12语法复习：非谓语动词

1、非谓语动词 动词不定式7/20/20221动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样

2、，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。7/20/20222动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。7/20/20223动词不定式的基本形式 主动语态 被动语态一般式to doto be done进行式to be d

3、oing完成式to have doneto have been done7/20/202242、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如： （1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other. （2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 7/20/20225（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语

4、，如：She wishes to be a musician.；作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? 7/20/20226（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the ch

5、ildren not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I dont think it right to do it that way. 7/20/20227（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the bes

6、t way to help him? 作定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.7/20/20228（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列状语： 目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order

7、to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。形容词或副词

8、 + enough+动词不定式，表示“足能”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.7/20/202293、复合结构不定式： 由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用fo

9、r引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.7/20/2022104、疑问词 + 动词不定式： 疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.7/20/2022115、动词不定式的否定式：

10、 动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系： （1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；7/20/202212（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I

11、 am sorry to have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet.7/20/202213动词-ing形式（二）-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词

12、。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态 7/20/202214ing 分词的基本形式 doingbeing donehaving donehaving been done主动语态被动语态一般式完成式7/20/2022152、-ing形式的基本用法。 （1）作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而

13、将作主语的-ing后置。如：It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiting here.（2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.7/20/202216（3）作宾语： 作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.；作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.； do+限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示“做

14、事”之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? 作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.；作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think

15、 it necessary trying again?7/20/202217（4）作定语： The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：The gir

16、l who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.7/20/202218（5）作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。（6）作状语： 时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother

17、. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. 原因状语：Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 7/20/2022193、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having a

18、nswered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.4、被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.5、被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see

19、 the library.7/20/2022206、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters (or Peter)going there first.7、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、

20、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today.7/20/2022218、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can spea

21、k English very well./I have three letters to write.9、-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing i

22、n the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。7/20/20222210、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.7/20/202223（三）过去分词：1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句

23、中也可用作定语、表语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：7/20/202224（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.7/20/202225（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的

24、被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, a

25、stonished, broken, completed, covered等。7/20/202226（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。7/20/202227（4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相

26、当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）7/20/202228独立主格： 上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing

27、和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. 7/20/202229独

28、立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：The meeting (being) over, all left the room. 作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.7/20/2022302、-ing形式与过去分词的区别： （1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；

29、the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world正在发生的世界；the changed world已经起了变化的世界。7/20/202231英语语法非谓语动词复习 【基本概念】对英语动词的基本认识英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外，还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。按照动词是否充当谓语，我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如下。 时态 （按高考要求共九个时态） 谓语动

30、词 语态 （主动语态和被动语态） 语气 （陈述语气和虚拟语气） 主谓一致动词 动词不定式 非谓语动词 分词 （现在分词和过去分词） 动名词非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词，凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化，以区别于谓语动词。7/20/202232例3：So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him, and went to live in English. 现在分词短语 preferring to give up the fortune that wou

31、ld one day come to him 作状语。Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. 过去分词短语well known for his expert advice 也充当状语，表示原因。分词短语充当状语时，其作用相当于一个状语从句，因此都可以用状语从句替代。Well known for his expert advice = Because he was known for his expert advice,显

32、然，按照修辞的标准衡量，分词短语较状语从句更为精练。7/20/202233例4：They broke into the uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape. 以上三句划线的部分都是宾语补足语,其中第三

33、句的shut在主动语态中是过去分词做宾补,改为被动语态后,主动语态的宾语gate变为被动语态的主语,因此语法上称之为 “主补”。宾语补足语是汉语所没有的句子成分，然而却类似于汉语中的兼语。在英语中，宾语同宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，这是理解宾语补足语时必须搞清的最基本的概念。第一句中的man是宾语，和宾语补足语lying on the floor之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，man发出lying on the floor 的动作。第二句中it 是宾语，同宾语补足语fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall具有逻辑上的被动的主谓关系。

34、7/20/202234【关键知识】 学习分词的知识只要抓住现在分词同过去分词的区别这一关键环节，其他问题便可迎刃而解。区别现在分词和过去分词的方法主要有两点：掌握主谓关系用现在分词，动宾关系用过去分词的基本原则。分词做定语时，看分词同它所修饰的名词或代词的关系。分词所修饰的名词或代词同分词为主谓关系时，用现在分词；分词所修饰的名词或代词同分词为动宾关系时，用过去分词。7/20/202235There are lots of good English language programmes broadcast on TV or the radio in China. 过去分词短语broadcas

35、t on TV or the radio in China 作定语修饰programmes, broadcast 同它所修饰的名词programmes 具有动宾关系，即broadcast programmes on TV or the radio，因此必须用过去分词。Two days later I received a letter offering me the job.现在分词短语offering me the job是名词letter的定语，offering同它所修饰的名词letter具有逻辑上的主谓关系，如果将现在分词短语转换成定语从句，这种“主谓关系”则更为明确：Two days

36、later I received a letter which offered me the job。7/20/202236分词做宾语补足语时，看分词同宾语补足语的关系。主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。You often see musicians performing in the streets.宾语musicians和宾语补足语performing 具有逻辑上的主谓关系，musicians发出perform 的动作，宾语补足语必须用现在分词。Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourse

37、lves understood not just by words. 作宾语补足语的过去分词understood同宾语ourselves 为动宾关系，即understand ourselves，此处的意思是“使我们自己被别人所理解”。7/20/202237分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致。据此，辨别现在分词和过去分词的区别要看分词同句子主语的逻辑关系，主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all

38、.现在分词短语 using the fingers of your right hand 作方式状语修饰谓语动词eat。之所以用现在分词，是因为using 同句子的主语you 有逻辑上的主谓关系。换言之，句子的主语 you既发出谓语动作eat，又发出非谓语动词using 所表示的动作。7/20/202238Dr. Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room. 过去分词短语locked in your room充当spend the night的方式状语。lock 同句子的主语Dr. Watson and I的逻辑关系为动宾关系“l

39、ock Dr. Watson and I in your room”。分词作状语时同句子主语之间的逻辑关系较难理解，再看以下例句，注意分词短语同句子主语之间的逻辑关系。7/20/202239The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. Considering that Charles would be sentenc

40、ed to death, he went to a chemists shop and bought some special medicine. Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. The lady returned home, followed by Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson.7/20/202240分词作表语时，区别现在分词和过去分词的两种方法。分词作表语时，现在分词表示主语的特征；过去分词表示主语所处的状态。The temperature is 15

41、C. It is freezing outside. 现在分词freezing作表语，表示主语“天气”的特征。Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening. which代表先行词the stone figures 的含义，在定语从句中作主语。frightening是系动词look的表语，表示主语the stone figures的形象特征。One quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted.过去分词pollute

42、d作表语，表示地中海沿岸的四分之一受污染的状况。7/20/202241surprise, excite, interest, frighten, worry, please, 等动词具有共同的特点，他们的意思都是“使（人）怎么样”。这类动词充当表语时区别现在分词或过去分词的方法比较简单：如果主语是表示“人”的词语，表语用过去分词；主语是表示“事”或“物”的词语，表语用现在分词。We were getting very worried. “The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo!” Mrs. Cousins was frightened.以上两句的主

43、语分别是 “we”和 “Mrs. Cousins”，表语用过去分词worried 和frightened。The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging.主语是表示“事物”的词语the news，表语用现在分词encouraging。7/20/202242【相关知识及其运用】在语言实践中，我们还会遇到许多关于分词使用的具体疑难问题。以下选用高考试题或各地模拟试题为例，集中讨论一些常见的语言现象。1.现在分词被动式同过去分词的区别现在分词同过去分词的基本区别可见下表。7/20/202243 时间概念 语

44、态概念 现在分词 进行或与谓语动作同时 主动概念过去分词 完成 被动概念但现在分词被动式being done也表示被动，在语态概念上与过去分词相同，因此区别就只在于时间概念了。7/20/202244Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. (1987年高考试题) A. invited B. to invited C. being invited D. inviting 7/20/2022452.分词作定语同不定式作定语的区别 不定式作定语在时间概念上表示“将要”，这是他们之间最根本的区别。The first textbo

45、oks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. ( 1994年高考试题) A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written7/20/2022463.介词with后的宾语补足语介词with具有一般介词都不具备的语法功能，with后面可以带“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构。In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person

46、.介词后的宾语补足语同动词后的宾语补足语没有区别，在试题中只要善于识别便不难理解，The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied7/20/2022474.分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构。关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。The key_，she went through

47、her handbag carefully. A. hadnt been found B. having not been found C. not having been found D. wasnt found7/20/2022485.现在分词作宾语补足语时同不定式作宾语补足语的区别动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等可以用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语，也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，但意思有区别。不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程已经完成；现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作在谓语动作发生的瞬间正在进行。The missing boys were

48、last seen _ near the river. (1994年高考试题) A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play7/20/202249非谓语动词（二）动名词动名词在书写形式上同现在分词相同，但语法概念和语法功能各异。动名词具有名词的语法作用，在句子中主要充当主语和宾语。例1：动名词做主语 Using body language in a correct way will help communicate with people and make the stay in a foreign country easy and comfor

49、table.Checking information is very important. Doing this can save a lot of time and money.Learning new words and useful expressions is very important for me. 7/20/202250例2：动名词做宾语After a short while he started directing films himself. Disney stopped drawing and watched the mouse. 例3：动名词做介词的宾语Scores o

50、f people went there in the first few days after its opening. after在句中为介词，动名词opening 做介词的宾语，形容词性物主代词its是动名词的逻辑主语。The money spent on educating a black child was just one fourth of that spent on each white child. I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude

51、.having been 是动名词being的完成式，做介词for 的宾语。7/20/202251【关键知识】1.下列动词只能用动名词做宾语， 不能用不定式：suggest, finish, enjoy, practise, miss, avoid, require, delay, excuse, pardon, consider, deny, escape, cant help, risk 等。Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. Then for a period of s

52、everal weeks we practise doing the play. 7/20/2022522.一些动词后用动名词做宾语和用不定式做宾语意思不同。remember, forget, regret后用动名词做宾语表示已经发生过了的动作；用不定式做宾语表示将要发生或尚未发生的动作。remember to do 表示记住要去做某事；remember doing表示记得曾经做过某事。regret doing表示后悔做了某事；regret to say (tell)表示遗憾地说（告诉）。- The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot

53、 _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案为 C。句子的意思是“我刚才忘记了关灯”，“关灯”的动作没有发生。7/20/202253- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.- Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done答案为D。having done是动名词doing的完成式，表示该动

54、作先于谓语动作，句子的意思是“后悔在会议上提出反对意见”。try to do 表示“设法做”（克服困难、障碍努力做）；try doing表示“试着做”（对结果没有把握，尝试去做，看看是否可以）。7/20/202254The little time we have together we try _ wisely A. spending it B. to spend it C. to spend D. spending thatthe little time we have together是spend的宾语，前置以示强调。正确的答案为C。7/20/202255like (love) to do

55、 表示具体的一次性动作；like (love) doing表示倾向性的动作。Little Tom should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taken答案为A。时间状语暗示了应该考虑“一次性动作”。本试题中little Tom和谓语动词take(带领)为动宾关系，必须注意被动概念的使用。7/20/202256动词need的用法同动名词做宾语有密切的关系。a)当主语是表示“人”的词语时，need 的宾语用动词不定式的一般式，这时不定式同句子的主语也是主谓关系。Rig

56、ht now you need to stay still until help comes. 但是，也有少数句子need的宾语同句子的主语构成动宾关系，这时need的宾语可以用动名词或不定式的被动式：The patient will need looking after.7/20/202257b)当主语是表示“事”或“物”的词语时，主语同need往往为动宾关系。这时，用need to be done或need doing 均可，但要注意need doing 是用动名词的主动式表示被动的概念。These shoes need repairing.These shoes need to be r

57、epaired.You have come just in time to help us.”“Fine. What needs _?” A. I do B. done C. to be done D. to do答案为C。what是句子的主语，表示事物。7/20/202258stop to do 和stop doing 的语法结构不同，因此意思也就不同。stop doing中的doing 是动名词做宾语，表示stop动作的对象，意思为“停止做某事”。Stop to do 中的不定式to do 是目的状语，表示“停止正在做的事的目的是要做某事”。Lets have a break. Not n

58、ow. I dont want to stop _ yet. A. study B. to study C. for studying D. studying 答案为 D。7/20/202259mean doing 的意思是“意谓着”、“就是”。 I meant to tell you yesterday, but you were not in the office.Missing the train means waiting for an hour.mean to do 的意思是“意欲做”或“打算做”。What do you mean to do?7/20/202260【相关知识及其运用

59、】1.动名词的逻辑主语 动名词的逻辑主语表示动名词所代表的动作是谁做的。动名词逻辑主语规范的表达形式是：无生命的内容用名词的一般形式。有生命的内容如果是名词，用该名词的所有格；如果是代词，则用形容词性物主代词。He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.译文：他总是坚持让别人称呼他特纳博士而不是特纳先生。his 是动名词being called的逻辑主语，但同call 构成被动关系。如果是主动关系应为call him Dr. Turner。7/20/202261They insisted

60、 on _ a thorough rest before going back to work. A. him to take B. he took C. his taking D. his taken _ made her mother very angry. A. Helens married Jack B. Helen has married Jack C. Helen marrying Jack D. Helens marrying Jack 7/20/2022622.动名词的完成式所有非谓语动词的完成式都表示非谓语动作先于谓语动作，动名词的完成式也不例外。Tony was very