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1、第十一章并列和从属复习重点名词性从句连词并列连词 从属连词并列连词的基本用法1Takeexerciseeveryday,_youllbecomestrongerandhealthier. A.orB.andC.butD.while2Im sure youll enjoy your holiday in a place such as Venice Florence or somewhere like that. A.andB.butC.orD.though3Canyouplayfootball? Yes,Ican,_Icantplayitverywell. A.orB.andC.soD.but
2、4Thedresswasveryexpensive,_Ididntbuyit. A.orB.andC.soD.but BCDC四组关联并列连词的用法归纳. :“和都”,“不但而且”,“既又” She both speaks and writes Japanese. He spoke with both kindness and understanding. 说明:作为关联并列连词,通常应连接两个性质相同的句子成分。另外,若连接两个成分作主语,谓语要用复数。如: Both brother and sister are college students. Both she and Sophia w
3、ere pleased with the girl. . . :“不但而且” Not only men but also women were chosen. He not only read the book,but also remembered what he had read. 说明:该结构中的 also 有时可省略,或与 but 分开用,或用 too, as well 代替(位于句末)。 Not only is he funny, but he is witty too (as well). 若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。 Not only you but a
4、lso he has to leave. . :“既不也不”“和都不” I have neither time nor money. I neither smoke nor drink. He neither knows nor cares what happened. This is neither my fault nor yours. 说明:通常应连接两个性质相同的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。如: Mary neither likes maths nor (likes) history. Neither Jim
5、 nor Jack was at home. 但在非正式文体中也可一律用复数。 Neither Jim nor Jack were at home. . :“要么要么”“不是就是” Either come in or go out. I want to visit either Paris or London. 说明:通常连接两个性质相同的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。You can either have tea or (have) coffee. Either you or I am wrong. 表示转折的并列连
6、词用法归纳but, yet表示转折; but和yet可以互换使用; but, yet可以连接词,短语,分句。They are poor but/yet proud.Im objecting to his morals, but/jet not to his manners.We had intended to come and see you, but/jet it rained.while, whereas表示对比; while和whereas可以互换使用,while, whereas只能引导分句。You like sports, while/whereas Id rather read.T
7、hey are having trouble at home, while/whereas abroad things are even worse. while, whereas 可以出现在句首,但but, yet不能。While/Whereas they want a house, we would rather live in a flat.从属连词名词性从句 (Nominal Clauses)关系从句(定语从句)(Relative Clauses)状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)名词性从句表语从句主语从句宾语从句同位语从句名词性从句(由that和wh-词引导)表语从句 由
8、连接代词who, what, which 等引导的表语从句。 .What concerns me most is who will be my teacher next term. China is not what she was yesterday. 由不充当任何句子成分的连词that, whether引起的表语从句。What I mean is that we should help each other. The problem is whether we can finish the work on time. 由连接副词when, where , why , how 引导的表语从句
9、。 This is when I really get to know Americans. The question under discussion is where we will hold the meeting . 由连词as, because, as if, as though 引导的表语从句。 It looks as if it is going to rain tonight. The mistake happened because we are careless. 主语从句从属连词that. That they were in truth sisters was clear
10、 from the facial resemblance between them.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。 Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 当that引导的主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。 How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 从属连词whether.Whether hell come here isnt clear. 连接代词who, whom,
11、whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why. What she did is not yet known. How this happened is not clear to anyone. Whoever comes is welcome. Wherever you are is my home.注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义。Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person
12、who)Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that)Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever of you=anyone of you who)宾语从句 从属连词that. He told us that he felt ill. I know (that) he has returned. 注意:that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that不能省略。and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略
13、。 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。 That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. 主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语,that不可省略。 We decided, in view of his special circumst
14、ances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 从属连词if/whether. I doubt whether he will succeed. I dont know if you can help me. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why.Who or what he was, Martin never learned. I wonder what hes writing to
15、 me about. Ill tell you why I asked you to come. You may do what you will. 同位语从句 同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message等,关联词多用从属连词that. They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. Where did you ge
16、t the idea that I could not come? Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导 I have no idea whether hell come or not. 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration. We havent yet s
17、ettled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.It is a question how he did it.名词性从句练习 1. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It2A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to doAhow Bafter C. what Dwhen 3. He a
18、sked _ for a violin A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid DCD4. What the doctors really doubt is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.A. when B. how C. whether D. why 5It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants. A. h
19、owever B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever6. _leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. WhoCBC7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who8. - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week
20、. - Is that _ you had a few days off ? A. why B. what C. when D. where 9. I still remember _ this used to be a quiet village. A. when B. how C. where D. what CAA10I read about it in some book or other,does it matter _ it was?Awhere Bwhat Chow Dwhich 11. Information has been put forward _ more middle
21、 school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C when D. as 12. I think it is going to be a big problem.Yes, it could be.I wonder _ we can do about it. A、if B、how C、what D、thatDBC定语从句关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有:when, where, why等。 The man who is smoking a cigar
22、 is a film director.He refused to return the money to his aunt which she had saved for repairing the house.They told me that she stole the money, which turned to be true.I think he told me all that he knew.状语从句时间状语从句;(adverbial clause of time) 地点状语从句;(adverbial clause of place) 原因状语从句;(adverbial cla
23、use of cause) 条件状语从句;(adverbial clause of condition) 目的状语从句;(adverbial clause of purpose) 让步状语从句;(adverbial clause of concession) 比较状语从句;(adverbial clause of comparison)程度状语从句;(adverbial clause of degree) 方式状语从句;(adverbial clause of manner) 结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result) 状语从句时间状语从句由when, while,
24、 as引导的时间状语从句。 When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something. Strike while the iron is hot. Our headmaster laughed as she spoke. 由before和after引导的时间状语从句。 It will be four days before they come back. They had not been married four months before they were divorced. After you think it
25、over, please let me know what you decide. 由till或until引导的时间状语从句。I didnt go to bed until(till) my father came back. It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English. I worked until he came back.I didnt work until he came back. 由since引导的时间状语从句。 I have been in Beijing since you le
26、ft. It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. It is five months since our boss was in Beijing. 由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一就”。 I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. The moment I heard the news, I ha
27、stened to the spot. As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 【注意】hardly (scarcely, rarely)when, no soonerthan相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。 He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. He had hardly fallen as
28、leep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder. Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in. 由by the time引导的时间状语从句。 By the time you came back, I had finished this book. By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。 Each time he came to Har
29、bin, he would call on me. Whenever that man says To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie. You grow younger every time I see you. 由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久就多久”。 You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. I will fight against these conditions so
30、 long as there is a breath in my body! 地点状语从句:地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型。句型1:Where地点从句,(there)主句:“哪里哪里就”Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. Where there is a will , there is a way. 句型2:Anywhere/ wher
31、ever地点从句,主句。 Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire.原因状语从句because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后, because表示直接原因, 语气最强, 最适合回答 why引导的疑问句。 I do it because I like it. 注意:“not . because”结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句:I didnt go because I was afraid. I didnt go,because I was afrai
32、d. The country is not strong because it is large. since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、 显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”), 较为正式, 语气比because弱。 Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 注意: seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), in that这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近, 都表示“既然”。Seeing (that) he refu
33、sed to help us, theres no reason that we should now help him. Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. Considering (that) everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”, 语气比since弱, 较为正式, 位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)
34、。 As it is raining, youd better take a taxi. As you are tired, you had better rest. I went to bed early, as I was exhausted.for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开; for是并列连词,引出的原因较间接,似乎是事后所想到的补充解释的理由,只陈述一般推断的理由,不一定表示产生结果的必然原因,He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 条件状语从句连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so
35、long as, on condition that 等。Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。 If it rains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.If I were you, I would go with him.目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case
36、等词引导。 You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.He wrote the name down for fear that /lest he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.让步状语从句 常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter , in
37、 spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal.Child as he is, he can do it well.The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wo
38、nt listen whatever you may say.比较状语从句常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词:the more the more ; just as , so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food i
39、s to men what /as oil is to machine. 方式状语从句as引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) asso结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是“正如”,“就像”,多用于正式文体, Always do to the others as you would be done by. (Just) As water is to fish, so air is to man. as if, as though:两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。意为“仿佛似
40、的”,“好像似的”。 They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lightening. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 结果状语从句 sothat 如此以至于The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited.He always studied
41、so hard that he made great progress.suchthat 如此。以至Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.sothat与suchthat之间的转换即为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. =He is such a young boy that he cant go to school. Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him. =Mike
42、is such an honest man that we all believe him.某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别 当while, when, as引导时间状语从句时的区别 while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性,谓语动词多为进行时。while 的这些用法可用when代替,等于 “during the time that”。例如:Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying.when除可指一段时间外,还可用来指一点时间,等于 “at the time”,也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的,也可以延
43、续性的。例如:When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.(when不能换成while)He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.(when可换成while)as常可与when,while通用,但强调“一边、一边”,强调两个动作同时进行,用于发生时间较短时。As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37.as when
44、 while有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以。It was raining hard when (as) I got there.When I had read the article, he called me.When I got to the cinema, the film had begun .He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.when引导的状语从句中主、谓是“主语+系动词”结构时,这时主语和系动词可以省略。When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man. Shell be he
45、re to give you help when (it is) necessary. till, until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句 用于否定句时,结构为not until (till),主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可,意为“直到才”。They didnt talk(延续性动词)until (till) the interpreter came.He didnt go to bed(非延续性动词)until (till) the his father came back. 用于肯定句时,只与延续性动词连用,表示“到为止”。例如:They played volleyball
46、until (till) it got dark. until可以放在句首,till则不行,例如:Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing. Not until he finished his work did he go home.(倒装) till, until只用于时间,以下句子是错误的:We walked till the edge of the forest.(要用as far as或to)。although和though引导让步状语从句往往用法一样,但注意以下区别:although用于各种文体,而though则多用于
47、非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由although, though引导的从句后,主句不能用but,但可用副词yet, still。 例如:Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.(或yet they went on working)Although, its raining, _are still working in the fields. A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they Athough常与even连用,even though表示强调,意为“
48、即使”,但不能说even although,例如:Even though I didnt understand a word, I kept smiling. though可用作副词,意为“然而”,常用逗号与句子分开。although则不能这样使用,它只作连词。例如:It was a quiet party; I had a good time, though. whether, if引导从句的用法区别: 引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时,用whether,不用if。 Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known. 主语从句 The
49、 question is whether we can finish the task on time. 表语从句 The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided. 同位语从句whether可接不定式,而if则不可。 I havent decided whether to leave or not. I don t know _ to stay at home or go out. A. whether B. if C. how D. whereAwhether可作介词的宾语或
50、置于句首表示强调,而if则不可。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. Whether he will come, I am not sure. whether和if均可引导宾语从句, whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句,if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的,也可以是否定的(此时不能用whether)。Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia? I wonder if it doesnt rain. 引导宾语从句的whether和if常可与or
51、not连用。连用时要注意or not的位置,它一般与 whether、if分开使用,有时它可与whether合起来使用,但不能与if合起来使用。I dont know whether/ if they will come or not. I dont know whether or not they will come.as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句as引导时间状语从句,意为“当时”。例如:As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster.He sang as he worked. as引导方式状语从句,
52、意为“象一样”。例如:We must do as the Party teaches us.as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”,例如:As you are tired, you had better rest.as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管” Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.) 连词补充练习Multiple Choices1. Permission was not granted for the interview, the reporters neve
53、r gave up hope. A. consequently B. likewise C. however D. moreover2. a well-balanced diet adequate sleep is needed for good health. A. neithernor B. Ratherthan C. Not only but (also) D. Because so3. The discovery of gold in California created the gold rush(淘金热) ; the discovery of oil in Alaska creat
54、ed an oil rush(石油热). A. likewise B. yet C. for example D. soCCA4. Cramming for exams rarely helps; , many students stay up until dawn, studying on the night before a big test. A. for B. again C. instead D. nevertheless5. The food in that restaurant is very good; , it is cheap. A. moreover B. therefo
55、re C. in fact D. however6. Astronomy has to deal with the largest bodies and the greatest distances in the universe; , chemistry has to deal with the smallest particles and the shortest distance in the universe. A. likewise B. consequently C. on the other hand D. soDAC7. Lincoln, as President, appoi
56、nted men to high government positions whom he considered most capable, some of them openly scorned him. A. even though B. if C. how D. whenever8. The final examination will cover all taught this term. A. what has been B. that has been C. that was D. which has been9.The buses, were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of which B. both of which C. few of them D. those of which ABA10. Free mo
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