电大企业信息管理考试小抄

1、企业信息管理名词解释（3分，15分）:10年秋的考题：1、信息战略：作为经营战略的一个环节，将具有经济价值的信息、信息基础设施和人的因素这三个信息资源的要素有机的结合在一起，并加以充分利用的计划。它是信息管理的各项具体工作的基本出发点。2、新经济：是建立在信息技术革命和经济全球化基础上的经济。3、系统：是由若干相互联系，相互制约的元素结合在一起，并形成具有特定功能的有机整体。这种有机整体有三层含义：这些元素是为了达到某个或某些共同的目标而结合的；这种结合要遵守某些规则；这种结合意味着这些元素之间有较强的相互依存和相互作用的关系，往往不可轻易地分割为独立单元而存在。4、逻辑设计：指在逻辑上确定信

2、息系统的功能，解决信息系统能“做什么”的问题，为下一阶段的系统设计提供依据。5、计算机黑客：是人们对那些利用所掌握的技术未经授权而进入一个计算机信息网，以获取个人利益、故意捣乱或寻求刺激为目的的人的总称。管理信息系统：是运用系统理论和方法，以电子计算机和现代通讯技术为信息处理手段和传输工具，能为企业管理决策提供信息服务的人机系统。CIO：是负责制订企业信息政策和标准、对于企业的信息资源进行全面规划和管理的高级管理人员。CIO由副总裁级的管理人员担任。专家系统：一个具有大量专门知识与经验的计算机系统，作为人工智能的一种技术，把某一领域内的专家们的知识提炼出来，建成一个知识库，以解决该领域的有关问

3、题和决策。专家系统通过知识库，利用启发式算法，经验规则和推理方法解决难以寻找某些规律或定量描述的困难问题。决策支持系统：是以管理学、运筹学、控制论和行为科学为基础，以计算机和仿真技术为手段，辅助决策者解决半结构化或非结构化决策问题的人机交互信息系统。决策支持系统以提高决策效益为目标，对决策者起到支持和辅助作用，但不能代替决策者决策。企业信息化：指企业通过信息技术、信息系统的应用和信息资源的开发利用而服务于企业的战略发展、经营活动及企业全方位变革和发展，不断提高生产、经营、管理、决策的效率和水平，提高企业经济效益和企业竞争力的过程。电子商务：是各参与者之间以电子方式而不是以物理交换或直接物理接触

4、方式完成的业务交易。信息产业：是指直接与应用信息技术生产信息产品、制造信息设备，进行信息的采集、存储、加工、传递和开发利用信息产品等服务活动相关产业部门集合。生命周期法：指在进行系统分析和设计时，自上而下、由全局出发全面规划分析，然后一步步设计实现的信息系统开发方法。原型法：指一开始就凭借着系统分析人员对用户要求的理解，在强有力的软件环境支持下，给出一个实实在在的系统模型*或原型），这个原型大致表达了系统分析员当前对用户的需求了解和他希望系统实现后的形式。然后，系统分析人员和用户一道对该模型进行评价，根据评价的结果，再对模型进行反复修改，直到用户满意为止。二填空题（每空1分，共25分）：1、企

5、业的四种资源是人力、资金、物质、信息资源。2、系统按管理职权级别的不同分成：战略管理级、战术管理级 、作业处理级。3、对信息技术的使用分为职能级、公司级、全行业级三个不同的战略层次。4、从信息系统作用观点看，信息系统四个主要部件组成，即信息源 、信息处理部件、信息用户、信息管理者。5、管理信息系统是运用系统理论和方法，以计算机 和现代通讯技术为信息处理手段和传输工具，能为企业管理决策提供服务的人机系统。6、企业信息系统建设的4个基本原则是以系统工程的观点指导信息系统的建设、与用户密切配合、“一把手”原则、重视企业信息系统的战略规划。7、数据库概念的基本目标是减少数据冗余、增加数据的独立性。8、

6、一个较成熟的DSS结构是由交互语言系统、问题处理系统 和 知识系统构成。*企业信息系统结构按组成方式不同分为：概念结构、功能结构、软件结构、硬件结构。*信息系统的生命周期5个组成部分：确定需求、系统开发、系统安装配置、系统运行、系统更换。*信息系统外部因素造成的安全隐患有计算机犯罪 、黑客 和计算机病毒。*信息基本特征：客观性、价值性、等级性、可分离性、可传输性、可再生性。*系统特征：整体性、关联性、层次性、目的性、适应性。*专家系统的子系统是：知识获取子、咨询解释子、知识库子和推理子系统。*信息系统内部因素产生的安全隐患是 软件 和数据质量 问题。*互联网给企业与个人带来的最大利益就是信息共

7、享。*文档三大类：系统文档、用户文档、操作文档。*资源是由信息、信息基础设施、人的因素等三种要素组成。*数据管理包括：数据标准化、数据定义、制定代码体系、数据安全保护等内容。*.信息系统三个基本行为部件是：输入、处理、输出。*系统战略规划主要内容：企业目标的确定、解决目标的方式确定 、企业信息系统目标的确定、系统方案的确定 。三、选择题（1分，共10分）：10年秋的考题：1、下面哪个是最高级的信息系统（DSS）2、哪种决策问题最适于用交互式计算机软件系统来解决（半结构化决策问题）3、耦合指一个系统内两个模块之间的相互依赖关系，最理想的耦合形式是（数据耦合）4、下面哪些是信息处理器中的内容？（A

8、.硬件、B软件、D系统开发人员）5、管理信息系统有哪些主要功能？(A数据处理B计划C控制D预测和决策）6、信息资源管理的基本内容包括（ABC）A资源管理的方向和控制B建立企业信息资源指导委员会 C信息资源的组织结构7、下面哪个不属于信息系统的应用保障措施（D）A输入输出授权认证B程序化例行编辑检查C总量控制技术D总体保障8、下面哪个不属于安全控制措施环节？（B）A人B设备C组织D技术9、确定系统逻辑优先顺序的主要标准有哪些？（ABCD）A潜在的利益分析B对企业的影响C成功的可能性D需求10、绘制系统结构图时要遵循模块设计的原则是（ABC）A低耦合B高聚合 C作用范围要在控制范围之中 D独立性*

9、从信息系统的作用观点看，哪个不是信息系统主要部件？（B.系统分析员）*信息存储的载体有（ABC）A书刊B声像存储媒体C计算机存储器*企业信息系统开发的四个阶段是（ABCD）A系统设计B系统评价C系统分析D系统实施*作为信息系统评价指标的有（ABCD）A可靠性B经济性C正确性D准时性*信息系统对产品质量有那些影响？（ABCD）A、利用信息产品软件，简化产品的设计与生产过程。B、有助于建立高标准的质量体系。C、缩短运行周期。D、改进设计质量和精度。*保证软件质量的关键是（B软件测试）。*B2G是指 (企业与政府机构之间进行的电子商务活动)*企业中信息化委员会的工作通常由（CIO）负责。*信息系统维

10、护中最重要的方面是（B软件维护）*信息系统的成功与失败最主要因素是非技术因素，其中关键是（用户）*存在开发费用高，维护困难，系统维护需要开发单位的长期支持 等缺陷的企业IT项目建设模式是(委托开发)*企业信息系统的开发工作小组的开发人员有（ABC）A管理人员 B程序设计人员 C系统分析设计人员*信息技术获取竞争优势主要体现在：（无线通信和电子商务）。*以下几个特征中哪个不是系统的特征（C 及时性）*结构化生命周期法的缺点主要表现在哪个阶段？（需求分析阶段）*信息系统对组织的影响作用体现在 (BCD) B.信息系统对组织战略提供支持c.信息系统对组织变革提供支持 D.信息系统可能成为组织的累赘

11、*常见的数据安全保护对象有（ABD）A数据定义B数据文件D程序*以下几个选项哪些是代码的类型（ABCD）A序码B块码 C分组码D助记码*计算机网络的特点有（ABCD）A共享性 B可靠性 C分散性D可扩充性*专家系统的核心部分是（AD）。A知识库子系统B知识获取子系统C咨询解释子系统D推理子系统*下面几个子系统哪个不是专家系统的子系统？（D）A知识获取子系统B咨询解释子系统C推理子系统D订货子系统*按管理对象和管理职能，企业系统划分子系统的数量与（ABC）有关。A产中品种的多少B产品复杂程度 C工艺特点*企业信息系统硬件的逻辑配置方案有（ABCD）A多用户系统B单机C计算机网络D工作站方案*哪个

12、不属于企业的特殊环境？（A）A技术B产品用户C竞争对手D供应商*在客户关系生命周期中 (AB)。 A.考察期是客户关系的孕育期 B.形成期表明双方建立了一定的相互信任和相互依赖关系c.稳定期是客户关系快速发展期 D.退化期是在稳定期后的一个时期 三、简答题（3分，共12分）1、简述信息资源管理体系。答：信息资源管理体系包括：1、组织结构和人的因素；其中人的因素的主要包括：认识CIO的在企业中的地位和作用；发挥信息化委员会的功能；重视人才培养；提高整个企业的信息利用能力。2、数据资源管理；包括：数据的标准化、数据的定义、制定代码体系、数据的安全保护。3、信息基础资源的管理和评价；包括：网络系统的

13、管理、信息系统和企业模型；信息系统的评价。4、信息战略管理；包括：信息战略、制定信息战略的体制。2、如何选择软硬件？答：应针对信息系统所采取的计算机处理方式，来考虑选择软硬件。1.硬件选择：1）实用性，有可扩充性；2）容易开发容易使用，较强的通信能力以及可靠、可用、可维性好，开放性好；3）信誉好的厂家产品；性能价格比高。避免：1）先购机后作系统分析与设计；2）一味求先进，把技术可行性建立在不成熟的时髦机上。 2、软件选择：系统软件分为操作系统和应用软件。其中，操作系统是核心，它的功能和性能在一定程度上决定系统的整体水平。应用软件又分：应用软件包和自编程序。前者经过优化，编制质量和运行质量较高的

14、商业软件，后者是由企业自行设计的软件。3、简述信息战略的主要内容。答：1、信息；2、信息基础；3、人的因素。4、简述知识与经济的内、外部特症。答：简答：知识与信息的关系。答：1、信息是关于事物运动状态和规律的的消息，是事物存在和变化的情况，是客观世界中各种事物状态和特征的反映。而知识则是人类认识世界的成果或结晶，它是人类认识活动的产物。没有人的认识活动，就没有知识。2、知识是经过人加工过的系统化和结构化的信息。人的一生要接受很多信息，那些对人有意义的信息经过加工整理，形成系统化的信息结构，加以记忆记录，就形成了知识。在一定意义上可以这样说，知识二次信息、人造信息。3、知识是信息，但是信息不一定

15、是知识。作为人类知识，它是人类认识世界的成果或结晶，其作用就是要帮助人们更好的认识世界、理解世界和改造世 界，就是要消除或减少人们认识的不确定性。所以，知识是一种信息。然而，信息是无处不在的，有物质运动就有相应的信息。在众多信息中，被人加工整理的信息 只是一部分，还有许多信息没有被人加工利用，这些没有没人加工的信息就不是知识。简答：信息的概念和基本特征答：信息是客观事物的特征通过一定物质载体形式的反映，它是加工后的数据。信息的基本特征有：客观性、价值性 、等级性、可分离性、可传输性和可再生性 。*简述：信息化社会的主要特征。答：信息化社会主要包括：1、社会的信息化：指社会系统的信息化；2、工厂

16、自动化：指生产过程自动化；3、办公自动化：指使用计算机实现办公过程即管理过程的信息化；4、家庭自动化：指人们生活的信息化。信息化社会的特征：1）信息、知识、智力日益成为社会发展的决定力量;2）信息技术、信息产业、信息经济日益成为科技、经济、社会发展的主导因素;3）信息劳动者、脑力劳动者、知识分子的作用日益增大;4）信息网络成为社会发展的基础设施。简答：信息系统对企业组织产生何种影响？答：1）提高企业竞争优势。2）改进企业的工作效率和生产销售方式。3）促进企业内部运行和管理方式的改进。4）促进企业产品质量的提高。5）促进企业组织的变革。简答：信息技术对企业发展战略的意义答：1）企业间的协同；企业

17、间可以利用信息系统成为信息伙伴，甚至可以将他们的信息系统联结起来，共享信息资源。2）使用信息系统还可以取得全行业的竞争优势；3）网络经济；4）企业的业务流程重组。业务流程重组旨在消除低效的业务与部门，减少无效劳动及提高对市场与客户的反映速度，使流程的每一步都能获得价值增值；业务流程重组强调企业整体全局上的最优而不是单个环节或作业任务的最优。简答：的建立对提高企业生存能力的作用。答：缩短生产周期、降低生产成本、了解市场信息。*简答：系统维护的任务和系统评价的内容答： 系统维护任务的是为了使信息系统适合环境和各种其他因素的变化，当信息系统发生故障或局部不理想时，及时进行维修和改进，保证信息系统正常

18、工作并满足系统用户对系统的要求。系统评价内容：1 .达到目标性能的测定,包括：企业管理人员对系统效率的评价；输出报表质量如何，企业管理人员是否满意；操作是否方便；系统平均无故障时间；数据资源的利用率；系统的可扩展性及可维护性。2.系统安全性和可靠性,包括： 系统各个环节上的校验措施是否完善；安全保密措施是否健全；对各种意外情况有无预防措施与应急计划；数据转储是否符合要求，是否有效。3 .系统管理的科学性,包括：运行记录是否完备；系统维护是否有严格审批制度；主管人员能否及时了解情况；主管人员是否有技术手段和组织途径检查系统的各部分。4.系统的经济效益与社会效益分析系统的效益分析是评价企业管理信息

19、系统的重要方面。一般从社会效益和经济效益两个方面来评价四、论述题（5分，共20分）：1、管理信息系统开发应具备的条件及其作用答：条件：1）企业主要领导重视，特别是一把手亲自参与和领导，也称一把手原则；2）企业具有开发管理信息系统的需求；3）具有一定的科学管理的基础；4）有一支高水平的信息系统开发的专业队伍；5）必要的资金支持和资源条件；管理信息系统极大提高了企业在市场中的生存能力和竞争力，主要作用：1）对市场作出快速反应；2）缩短生产周期；3）降低产品成本；4）及时了解市场信息。2、如何分析现行系统。答：企业信息系统是根据“基于原系统，高于原系统”的规则对现行系统的映射。应对以下几方面进行分析

20、：1目标分析：分析各类目标的层次关系和权重关系；分析各项分目标之间的协调与冲突关系；了解系统目标是否与环境适应。2组织机构与功能分析：了解组织的总体结构及组织内部各部分之间的关系；分析各组织机构的职能是否明确，是否发挥了应有的作用；分析组织机构设置的合理性，找出存在的问题；根据计算机辅助管理的要求，为企业决策者提供调整机构设置的参考意见。3、业务流程分析：对现有的业务流程进行分析，提出合理的改进方案。4用户需要分析：了解企业总体上的信息需求；了解每项应用的详细信息需求。5、薄弱环节分析：找出企业信息收集、处理、传输、储存等方面存在的问题。3、企业系统规划方法的原则和基本研究步骤。 答：BSP法

21、基本原则：1.企业信息系统必须支持企业的战略目标。2.企业信息系统的总体规划应当表达出企业的各个管理层次的要求。3.企业信息系统应向整个企业提供一致的信息。4.企业信息系统应在组织结构和管理体制改变时保持工作能力。5.企业信息系统的总体规划应当由系统结构中的子系统开始实现。 BSP研究步骤：1.研究的准备工作；2.研究的开始阶段；3.定义企业过程；4.定义数据类；5.分析当前业务与系统的关系；6.定义系统的总体结构；7.确定系统的优先顺序。4、*试述：信息系统安全保障重要环节的内容。答：重要环节的安全保障内容： 1.人员系统：防范内部和外部人员利用计算机进行犯罪；对信息系统管理人员进行培训，提

22、高管理水平；减少信息系统用户错误；简化控制技术的复杂性，使人们操作起来。2、组织系统：组织内部设立超级系统管理机构，负责信息系统的总体安全保障；把信息系统不同的功能分开进行分工管理，各负其责，减少系统之间的相互干扰。3、.技术系统：降低硬件失灵的次数和影响；减少软件错误；注意通信环节的安全性；数据库的安全性；应用程序存放安全性。五、案例分析（9分，共18分）：1、下列模型展示的内容中，信息技术是如何作用于生产力的？4.对劳动者的影响 5.对劳动工具的影响 6.对劳动对象的影响2、分析下列图形内容，给出信息技术不同发展阶段的名称及其主要内容。5.计算机时代 6.网络时代 7.内容时代 8.智能时

23、代请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the Na

24、tional Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sh

25、eryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball

26、is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a w

27、omens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team pr

28、ovides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped

29、 on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and

30、the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rule

31、s based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of runnin

32、g, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about

33、 the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could n

34、ot move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated go

35、al. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a si

36、de, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety

37、 of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original player

38、s were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It wa

39、s 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were

40、ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there we

41、re two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began govern

42、ing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the Unite

43、d States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carry

44、ing regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game

45、 changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has pr

46、obably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics ha

47、s been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor qual

48、ity of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had t

49、o govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, bu

50、t four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997

51、 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor ex

52、ercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine play

53、ers to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points

54、, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass ba

55、ckboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most te

56、ams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the

57、1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with bal

58、conies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball

59、and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black

60、 teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the peri