236stress_intonation

1、LinguisticsOctober, 2013Lecture 6Chapter 2 Stress & Intonation 2.3.6 Suprasegmental features: stress&IntonationSound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes), and such contrasts are called suprasegmentals.Suprasegmental features: syllable, stress, tone, intonation 2StressDefinition:Whe

2、n a word has more than one syllable, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress.3StressSome points:1 Stress may be a fixed feature of a word, and essentially part of its form.2 It seems to ba a general tendency i

3、n English to mark the difference between nouns and verbs in this way: Nouns have first syllable stress, verbs second.4Stress3 Stress is the intensity or prominence given to a syllable. This prominence is considered to ba caused by aditional breath force or muscular action, or length, or a change in

4、pitch. 5Stress4. A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables, the former being more prominent than the later usually due to an increase in loudness, length or pitch.5. Classification of stress: word stress & sentence stress6 Word stressWhat is word stress? P43Primary stress

5、 or main stress & secondary stress P447Sentence stressStress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. It may also have a function at the sentence level:Sentence stress is often used to express which part of the sentence is in focus, or which word should receive special emphasis.8I

6、ntonationDefinition of IntonationSpeech sounds which are identical as to their place or manner features may differ in length, pitch or loudness. When speaking, people generally raise and lower the pitch of their voice. This phenomenon is called intonation.9 IntonationIntonation refers to the rise an

7、d fall of the pitch voice in spoken language.1 System of Intonation2 Structure of Intonation3 Types of nuclear tone4 Functions of intonation10System of IntonationAs far as intonation processing concerns, there are in turn three sets of choices. They are: (1) how to break the utterance up into chunks

8、, (2) what is to be accented, and (3) what tones are to be used (Wells 2006:6). Halliday refers to them as tonality, tonicity and tone (i.e. three Ts). 11System of IntonationGenerally tonality decides how many pieces of information in one utterance; tonicity decides the focus of information; and ton

9、e decides the concrete meaning of information except the lexical meanings which is decided by words.12how the three Ts works in intonation system13Structure of IntonationIn a tone unit, there are words with different significance. Speakers usually want to make some words stand out as the focus of th

10、e information by adding accent and pitch movement.Each tone unit contains one piece of information, namely one focus of information. The nucleus is attached to the focus of information 14Structure of IntonationStressed syllables in these words are the nucleus of this tone unit and they are obligator

11、y. Syllables before or after the nucleus are optional and are termed as “pre-head, “head and “tail according to the traditional British approach.The most common position for the tonic or nucleus is on the last lexical term (i.e. content words) such as nouns, verbs, adverbs of the tone unit.15Structu

12、re of Intonation All the syllables that follow the nucleus compose the tail of the tone unit which is composed of an unspecified number of stressed and unstressed syllables (at least of either)16Structure of IntonationThe head extends from the first accented syllable in the tone unit to the last syl

13、lable before the nucleus. The first accented syllable is called the onset. The part before the onset, is the pre-head.17Structure of IntonationGiven the above, the structure of the tone unit can be summarized as: (Pre-head) (Head) Nucleus (Tail). All the possible tone unit structures: 8 PHNT, N, PN,

14、 NT, HNT, PNT, PHN, HN. 18Structure of Intonation19ExeciseA: A |dog is a |mans |best company.(PHNT)B: Yes, | it is. (N) (PN)A: Cats are also |mans |best |company.(NT)B: |Men |like animals. But I hate |cats.(HNT) (PNT)A: They |behave mild. |Animals are |mens friends.(PHN) (HN)20Structure of Intonatio

15、n21Types of nuclear tone(1) Low Fall(2) High Fall(3) Low Rise(4) High Rise (5) Fall-Rise(6) Rise-Fall (7) Mid-level2223Functions of intonation(1)Grammatical function: Some sentences are ambiguous when written and their ambiguity can only be removed by using differences of tonality and tonicity.Diffe

16、rent pitch patterns or tones in English can signal different types of sentences, or different meanings of the same word group.24Removal of ambiguity下雨天留客天留我不留（1）下雨天,留客天,留我不留？（2）下雨天留客,天留,我不留。（3）下雨天留客,天留我不留？25Removal of ambiguity My sister who lives in Endinburgh has just had twins.(a)My sister, | who

17、 lives in /Endinburgh, | has Ijust had /twins.(b)My I sister who lives in /Endinburgh | has Ijust had /twins.句(a): non-restrictive attribute My only sister, who happens to live in Enginburgh.句(b): restrictive attribute I have several sisters. That one who lives in Edinburgh has just had twins.26One

18、more exampleThose who sold quickly I made a profit.Those who sold I quickly made a profit.27Signal different types of sentences the distinction between a statement and a questionYou can do it. (statement)You can do it. (question)28Functions of intonation(2)Attitudinal function: Intonation indicates

19、the speakers attitude: friendly, polite, angry, excited, surprises, bored and so on and so forth.29Attitudinal functionWas it there?(a)Was it / there?(very calm)(b)Was it /there?(insistent)(c)Was itthere?(quizzical, intolerant)(d)Was Vthere? (impatience)(e)/Was it othere?(incredulity or reluctance t

20、o accept sth)(f)|Was it /thcre?(genuinely interested)30Functions of intonation(3) the accentual functionThat English intonation has accentual function imply that the placement of the nucleus within the tone unit should be regarded as the most important part in a tone unit.31the accentual function(a)

21、 David likes Marys new books. (It isnt Damon, Daley, or others)(b) David likes Marys new books. (He does not love or hate her books)(c) David likes Marys new books. (He does not like Marianas, Marisas or others books)(d) David likes Marys new books. ( He does not like her old books)32the accentual function I can t see very well with my glasses now.(a)but John can(b)but I can see well with yours(C)but I can see quite well.(d)but I could when I bought hem(e)but I can see well if I don t wear them33英音和美音通俗的来讲,美国英语外向,英国英语内向；美国英语声音外露,英国英语声音内含