实用英语语法教程-第十九章-一致关系

1、实用英语语法教程-第十九章-一致关系1 主语和谓语的一致 主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称、数上要保持一致，它一般涉及三个原则：（1）语法一致原则从语法形式上取得一致，如主语为单数形式，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：The taboo against eating pork occurs in more than one culture. 不止一种文化有忌食猪肉的习俗。（2）意义一致原则从意义着眼来处理一致问题，如有时主语虽然形式上是单数，但意义为复数，此时谓语动词须用复数形式。如：The New York police are world-famous.

2、纽约警察举世闻名。（3）邻近一致原则谓语动词的数往往和靠得最近的主语的数保持一致。如：Neither the players nor the coach was confident of victory. 球员们和教练都没有取胜的信心。1. 1 并列结构作主语的主谓一致(1) 以and连接两个名词作主语时，如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Mary and Linda are twin sisters. 玛丽和琳达是双胞胎姐妹。Both Jack and Tom agree to come to the party. 杰克和汤姆都同意来参加聚会。War, fami

3、ne and other calamities have brought heavy losses to the local people. 战争、饥荒、及其他灾难给当地人民造成巨大的损失。（2）若and连接的两个名词指同一人或物，或视为一个整体时，则动词用单数。例如：A clerk and secretary is needed in the office. 办公室里需要一个做秘书的职员。The iron and steel industry is of great importance to the national economy. 钢铁工业对国民经济至关重要。Early to bed

4、and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富裕、和聪慧。（看作一件事）（3）当and连接的并列结构前有each, every, no, many a等修饰时，动词用单数。例如：Every man, woman and child was given a present. 每个男人、女人和孩子都被赠予了礼物。Many a student and teacher knows that the Internet is a good source of information. 许多师生都知道互联网是很好的信息来

5、源。No sound and voice is heard for a long time. 很长时间听不到声响。（4）由or, eitheror, neither nor, not only but also, not,but等连接的两个或两个以上的并列主语，一般按“邻近一致”原则来确定其谓语动词的形式。例如：Neither his training nor his experience as a railway engineer qualifies him for his job. 他所受过的训练和拥有的经验，都不能使他胜任当火车司机的工作。Either you or he is driv

6、ing against traffic regulations. 不是你就是他违章驾驶。Not just the students but even their teacher likes this novel. 不仅是学生，甚至他们的老师都很喜欢这本小说。（5）当主语后跟有accompanied by, along with, as much as, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, including，instead of，like, no less than, plus, rather tha

7、n, together with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词仍按主语的单、复数而定。例如：No one but Mary and Jim was there then. 当时除了玛丽和杰姆外，没有别人在场。She no less than I is keen to visit Oxford University. 她比我更想参观牛津大学。The President, along with his wife and daughter, is paying a visit to China. 总统与妻子女儿正在中国访问。The father, rather than the brothers, is

8、 responsible. 应负责的是父亲，而不是兄弟。All the team members, in addition to the captain, have left. 除了队长，所有的队员都离开了。1. 2 集体名词作主语的主谓一致（1）有些集体名词（尤其是有生命的），如cattle, mankind, militia (民兵), people, personnel, police, poultry（家禽），youth等作主语时，其谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如：As the thieves knew that the police were looking for them, the

9、y went off in different directions. 当贼得知警察正在搜寻他们时，他们四处跑散。Our personnel are very highly trained. 我们的人员训练有素。（2）有些集体名词（尤其是无生命的），如clothing, equipment, furniture, hardware（五金制品）, information, jewelry, luggage, machinery, merchandise（商品）, poetry, stationery（文具）等作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The merchandise has arriv

10、ed undamaged. 商品完好无损地运到。His luggage was entrusted to a fellow-student. 他的行李已托付给了同学。（3）有些集体名词，如army, audience, band, class, committee, couple, crew, crowd, faculty（全体教员）, family, government, group, jury（陪审团）, public, school, staff（全体人员）, team, troop, union, village等，若被视为整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，若被视为组成集体的具体成员时，谓

11、语动词用复数形式。例如：The company are mostly young people. 这家公司的成员大都是年轻人。The government has ordered its troops to launch the biggest offensive against the armed rebellion. 政府已命令它的军队向武装叛乱分子发动最大规模的进攻。The government have discussed the issue for a long time but they have not reached an agreement. 政府对此事已讨论了很久，但还没有

12、达成协议。1. 3 单复数同形的名词作主语的主谓一致单复数同形的名词作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则来确定谓语动词的形式。常用的这类名词有：aircraft, antelope（羚羊）, crossroads（十字路口）, deer, fish, headquarters, means, series, species, sheep, works等。如：Every means has been tried. 每种方法都试过了。The means of communication between here and outside are interrupted. 这里和外界的通讯工具都中断了。Th

13、e species of fish are numerous. 鱼的种类繁多。This species of rose is very rare. 这种玫瑰花很稀罕。One aircraft was brought down by the enemy fire. 一架飞机被敌人的炮火击落。Three aircraft were damaged. 三架飞机被击伤。1. 4 带数量词的名词词组作主语的主谓一致（1）表示数目、距离、金额、时间等的名词作主语时，通常将它们当作一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Fifteen years represents a long period of hi

14、s life. 十五年在他一生中是一段很长的时间。Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford. 四千美元超出了她所能承受的范围。但当强调这类词组的复数意义时，谓语动词也可用复数形式。例如：These twenty minutes of cross-questioning were the worst I ever spent. 这20分钟的盘问是我有生以来最难熬的时刻。（2）主语为“分数/百分数of名词”时，谓语动词的形式由of词组中的名词是单、复数而定。例如：About two thirds of the students have p

15、assed the exam. 大约三分之二的学生通过了考试。More than 90% of the watches on sale are made in China. 在售中的手表超过百分之九十是中国制造的。（3）主语为“many a + 名词（单数）”，“more than one +名词（单数）”或“one and a half+名词（复数）”时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Many a true word is spoken in jest. 笑谈之中至理多。 Many an hour was spent in interviewing the applicants. 花了很多时间对申请

16、人进行面试。More than one person is involved in this. 与此有牵连的人不止一个。（4）带有量词词组“a kind (portion, list, body, quantity, pair, species, series, sort) +of + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词往往用单数形式。如：A pair of scissors is needed in this work. 这一工作需要一把剪刀。A series of debates between the students was scheduled for the next week.下周学生们将有

17、一系列的辩论。A large portion of the reports is missing. 大部分的报告丢失了。（5）“a number of +名词（复数）”，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of + 名词（复数）”，谓语动词用单数形式；“the majority + 名词（复数）”，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：A number of students are from mountainous districts. 许多学生来自山区。The number of pages in this book is three hundred. 本书的页数为300页。The major

18、ity of doctors believe that smoking is harmful to health. 大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。（6）当主语为“half / most / rest / plenty + of + 名词”时，随后的动词形式按名词是单、复数而定。例如:Half of the work is done. 工作干完了一半。Half of the books are novels. 有一半的书是小说。Most of his money was spent on collecting antiques. 他大部分的钱都花在收集古董上了。Most of the stude

19、nts were absent. 大多数学生缺课了。1. 5 代词作主语的主谓一致（1）all, none, some等代词作主语时，要遵循意义一致的原则，其谓语单、复数形式根据它们所代替的词的含义来确定。例如：All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。None of the children has/have ever heard of the story. 没有一个孩子听过这个故事。（2）主语为each, either, neither等代词时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Either of these young ladies is perfectl

20、y qualified to teach French. 这两位女士都完全有资格教法语。Each of you is responsible for the education of the child. 你们中每个人都对这个孩子的教育有责任。Neither of the young men who had applied for this position was accepted. 申请这一职位的两个年轻人都未被录用。（3）代词somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, everybody, everyone, something

21、, anything, nothing, everything作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Nobody was seen on the road. 路上一个人也看不到。Everything is ready for the party. 宴会的一切准备工作都已就绪。（4）在“one of +复数名词+定语从句”的结构中，从句的谓语动词用复数形式；但当one之前有the only，the very 修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词形式与one一致，用单数形式。例如：Mr. Gilmore is one of those men who appear to be friendly, howev

22、er, it is very hard to deal with him. 吉尔摩先生是那些表面看上去很友好，可实际很难对付的人之一。She is the only one of the women who refuses to accept the offer. 她是那些女子中唯一一位拒绝接受帮助的人。1. 6 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致（1）以-ics 结尾的表示“学科”的名词（如：mathematics, politics, statistics, economics, athletics等）作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Mathematics is the study of

23、 numbers. 数学就是对数的研究。Statistics is a branch of mathematics. 统计学是数学的一个分支。（2）以-s 结尾的疾病名称，如mumps（腮腺炎），diabetes（糖尿病），rickets（佝偻病）等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. 腮腺炎是一种传染病。Diabetes is a disease of the pancreas. 糖尿病是胰脏的疾病。（3）以-s 结尾的表示事件、国家、机构、作品、报刊等名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The United

24、States borders on Canada in the North. 美国北面与加拿大接壤。The New York Times is published daily. 纽约时报每日出刊。（4）以-s结尾表示衣物或工具的名词，如clothes, trousers, shoes, pants（短衬裤，裤子）, shorts（短裤）, glasses, scissors, compasses, chopsticks, scales, headphones等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如：His glasses are broken, so he cant see well. 他的眼

25、镜砸碎了，因而看不清楚。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of, two pairs of等，谓语动词的形式则取决于pair的数的形式。例如：A pair of trousers was found under the bed. 在床底下找到了一条裤子。（5）以-ings 结尾的名词（如belongings, clippings, earnings, fillings, lodgings, surroundings等）作主语时，通常作复数看待，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Their earnings come to 5000 dollars a month. 他们的收入每月达5000美元。The

26、 surroundings of the house are remarkably picturesque. 那房屋周围的环境景色如画。（6）以-s结尾的群岛、瀑布、山脉等专用名词往往作复数用，谓语动词也用复数形式。例如：The West Indies are a large group of islands lying between North America and South America. 西印度群岛是介乎北美和南美之间的一大群岛。Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfalls in the world. 尼亚加拉大瀑布或许

27、是世界上最著名的瀑布。（7）其他用-s结尾的名词如contents, goods, stairs, wages等，通常作复数。例如：The contents of the book are fascinating indeed. 该书的内容确实引人入胜。The goods are to be exported to Canada. 这些货物将出口到加拿大。High wages often result in high prices. 高工资常引起高物价。1. 7 不定式短语、动名词（短语）以及名词性从句作主语的主谓一致（1）不定式短语、动名词(短语)作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Lis

28、tening to music, along with reading to relax, is very important to me. 听音乐，加上用阅读来放松自己对我来说很重要。Making the beds, together with other light jobs, keeps Grandma busy until noon. 整理床铺和干一些别的轻活使奶奶一直忙到中午。（2）名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：That we have made amazing achievements in our work is an undeniable fact. 我们的

29、工作已取得惊人的成就是不可否认的事实。When and where we should hold the conference is yet to be discussed. 在何时何地开会还有待讨论。(3) 当what引导的从句作主语表示复数的人或物时，谓语动词可用单数或复数。例如：What we need is/are qualified teachers. 我们需要的是合格的教师。What they want is/are some financial aids. 他们需要的是一些经济资助。1. 8 其他情况的主谓一致（1）“The + 形容词（过去分词）”结构作主语时，如果指一类人或事

30、物，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指某一个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Only the poor know what poverty means. 只有穷人才懂得贫穷的含义。The aged are well taken care of in the nursing home. 那些老年人在养老院里正得到精心的照料。The agreeable is not always the useful. 好看的不一定实用。（2）“两个形容词 + 名词（单数）”作主语并指两件不同的事物时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：The red and the white rose are both beautif

31、ul. 红玫瑰与白玫瑰都很美。The French and the English language have something in common. 法语和英语在某些方面很相似。（3）在“there be”结构中，be动词的单、复数形式通常按照邻近一致原则来确定。例如：There is a tape recorder and some books on the desk. 桌子上有一台录音机和一些书。There are four chairs and a small bed in the room. 房间里有四张桌子和一张小床。（4）如有两个或更多的主语，且既有肯定又有否定时，谓语动词的形

32、式与肯定的主语一致。例如：The university, not the individual colleges, grants degrees. 学位由大学，而不是各个学院授予。It is not his brothers but his father who has punished him. 不是他的兄弟们，而是他的父亲惩罚了他。2 名词和代词的一致代词与其所指代或修饰的名词（或另一代词）应在人称和性上保持一致。例如：People all over the world were tired not just of World War Two, but of war itself. 世人不

33、仅讨厌第二次世界大战，而且也讨厌战争本身。Each citizen of the country can express his/her opinion freely. 这个国家的每个公民都可以自由地表达观点。The jury reached their verdict although they disagreed on a number of points. 尽管陪审团在若干要点上意见不一，但还是作出了定论。In spite of their small size, these cameras can take very good pictures. 这些相机的体积虽小，但照的照片却很好。

34、3 主语与状语逻辑主语的一致表示时间、条件、伴随情况等状语的逻辑主语必须同句子的主语保持一致，否则意义就会含混不清。例如：Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知做些什么，他去父母那里求助。Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果给予更多的照料，这些树原本能够长得更好。The man was riding on a bicycle, followed by his white dog. 那个男子骑着自行车，他的白狗跟在后面。After

35、finishing her speech, she invited the audience to ask questions. 她演讲结束时，邀请听众提问题。4 平行结构中成分的一致（1）为使同一句子前后保持平衡和协调，句中的并列成分应在结构上保持一致。例如：Swift was the last to leave the classroom, but the first to get to the dormitory. 斯威夫特是最后一个离开教室，但却是第一个到达宿舍的人。（都是名词加动词不定式短语）It is easy to enter the shop looking for a boo

36、k on ancient coins and come out carrying a book about modern weapons. 很容易发生的情况是进书店时要找的是古币书，而结果出店时却拿着现代武器的书。（都是动宾结构加分词短语）（2）在比较结构中，被比较的事物应是同等成分。在比较从句中，常用that代替前面的单数名词，而用those代替前面的复数名词。例如：My seat was next to that of the chairman. 我的座位就在主席座位旁。The engines of the red cars are much better than those of th

37、e black ones. 红车的引擎比黑车强得多。练习答案与解析1.C 由notbut等连接的两个或两个以上的并列主语，一般按“邻近一致”原则来确定其谓语动词的形式。此句中，谓语靠近you，故而选are。2.A 单复数同形的名词作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则来确定谓语动词的形式。本句的意思是“每种方法都试过了”，在这里强调“每种”，单数意义。3.B 主语为each, either, neither等代词时，谓语动词用单数形式。且食物是被吃，应用被动语态。4.D 这个句子真正的谓语是rained，整个句子的主语It与ruin之间是非谓语关系。但逻辑上 It ruined our holiday

38、 是成立的。所以，It 只是 ruin 的逻辑主语，呈主动关系，用-ing 形式。5.A 名词和代词的一致。 the human race表示人类整体。6.A 有些集体名词，如committee，若被视为整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，若被视为组成集体的具体成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。这里是第二种情况，所以谓语用复数。7.A 表示金钱，时间，价格或者度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看做一个整体，谓语一般用单数。且此句为被动句，所以只能选is。8.D 以-s结尾的表示事件、国家、机构、作品、报刊等名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。9.C 两个以上的主语用 and 连起来表示一个单纯的目的或观念时，动词要用单数才对。 10.A 由or等连接的两个或两个以上的并列主语，一般按“邻