实用动物营养学PPT演示课件(PPT 50页)

1、Brief introduction to the nutrients1第1页，共50页。WaterAccounts for 70% or more of the composition of most plants and animals2第2页，共50页。WaterMost vital nutrient ingestedMay lose 100% of body fat, 50% of body protein and liveLose 10% of body water, dehydration occurs and may result in death3第3页，共50页。WaterM

2、ost vital nutrient ingestedTypically consume 2-4 times more water than dry matter intakeFunctions Transport of digesta and nutrients Excretion of waste Lubrication, shaping and cushioning Substrate（基质） for chemical reactions4第4页，共50页。WaterSourcesDrinking waterMoisture content of feeds As-fed（实样的） fe

3、ed intake Dry matter feed intakeMetabolic water Water released through chemical reactions at the cell level5第5页，共50页。Metabolic Water0.6 gram of water produced per gram of carbohydrate metabolized0.4 gram of water produced per gram of protein metabolized1.0 gram of water produced per gram of fat meta

4、bolized6第6页，共50页。WaterDietary needsCattle 10-20 gals/dayHorses10-20 gals/daySheep 1-3 gals/daySwine 1-2 gals/dayPoultry2:1 water: dry feed ratio7第7页，共50页。WaterIntake increased by: Warm to hot temperaturesHigh protein levels High salt levelsHigh fiber levelsHigh dry matter intakes8第8页，共50页。WaterNorma

5、l losses: UrineFeces LungsSkin surfaceMilk9第9页，共50页。Water QualityGood water quality = Less than 0.25% dissolved solidsCan measurably affect feed consumption and performanceMay reduce palatability or even may be toxic due to levels of heavy metals10第10页，共50页。CarbohydratesPrimary nutrient component of

6、 livestock feedsStructural and energy reserve of plants70-80% of dry matter of plants are carbohydratesLess than 1% of animal compositionBlood glucoseMuscle glycogen 11第11页，共50页。CarbohydratesCarbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen = 1:2:1 ratioClassificationsMonosaccharides - Glucose, FructoseDisaccharides - Sucrose

7、, Maltose, LactosePolysaccharides - Starch, Cellulose12第12页，共50页。CarbohydratesStarch Non-structural or non-fibrous polysaccharide Extensively digested Enzymatic or microbial digestion 13第13页，共50页。CarbohydratesCellulose Structural or Fibrous polysaccharide Less digestible Requires microbial digestion

8、 14第14页，共50页。CarbohydratesFunctions Source of energy for bodily functions Carbon skeletons for building other nutrientsMilk synthesis 15第15页，共50页。ProteinsPrincipal constituent of organs and soft tissuesHighest concentration of any nutrient, except water, in all living organisms and animalsRequired f

9、or life Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 16第16页，共50页。ProteinsFunctions Structure of organs and soft tissues EnzymesHormonesAntibodiesSkin, HairMilk synthesis 17第17页，共50页。Dietary Essential Amino AcidsAmino acids required in the diet and cannot be synthesized at a rate sufficient to meet

10、the nutritional requirements of the animal; therefore; must be supplied in the diet 18第18页，共50页。Dietary Essential Amino AcidsPhenylalanine（苯丙）Valine（缬）Threonine（苏）Tryptophan（色）Isoleucine（异亮） Methionine（蛋） Histidine（组） Arginine（精） Leucine（亮） Lysine （赖）19第19页，共50页。Dietary Limiting Amino AcidThe essent

11、ial amino acid that is present in the lowest quantity in the diet when expressed as a percentage of the animals amino acid requirement 20第20页，共50页。Protein Deficiency Reduced appetite and feed intakeReduced birth weights and growthReduced colostrum（初乳） and milk productionDecreased hormonal production

12、Decreased fertility 21第21页，共50页。Excessive Protein Intake Nitrogen deaminatedRemaining carbon skeleton used as energy source or stored as fatExpensive method of supplying energy to the animal 22第22页，共50页。Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) Nitrogen supplied to the animal in a non-protein stateUrea or Biuret（缩

13、二脲）Requires microbial synthesis (Ruminants)Crude Protein Equivalent % Nitrogen from NPN times a factor of 6.2523第23页，共50页。Lipids (Ether extract) Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, butContain much larger proportions of carbon and hydrogen than carbohydrates do Organic compounds that are charact

14、erized by being insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents 24第24页，共50页。Concentrated source of energy1 gram of lipid contains 9.45 kcal of energy as compared to 4.2 kcal of energy for carbohydrates and protein (2.25 times more energy)Source of dietary fatty acids25第25页，共50页。Lipids Essential

15、fatty acid = Those fatty acids that an animal requires, but which it cannot synthesize in adequate amounts to meet the animals needLinoleicC18:2LinolenicC18:3ArachidonicC20:4 Monogastric animals require a minimum of 1% of dietary essential fatty acids in the diet26第26页，共50页。LipidsFunctions Dietary e

16、nergy source Source of essential fatty acidsInsulation(隔热、保温）Carrier of fat soluble vitaminsMajor factor in quality grading of beef 27第27页，共50页。LipidsFat deposition in the body: InternalIntermuscular（肌间） seam fatSubcutaneous below skin surfaceIntramuscular （肌内） “marbling”（大理石花纹，肥瘦相间的） 28第28页，共50页。Li

17、pidsFeed application Increase caloric density of diet Control dustBind small particlesMaintenance of equipment 29第29页，共50页。MineralsMajor (macro-elements) CalciumPhosphorusMagnesium PotassiumSodiumChlorineSulfur30第30页，共50页。MineralsMinor (micro or Trace elements) IronCopperCobaltFluorineIodineManganes

18、eSeleniumZinc31第31页，共50页。MineralFunctions Growth and development of bones, teeth and soft tissues Regulation of cell acid:base balanceComponent of enzymesRegulation of body properties (viscosity（黏稠）, diffusion) 32第32页，共50页。MineralsFeed application Inorganic sourcesSulfates vs. oxidesOrganic sourcesC

19、helates, proteinates or amino acid complexes33第33页，共50页。Minerals Calcium important for skeletal, nerve and muscle functionDeficiencies increased by Excess phosphorusLow levels of Vitamin DHigh fat levels34第34页，共50页。Minerals Phorphorus important for skeletal, carbohydrate and fat metabolismMarked inf

20、luence on reproductionImportant consideration “Phytate Phosphorus” Form of phosphorus bound in phytic acid as calcium and magnesium saltsPrimarily in cereal grainsLowly available to the non-ruminant35第35页，共50页。Minerals Calcium:Phosphorus Ratio1:1 to 2:1Should never have more phosphorus in total diet

21、 in relation to calcium36第36页，共50页。Minerals MagnesiumMajor concern: Grass Tetany Low blood levels of magnesium for cattle grazing cool season foragesWheat pasture poisoning37第37页，共50页。Minerals SaltWhite Plain salt (NaCl)Red Trace Mineralized SaltYellow Sulfur added SulfurImportant for Methionine syn

22、thesisNon-Protein Nitrogen Feeding38第38页，共50页。Trace Minerals ZincMajor concern: Skin Lesions “Parakeratosis”Hoof Problems IronMajor concern: Anemia in young swineCopperMajor concern: Reproduction failure Immune Function39第39页，共50页。Trace Minerals SeleniumMajor concern: Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy

23、White Muscle Disease CobaltMajor concern: Vitamin B12 utilizationIodineMajor concern: Heat production and oxidation of nutrients at cell level40第40页，共50页。VitaminsAre only needed in small amounts Are essential for life and healthProvide a defense against disease, promote growth and reproductionContri

24、bute to the general health of the animal41第41页，共50页。Fat Soluble A VisionD Ca and P absorptionE AntioxidantK Blood coagulation42第42页，共50页。VitaminsWater Soluble B-ComplexC43第43页，共50页。Energy Nutrients44第44页，共50页。TerminologyCalorie, (cal)- One calorie raises the temperature of 1 g of water 1C (i.e., 14.

25、5 to 15.5 C ); Kilocalorie, 1,000 calories.Mega calorie, 1,000,000 calories.45第45页，共50页。IUPAC （International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 国际理论和应用化学联合会 ）has adopted the Joule: 1 Joule is 107 ergs (0.239 calories), 1 kcal = 4.184 k Joules46第46页，共50页。TerminologyGross Energy (GE)- the total amoun

26、t of heat released when a substance is completely oxidized in a bomb calorimeter.Digestible Energy (DE)- The gross energy of feed consumed minus the gross energy excreted in the feces.Metabolizable Energy (ME)- The gross energy of the feed minus the energy in the feces, urine, and gaseous product of digestion.47第47页，共50页。TerminologyHeat Increment (HI)- that portion of the ME which is used for digesti