动词的时态和语态等英语语法汇总梳理

1、动词的时态和语态一动词的时态（一）时态的概述时态是一种动词形式，它是“时”和“体”的组合。“时”有_之分；“体”有_之别。动词的动作可发生于四种不同的时间，表现四种不同的“体”，每一种“时+体”就构成一种时态。所以英语动词共有（44）十六种时态，中学英语教学大纲中要求掌握的只有十种：_十六种动词时态的构成如下表示所示：时态种类构成公式现在过去将来过去将来一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态(二)各种时态的否定式1否定式一般在系动词/助动词/情态动词后+not2一般现在时和一般过去时本身不含助动词，所以要借助于助动词do(es)和did来构成否定式。一般现在时的否定式为“_”；一般过去时的否定式

2、为“_”。如：She does not/ did not/ can not understand.They do not/ did not/ can not understand.(三)各种时态的疑问式1疑问式一般为：_2与否定式一样，一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问式要借助于do(es)和did构成。一般现在时的疑问式为“_”；一般过去时的疑问式为“_”如：Does/ Did/ Can she understand?Do/ Did/ Can they understand?3.have作“有”解时，其一般现在时和一般过去时可用两种方式构成疑问式和否定式：直接在have之后加not构成否定式，把h

3、ave倒装到主语之前构成疑问式；或借助于do(es)，did构成否定式和疑问式。4There be 的否定式为“_”，疑问式为“_？”（二）知识梳理一一般现在时1、表经常性或习惯性的动作，现在的特征或状态。客观存在或普遍真理 Eg: Light travels much quickly than sound.2、在时间、条件、让步状语从句里，及句型the more the more 中，常用一般现在时表将来。引导时间状语从句的连词有：when, before, after, until, as soon as 引导条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless, once引导让步状语从句的连词有：

4、no matter, even if, even though, 疑问词+ever, whether or not eg:1) When will he come again?When he comes. Ill let you know.2)Whatever happens, Ill help you.3)Hell do it if you pay him.比较： If you will listen, I will tell you about it. 第一个will为_，第二个will为_.3、表预先确定的或不能更改的计划，或按规定将要发生的动作。限于少数动词。如: _等.Eg:1)Wh

5、at time does the train leave for Shanghai? 2) The plane takes off at 9:30 a.m.4、在以副词here/there/ now/then/out/ in/up/down/off等开头的倒装句，用一般现在时表示进行时。Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.5、表示感觉、心理状态，存在状态的动词常用一般现在时，不用进行时。 表感觉的词有：see, hear, feel, smell, taste, love ,like, prefer,dislike, hate, mind, obje

6、ct, detest, etc. 表心理活动的词有：want, wish, desire, know, believe, think, suppose doubt, wonder, forget, remember, see （明白） 表存在状态的词有：have, possess, own, hold, contain, belong to.be 一般现在时表示一贯性：He is foolish. 现在进行时表示一时性：He is being foolish.他现在倒发傻了.二现在进行时1、表此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作，还可用来表示与过去对比。能用该时态的动词应是_动词。Eg:1)He is

7、translating a book this year.2)He is speaking English much more fluently than he used to. 其主要特点是它所表示的动作具有_。2、现在进行时与某些副词（always, often, forever, continually, constantly, never等）连用表示某种情绪如：_等。Eg: The boy is always making trouble. You are constantly finding fault with me.3、一些短暂性动词的现在进行时表示一个即将发生的动作或表示按计划

8、安排将要发生的动作，常用动词有：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, stay等。Eg: He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.4、有些动词不用现在进行时。（见一般现在时4）一般现在时与现在进行时的区别1）经常性与暂时性Eg:He lives in Beijing. He is living in Beijing.He smokes. He is smoking .2）有无感情色彩Eg: He does fine work at school. He is doing fine work at school.三一般过去

9、时1、表过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, three days ago, just now, in the past等2、在时间，条件状语从句中，可代替过去将来时。Eg: I would tell her when she came.四过去进行时1、表过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。Eg: Shirley was writing a book about China last year, but I dont know whether she has finished it.（表过去_正在进行的动作）2、表位置转移的动词，如: go, come

10、, start, stay, leave等的过去进行时可表过去将来.Eg: Nobody knew whether he was going with us.3、与某些副词连用表示感情色彩，always, often, forever, constantly.Eg : He was always changing his mind.（表不满）一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：表示已完成与未完成Eg: He read the book that morning. He was reading the book that morning.说明事实与强调时间长度Eg: It rained all nig

11、ht. It was raining all night.五现在完成时1、发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响Eg: He has gone to FuZhou. 2、开始于过去的动作持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。Eg: He has studied English since 1985.注意： A：常与already, yet, just, still, ever, never, before, once, twice, lately, recently等副词连用，也常与in the past/last few years/days, since+时间点, for +时间段，today, thi

12、s morning, up to now, so far等包括现在在内的时间状语连用。B：现在完成时不能与表示过去的特定时间状语连用。_When have you come?When did you come? C：短暂性动词不能与for, since等表示一段时间状语连用，但_Eg: I have joined the army for three years. ( ) I joined the army three years ago. ( ) I have been in the army for three years. ( ) It is three years since I jo

13、ined the army. ( ) He hasnt written to me for two years. （ ） I havent bought any dressed for three months. ( )D:现在完成式可用于时间，条件状语从句中，代替_。Eg :1)Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. 2)Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 3)If it has stopped snowing in the afternoon, well go to the

14、 park.E: since从句的翻译Its a long time since I met you last. _ since we studied together._since从句中的动词（无论是短暂性动词，还是延续性动词）若用过去时，表示从动作完成或状态的结束算起。现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）对现在有无影响 His toy has been broken.His toy was broken. He has lived here all his life. He lived here all his life. 2）前者（现完）表过去开始的动作延续到现在，后者（一般过去）表示过去

15、延续了一段的动作已停止。六过去完成时1、表示过去某时间或某动作之前已完成的动作或状态，还可表示某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，常与by, before等介词短语连用。Eg:1)I had learnt 5,000 words before I entered the university. 2) He had worked for 12 hours before he slept.2、动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等的过去完成时表示未曾实现的希望，意图，愿望等。Eg: I had m

16、eant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away.注意：这些动词的一般过去时+have done也可表未曾实现的愿望。Eg: I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.另外：两个或两个以上的接连发生的动作若用and 或but连接时，若按时间顺序连接，只需用一般过去进，若不按时间顺序连接，那么先发生的动作须用过去完成时。Eg : He lost his pen but found it later. He found the pen tha

17、t he had lost.七现在完成进行时： 表示动作从过去某时开始，一直持续到现在。可能还要持续下去。通常与_连用。Eg : Hi, Tracy, you look tired.I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：1、在与表示一段时间的状语连用时，两者都可表示一个从过去开始的动作延续到现在，并可能延续下去，此时，两者可互换。Eg: I have been teaching here for 10 years.=I have taught here for 10 years.2、在

18、不与表示一段的时间状语连用时，现在完成时表示动作到说话时刻已经结束，而现在完成进行时表示此动作仍在进行。Eg: They have prepared for the meeting. They have been preparing for the meeting.八几种将来时表示法的用法比较a. will/shall do sth. 表示将来发生的事情，用于事物，则有表示纯粹的将来时间的意味，用于人时，还可表示说话人的意愿，也可以表示说话后就要做的事情。b. be going to do sth. 表示说话人的打算、意图；预报某事即将发生或有迹象表示某事即将发生。c. be to do st

19、h. 表示计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的事情，还可以表示注定要发生的动作。d. be about to sth. 表示即刻要发生的动作，通常不与表示较长时间的状语连用。e. be going/coming/leaving/starting. 表示现在已经安排好的事情或计划好在将来就要做的事情，句中常有表示时间的状语。f. do/does. 表示事先已经安排好的事情，或用于时间、条件、让步等状语从句中表示将来。g. will/shall be doing sth. 表示在未来一个特定的时刻或时期将在进行中的一种动作，或表示已经安排好将来某个时刻或时期内将在进行中的事情。时态的呼应：时态的呼应指

20、在_，常见于名词从句（_）。若主句的谓语动词为现在时态或将来时态，从句可根据需要选用任何时态。若主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句需要用过去的某种时态。Eg: It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.某些固定句式中动词的时态是固定的。1. 1）This /It is the first/ secondtime+ that从句（_） 2）This/ It was the first/ second.time + that从句（_）eg: This is first time(that) I have come here. This wa

21、s the third time he had made the same mistakes.2. It is/ has been +时间段+since从句（_）It was+时间段+since从句（_）Eg: It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.从句用_，主句用_3. hardly/ scarcely.when. on soonerthan.eg: 1) I had hardly got home when it rained.=Hardly had I got home when it rained.eg: 2)

22、I had no sooner got home than it rained.=No sooner had I got home than it rained.4. It+ be+ 时间段+before从句：若主句为将来时，则before从句用_，若主句为一般过去时，则before从句_。Eg: It wont be long before he succeeds. It was ten years before they met again.5. This/ It is + 形容词最高级+ n+ 定语从句（_） This/ It was+ 形容词最高级+n+定语从句（_）Eg: This

23、is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.6. be about to dowhen意为“_”如： I was about to go out when the telephone rang.7. be(was/were)+dong.when意为“_”。如： They were reading when Tom shouted in pain.8. had just done when.意为“_”。eg: I had just finished my homework when it

24、rained.主动和被动一、get +过去分词 可以表示_，此结构比较口语化，如： She got married last week. The patient got treated once a week. He fell off the car and got killed.二、主动形式表被动意义1、表示状态特征的联系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear+形容词/名词构成的系表结构。 The steel feels cold.His plan proved(to be)practical.2、表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如beg

25、in, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。 Work began at 7clock this morningThe shop closes at 6p.m. every day 3、表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如read, write, act, sell, clean, wear, open, cut, cook, drive, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。如： This coat dries easily. Nylon cleans easily. The door wont lock. Food can ke