1英语专业四级词汇语法辅导--从句

1、英语专业四级考试词汇语法篇Company Logo语法与词汇1. 考试大纲要求：能灵活、正确地运用教学大纲语法结构表一级至四级的全部内容，掌握大纲规定的基础阶段认知词汇（5500-6000），并且能正确、熟练地运用其中3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配。测试时间为15分钟，题型为多项选择题，共30道题，每题有四个选择项，其中50%为词汇、词组和短语用法题，其余为语法结构题。测试学生运用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念的能力。语法与词汇项目原始分30分，所占总分比重为15%。Company Logo语法与词汇2. 历年考试与考点分析语法部分根据下面分析可以发现，历年英语专业四级考试语法

2、与词汇部分中的语法试题主要围绕着10项语法点。其中，考试重点与难点集中在从属分句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、代词、动词时态、情态动词等语法知识点的应用上。题型年份从属分句虚拟语气非谓语动词代词动词时态情态动词形容词/副词句子成分结构主谓一致反意疑问句限定词倒装省略2001412122002521111200363111200443212005222431120063311112111200734231112008612111111200941212212201021121113111Company Logo从句要点从句可分为：副词性从句：状语从句包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状

3、语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句。形容词性从句：定语从句名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时间状语从句Company Logo时间状语从句-常用的连词表示“当的时候”：when，while, as, just as, next time (下次)，the last time (上次的时候)表示时间先后：after, before, when用于完成时态：by the time, it is the first/second time, hardlywhen，no soonerthan，scarcelywhen, now that,

4、since, ever sinceCompany Logo时间状语从句-常用的连词表示习惯性，经常性“每次”：each time, every time, whenever表示“一旦”：as soon as, once表示“直到”：the instant, the moment, the minute, the second, the day, until, tillCompany Logo时间状语从句-注意事项1. 时态：1) 时间状语从句中一般不用将来时，若谈论将来的事情，往往用一般现在时来代替一般将来时，用一般过去时替代过去将来时。I wont have dinner until my

5、mother comes back.I will discuss this with you when we meet.Company Logo2) 用于完成时态：by the time, it is the first/second time, hardlywhen，no soonerthan，scarcelywhen, now that, since, ever sinceCompany Logo注意事项no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen, 这一结构的时态搭配， no sooner 与hardly/scarcely引导的主句谓语动词用过去完成时，而than

6、与when从句中谓语用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和 hardly/scarcely提到句首时，就用倒装语序。I had hardly got home when it began to rain.Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.Company Logo注意事项2.特殊时间状语从句The police went into action _ they heard the alarm.A. promptly B. presently C. quickly D. directlyI will telephone you direct

7、ly/ immediately/ instantly/the moment I hear the news.Company Logo注意事项3. It + be + 时间 + before-clause这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语(如：long years , months , weeks , days ,hours , minutes ) ，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为过多长时间才.。主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为没过多长时间就.。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be；用was 时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用will be 时，before从句常用一般现

8、在时。 例如：It was long/one year before she came home.It will not be long before we meet again.It was a long time _ the guards discovered what had happened.A before B until C since D when Company Logo真题60. The couple had no sooner got to the station _ the coach left. (2009)A. when B. as C. until D. than5

9、6. I enjoyed myself so much _ I visited my friends in Paris last year. (2008)A. when B. which C. that D. whereD ACompany Logo真题1. Come and see me whenever _. (1997-48)A. you are convenient B. you will be convenientC. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to youc条件状语从句Company Logo条件状语从句 常用

10、if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as只要， only if, once, on condition that (条件是), provided/providing (that), suppose/supposing (that) (多用于问句)，assuming (that), in the event (that), in case (that), given (that)等。Company Logo条件状语从句注意事项如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。例如:As long as I live, I shall work hard.I shall not

11、 go to the cinema unless I finish my homework.In the event that our team wins, there will be a big celebration.Company LogoOnly if vs. if only only if 引起的条件状语从句，是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”，表示“只有(才) ；只有在的时候；唯一的条件是”的意思；与if引起的一般条件句相比，它有一种增强主句语势的作用。例如： Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doc

12、tor in the middle of the night. 只有患者情况紧急时，你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。 2. if only引导的条件句，通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望，相当于as long as。它可以独立使用，用来表示由于客观条件限制，为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情，常用虚拟语气。例如： If only I were as clever as you！要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊！ Company Logo注意Only if置于句首，需要倒装If only用于虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时，表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时，表示过去没有实现

13、的愿望，常译为“要是就好了”Company Logo真题1. He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, _that he paid me back the following week. (2005-64)A. on occasion B. on purpose C. on condition D. only if2._ both sides accept the agreement _ a lasting peace be established in this region. A. Only if, will B.

14、If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, wouldCA Company Logo真题3. You wont get a loan _ you can offer some security. (1996-41)A. lest B. in case C. unless D other thanC原因状语从句Company Logo原因状语从句 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now (that), seeing (that), for the reason that, in that, considering th

15、at。 Company Logo原因状语从句 Because, since, as和forbecause语气最强，强调原因。回答“why”问句。表原因的强调句型中，也只用because。在“notbut”结构中，也用它。 e.g. He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to but because his wife was ill.since语气弱于because, 其次是as，for的语气最弱。Since和as往往表达的是人们所知的或显而易见的原因，强调主句。For表示一种解

16、释说明。Company LogoSince 和now (that)since 既然：用来表达众所周知的理由Since weve no money , we cant buy it. Since you are going , I will go too. now (that ) 既然, 表示新出现的情况Now (that) we have gone so far , we might go a little further. Now (that) you are well again , you can travel .你已康复，可以远行了。Company Logo原因状语从句 -真题Barr

17、y had an advantage over his mother _ he could speak French. (2001-49)A. ever since B. in that C. at that D. so that54. Men differ from animals _ they can think and speak. (2008)A. for which B. for that C. in that D. in which让步状语从句Company Logo让步状语从句 常用though/although，as （尽管），much as(不管，尽管)，in spite o

18、f the fact that, while, even if/though，for all (尽管)，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，no matter how/what/who等引导。Company Logo让步状语从句 -though, althoughAlthough与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）注意：1）though还可以用作副

19、词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。He said he would come; he didnt, though.2）though引导的从句也可象as引导的从句一样用倒装语序，但是although引导的从句只能用正常语序。 Company Logo让步状语从句-even if, even though Even though he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（他知道这个秘密）.Even if he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（不确定他是否知道这个秘密）. though 常表示一些已经确定的消息，

20、而if由它本身所带的“如果”的含义，表示了一种对假设信息的不确定。 Even though 是“虽说”，而Even if 是“就算”。前者是事实而后者是假设。 Company Logo让步状语从句-as, though as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.Hard as/ t

21、hough he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.) 注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 Company Lo

22、go让步状语从句 -Whether.or.（不管.还是.） Whether you believe it or not, it is true.Company Logo让步状语从句- no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereve

23、rno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.Company Logohoweverhowever为连接副词，引导让步状语从句，

24、其意义和作用相当于no matter how。可用于如下结构： however + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语 However late he is, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. Well have to finish the jog, however long it takes.Company Logo真题1. _, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. (2005-52)A. Although he is a socialistB. E

25、ven if he is a socialistC. Being a socialistD. Since he is a socialist2. _I like economics, I like sociology much better. (2003-49)A. As much as B. So much C. How much D. Much asA DCompany Logo真题3. Fool _ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. (2002-48)A. who B. as C. that D. like4. _he alwa

26、ys tries his best to complete it on time. (1999-51)A. However the task is hard B. However hard the task isC. Though hard the task is D. Though hard is the taskB BCompany Logo真题5. Much as _, I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare cash. (1999-52)A. I would have liked

27、toB. I would like to haveC. I should have to likeD. I should have liked to6. _he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank. (1998-48)A. Much as B. Much though C. As much D. Though muchA ACompany Logo真题7. _, he is ready to accept suggestions from different sources. (1997-4

28、6)A. Instead of his contributionsC. His making notable contributionsB. For all his notable contributionsD. However his notable contributionsBCompany Logo8. _ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. (2008)A. Much though B. Much as C. As muc

29、h D. Though muchB比较状语从句Company Logo比较状语从句 常用as, than, the morethe more, Just as, so; A is to B what C is to D; as A is to B, (so) C is to D; no more than; not so much A as B(与其说A不如说B)等。It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing.As a man lives, so he dies.Her mother is not as tall as she (is).Co

30、mpany Logo比较结构中的省略More than后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句, 从句中常见的形容词有：necessary, good, Possible, anticipate, expect, feel, suggest, report, require, think.- The man drank a little more than was good for him. = The man drank a little more than what was good for him.- There were more accidents than (what) was report

31、ed.- He eats more than (what/it) is good for him.As后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句- He eats as much as (what/it) is good for him.- The man drank as much as (what) was good for him.Company Logo比较状语从句1. The experiment requires more money than_. (2002-49)A. have been put in B. being put in C. has been put in D. to be

32、put in2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _ in the public mind today.(1999) A. exists B. exist C. existing D. to existC ACompany Logo3. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _Eastern Nebraska. (1996)A. in B. it receives in C. does D. it do

33、es in4. They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as _. (2008)A. it could be B. could be C. it was D. was. C BCompany Logo1. _ the two, Bob is _ student. (1995)A. Of, more diligent B. In, more diligentC. Of, the more diligent D. In, the more diligent2. Mary is _ than Alice.(1992)A. more e

34、xperienced a teacher B. a more experienced teacherC. more an experienced teacher D. more experienced teacher3. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, _ to the truck.(2003)A. the greater stress is B. greater is the stressC. the stress is greater D. the greate

35、r the stressCBACompany Logo1. Twelve is to three _ four is to one.A. what B. as C. that D. like2. Intellect is to the mind _ sight is to the body. (2001-45)A. what B. asC. that D. likeA ACompany LogoFat cannot change into muscle _ muscle changes into fat.A. any more than B. no more than C. no less t

36、han D. much more thanACompany Logo1. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent. A. so much as B. rather than C. as D. than2. It is not _ much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand. A. that B. as C. so D.

37、very 3. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner _ to the professor. (1998-47)A. as far as B. the same as C. as much as D. as long asACC结果状语从句Company Logo结果状语从句 常用sothat, suchthat, to the extent that, to the degree that, to such a degree that, so much so that, 等。Company Logo结果状

38、语从句 e.g. They are such diligent students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.e.g. He was excited to such a degree that he couldnt sleep last night.Company Logo结果状语从句 1. so much so that用于形容词或副词后，表示“到如此程度以至于”e.g. He was very weak, so much so that he couldnt walk.2. 当名词前有little,

39、 few, much, many修饰时，要用so，不用such.e.g. He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.3. sothat结构有时可以放于句首，要用倒装。e.g. So bright is the little boy that he has learned 100 poems up to now.Company Logo结果状语从句 so that 和such thatso + 形容词或副词+ that ；such + 名词+ that 。He ran so fast that his brother couldnt cat

40、ch up with him . 他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood .他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。Company LogoDoes Alan like hamburgers？Yes. So much _that he eats them almost every day. （2003）A. for B. as C. to D. soHis remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting. (2005

41、)A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to方式状语从句Company Logo方式状语从句 方式状语从句放在主句之后, as, just as, (just) asso, as if/though, the way等引导。as if和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。例如:The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man.The teacher told the students to do as he did.

42、 Leave it as it is.Company Logothe waythe way后面的引导词常用that,而且经常省略。一般不用in which。例如:We didnt like the way_ he treated us.(A. which B. where C. that D. in which)此题答案应该是C。所以the way一般可以看作是引导一个方式状语从句的词组。Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. (以的方式) Company Logo真题She did her wor

43、k _ her manager had instructed. (2002-41)A. as B. until C. when D. though定语从句Company Logo关系代词关系副词 起连词作用，本身又作从句中的主语、宾语、表语或定语 即起连接作用，本身又在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语who,whom(的人）whose(某人的）which(东西，指物)that(的人或物，指物或人）as(象那样的，和相同，正如)when(的时候，修饰的时间名词)where(的地方修饰场所、方位等名词)why(原因；理由)Company Logo关联词在定语从句中有三个作用：a.引导定语从句b.在从句

44、中代替先行词c.在从句中担任某一句子成份一、先行词是指物的名词或代词时，关系代词用that, which。 （一） that 与 which 指物时一般情况可以互换，但在下列情况下通常用that, 不用which。 1.当先行词（定语从句所修饰的名词或代词）是everything, anything, nothing, all, much, few, little, none, the one, no one, some 等不定代词时。 e.g. All that can be done has been done. Is there anything that you want? 2. 当先

45、行词被any, few, little, no, all, every, very, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, some 修饰时，常用that。e.g. The only thing that he remembered was her name. There is no difficulty that we cant overcome.3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时，用that。 e.g. This is the first letter that Ive written in English. She is th

46、e most careful student that Ive ever known.4. 两个并列的先行词，既有指人的，也有指物的，用that。 e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things that they remembered in the school.5. 当被修饰的成份在主句中是系动词be后的表语或关系词本身在定语从句中做表语，用that。 （be的分类: a. am, is, are. b. 表变化的get. c. 感观动词look, smell. d. 表保持的stay.) e.g. China isnt the cou

47、ntry that she used to be fifty years ago. Its a book that will help you a great deal.6. 当主句是由who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句（不管指人指物）用that。 e.g. Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop? What did you hear that made you so angry? Which is the task, that overtook as yesterday?7. 主句是由“There be + 主语（表物）”开

48、头时，定语从句用that。 e.g. There is a seat that is still free. There are two tickets that are for you.8. 当先行词是基数词时常用that。 e.g. caught two fish yesterday, now, you can see the two that are still alive.真题1. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be sub

49、stantially reduced. A. whose B. as C. what D. that2. He is quite worn out form years of hard work. He is not the man _he was twenty years ago. A. which B. that C. who D. whomD B真题3. I have never been to London, but that is the city _.A. where I like to visit mostB. Id like to visitC. which I like to

50、 visit mostlyD. where Id like most to visit4. Ive never been to Lhasa, but thats the city _.A. Id most like to visit B. where I like to visitC. which I like to visit mostlyD. Id like much to visit5. there is no one in the world _.A. that ever made mistakes B. that has ever made mistakesC. that never

51、 makes mistakes D. that sometimes makes mistakesB A C（二） that与which指物时用which而不用that的情况 1. 在非限制性定语从句中用which。 2. 当关系代词的前面有介词时。 e.g. This is the factory in which we once worked. 3. 当先行词本身是that或those(指物)时，用which引导。 e.g. What was that which flashed in the sky just now. 4. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时。 e.g. Here is the

52、English grammar book which, Ive told you, will help improve your English. 二、当先行词是指人的名词时，通常用who, that, whom 引导，但在下列情况下定语从句只用who不用that。 1. 先行词为the one, ones, anyone等时 e.g. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2. 先行词为those( 指人)或被those修饰时 e.g. Those who learn not only from books, but also throu

53、gh practice will succeed.3. 在由“There be + 主语(指人)”开头的句子中 e.g. There is a man outside who wants to see you.4. 当先行词带有较长的后置定语时e.g. The woman in blue with a boy on her back who is working in the fields.5. 在非限制性定语从句中用who。三、关系代词as1. 引导限制性定语从句，常与such或the same连用，构成the sameas; suchas结构，as用于代替指人或指物的先行词。 e.g. I

54、 have got into the same trouble as he (has). e.g. He is not such a boy as would cheat in the exam.关系代词as2.引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，意思“正如”，位置比较灵活，既可以指代前面提到的内容，也可指后面要提到的内容。 e.g. As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students ability in a more effective way. e.g. The test is cancelled as yo

55、u have hoped. e.g. The test, as you have hoped, is cancelled.在引导非限制性定语从句时 ,as和which所代表的都是整个句子所表示的内容。不同之处：、在形式上as引导的非限制定语从句可位于主句后面，也可位于主句之前；而which引导的非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句的前面。、as 在从句中常作宾语；作主语时，从句的谓语动词常为系动词，即：系表结构或被动结构。若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。As you expected, he turned up on time.正如你所愿，他按时到了。As is sa

56、id above, he has conquered the difficulty. 正如上面所说，他征服了困难。关系代词as和whichIt rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案B. 真题1. Only take such clothes _ really necessary.A. as were B. as they are C. as they were D. as are _ is often the case with a new idea,

57、much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. A. That B. It C. This D. AsD D关系副词引导的定语从句 四、where (=at, in which)表地点 e.g. That is the place where they met for the first time.注意：在下列“case, policy, point, condition, situation, circumstance”等表示“情况，方面，条件”等词引导定语从句时，也用wh

58、ere，等于under which.e.g. Everyone may face the situation where you have to make a decision yourself.真题1. This company has now introduced a policy _ pay rises are related to performance at work.A. which B. where C. whether D. what2. Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right

59、 yet you cannot agree with him.A. by which B. that C. in where D. whereB D“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句1. 在非限制性定语从句中只能用关系代词which/whom,不能用that。2. 在非限制性定语从句中，of which/whom可以用来修饰不定代词all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several等。 e.g. Many people came to her party, most of w

60、hom were her former classmates. e.g. There are 50 students in our class, up to 20 of whom are from the south.3. “介词which+名词”引导的定语从句 e.g. He spent two years in the U.S.A., during which period she studied law. e.g. Water boils at 100C, at which temperature it changes into gas.真题That is the robber _ ar