中；陈述句通常用将来时态 ,即 “wil +动词原形” ，也可用情态动词 can， may 等。但通常不能用一般现在时或现在进行时。例如：*Work hard, and you can make rapid progress in your study. 努 力 吧，你会在学业上突飞猛进的。*Fol ow the advice of the doctor, or you won t

31、 be well遵从医生的叮嘱，否则你的身体就不会很快好起来。3 “祈使句 + or/and + 陈述句”结构可与 if 引导的条件状语从句互换。例如 :快点起*Get up quickly, or you will be late. (= If you don you will be late.) 床，不然你会迟到的。Work hard, and you will pass the exam. (= If you work hard, you wil pass the exam.)如果 你努力学习，你就会通过考试。4“祈使句 + or/and + 陈述句 ”结构中，祈使句有时可以省略动词。例

32、如：Make more effort, or you won t be successful. (= More effo won t be successful.) 如果不多些努力，你就不会成功。Give me one more hour, and I l get the work finished. (= On hour, and I l get the*work finished.) 再给我一个小时，我就能把工作做完。Then, as soon as we pay, we get a follow-up email in a charming tone telling ushow valu

33、able a customer we are and encouraging us to resume spending. (Para. 2)Meaning: To lure us into more spending, once our credit card bil is paid, a fol ow-upemail in an entirely different tone wil be sent to us, claiming that we are valuablecustomers.Note: The word resume can be used either as a tran

34、sitive or intransitive verb. As atransitive verb, it may be fol owed by a noun or av.-ing form.Which depiction is correct: a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer?The gap between these two messages is enormous. (Para. 2) Meaning beyond words: As there is such a huge difference betwee the

35、two emailmessages, we feel confused about who we are: a failing consumer i trouble or a valuedcustomer?The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with each other. (Para. 3)uy, spen“ BuyMeaning: The contradiction is that every day we get two sets of messages disagreeing with ea

36、ch other.One is the “ permissive ” perspective, You need this! ”(Para. 3)Meaning: One reflects a viewpoint of tolerance, now. You need this! ”Note: The word permissive is an adjective, a derivative from permit.Being “ permissive ”implies a very easy and too relaxed position on something and usua y l

37、acks goodjudgment. For example:They were permissive parents and their children grew up to be spoiled and il -behaving*adults. 他们是太过放任的父母，他们的孩子长大后会变成被宠坏、行为举止欠妥的成年人。Usage note:permissive, tolerantThe synonym of permissive is tolerant, but tolerant is positive in meaning. Permissive carries a negative

38、connotation.Tolerant implies good judgment witha right balance of perspective or actions. For example:The employee s tolerant position on the differences in working sty meant that the team*performed well. 员工对工作作风的差异持宽容的立场意味着这个团队表现出色。The other we could call an “ upright ” message, wh “ Work hard ands

39、ave. Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control yourappetite for more thanyou truly need. ” (Para. 3)Meaning: We could cal the other one an“ honest ” mes advises us to workhard and save money, stop having too many desires, avoid spendin too much, and limitour purchases to what we real y need.Usag

40、e note:urge, persuade1 从词义上说， urge 的基本意思是 “力劝；敦促” ，引申可表示“强烈要求 ”等，比较正式；persuade主要表示 说服；劝说:指通过劝说、感情交流等使对方做劝说者所希望的事。urge语气强，但不一定 力劝；敦促”成功；persuade语气不如urge 强，但强调不仅 “劝 ” ，而且使之 “服” 。例如：We will urge them to adhere to the Paris Agreement. 我 们 将 敦促他们遵守巴黎协议 。My husband persuaded me to come. 我丈夫劝我来的。2从用法上掠，urg

41、e和persuade都可用作及物制词。urge可用于 urge sb. to do sth.结构，意为 “催促某人做某事 ” ； persuade 表示 “说服 ”时， 可用于 persuade sb. to do stlh吉构，也可用于 persuade sb. into doing sth. 结构，都表示 “说服某人做某事” 。它们也都可以引出that从句 。 urge 引 出 的 that 从句 中 用 （ should） +verb ， 而persuade 用于persuade sb. that结构，不用（should） +verbo 例如：His father urged him t

42、o speak his mind. 他父亲敦促他说出心里话。We re trying to persuade manufacturers to sel their products here 我们正在努力说服制造商在这里销售他们的产品。Sir Fred urged that Britain （should） join the European MonetarySystem. 弗雷德爵士敦促英国加入欧洲货币体系。We had managed to persuade them that it was worth working withus. 我们已设法说服他们，与我们合作是值得的。This me

43、ssagecomesto us from many sources:from school, from parents, evenfrom political figures referring to“ traditional valuesMeaning: We get this kind of message from many sources such as school, parents, andadvertisings permissive meven politicians who like to talk about traditional values.But the oppos

44、ite message, inescapable.(Para. 4)Meaning: But you cannot escape from the opposite message, advertisements that push you to spend more.Though sometimes disguised, the messages are everywherelook (Para4)Meaning: Though these messages are sometimes subtle and chan in form, they canbe found everywhere

45、we live.Advertisements invade our daily lives. We are constantly surrounded by themessage to spend, spend, spend. (Para. 4)Meaning: Our daily lives are flooded with advertisements. Very often we find ourselvesenclosed by advertisements that lure us into spending.It bseen calculated that by the age o

46、f 18, the average American will have seen600,000 ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one million. (Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: Americans grow up seeing countless advertisements, and thiscontinues throughout their life time.Each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buyi

47、ngdecisions, from the breakfastcereal we eat to which cruise line we will use for ourvacation. (Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: Advertisements are everywhere and have invaded people s everyday lives.There is no shortage of ideas and things to buy! (Para. 5) Meaning: There are plenty of ideas of what t

48、o buy and how to spen money.Now, of course, we don t remember exactly what the p were, but theessential message is cemented into our consciousness, to satisfy yourdesires. You should have what you want. You deserve the best. you should buyit now!” (Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: Advertisements are ve

49、ry effective in talking people into buyingthings. Though it hsard to remember all of the products in advertisements, thesemessages have already been hammered into our heads. The messages tell us that wedeserve the best and we are entitled to what we want.A famous advertisement said it perfectly, “ I

50、love me. I ma good friend to myself.I do what makes me feel good. I derive pleasure from nice thing and feel nourishedby them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today I ll bu new ski equipment,look at new compact cars, and buy that camera I vealways wanted. I live mydreams today, not tomorrow.

51、” (Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: The advertisement is trying to send out th message: It is notwrong for people to be self-centered and buy everything they want right now. Enjoy lifetoday! The underlying purpose is to persuade people to spend.What happens as we take in these contradictory but explici

52、t messages? Whatare the psychologicaland socialconsequencesof this campaign to control ourspending habits? (Para. 6)Meaning beyond words: Since people are surrounded by these contradictory but clear messages, there must be some psychological and social consequences. For instance, some people may spe

53、nd more while others may save more, depending on how much they get influenced.On one hand, we want more things because we want to satis our materialappetite. Most of us derive pleasure from treating ourselves. (Para. 6)Meaning: Most of us become happy when we treat ourselves, so w always want to hav

54、e more things to satisfy our material desires.On the other hand, a little voice inside us echoes those uprig messages:“ Watch out, take stock of your life, don t let your atscattered. Postponeyour desires. Don t fall into debt. Wait! Retain control over own life. It willmake you stronger. ” (Para. 6

55、)Meaning beyond words: From a more traditional point of view, we should be cautiousabout spending money. We should be focused on our life in order no to fall into debt.Being in control of our life wil make us stronger.24 Anyway, many of the skills you be applied toneed as successful student your fin

56、ances. Consider your financial well-being as a key ingredient of youruniversity education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting.(Para. 7)Meaning beyond words: It is not difficult to avoid a financialdisaster if you apply theskil s you already have for being a successful student. B

57、e aware tha financial stability is ofcrucial importance to your col ege life since money worries couldbring you down.25 They focus oncan make yo your primeu feel terrible and hinder your ability toobjective: successfully completing your education. (Para. 7)Meaning: Money worries can make you feel te

58、rrible and distract you from your mainobjective: successful y completing your education at col ege.Usage note:hinder, prevent*hinder 和 prevent 都 有 “阻 碍 ； 阻 止 ” 之 意 ， 都 可 以 用 于 hinder/prevent sb. from doing sth.结构，但两者有区别。hinder表示 使 受阻；使, ,做 起来困难”(make sth.difficult ) 。例如：His poor health hindered him

59、from going to work daily. (=Hecontinued to work but with*difficulty.) 身体欠佳让他每天上班很困难。prevent 表示 使,不发生；使 不做”(make sth. impossible)例如：他的健康不佳，*His poor health prevented him from going to work. (=He stopped working.) 令他无法外出工作。How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools, communityorganizations, and even some banks offer financial literacyclasses. (Para. 8)Meaning: To become a