第五讲虚拟语气

1、LOGO 第五讲第五讲 虚拟语气虚拟语气 错综时间虚拟条件句错综时间虚拟条件句 一、一、什么叫错综时间虚拟条件句什么叫错综时间虚拟条件句 所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整：应的调整：If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨

2、的话，现在地面就会是湿的。要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。 二、一点特别说明二、一点特别说明条件从句用条件从句用 if I were时，既可指现在也可指过时，既可指现在也可指过去去：If I were you, I would stay. 我要是你我就会留下。我要是你我就会留下。If I were you, Id go to night school. 我要是你，我会上夜校。我要是你，我会上夜校。I

3、f I were not busy, I would have come. 假若我不忙，我早就来了。假若我不忙，我早就来了。也可用也可用 if I had been you也表示过去也表示过去：If I had been you，Id have taken the job. 我要是你，我就接受那份工作了。我要是你，我就接受那份工作了。dis-:不，消失掉不，消失掉disable 使残废使残废;使失去能力使失去能力;丧失能丧失能力力disappear 不见不见,消失消失disappoint 失望失望;(希望等希望等)破灭破灭,挫败挫败(计划等计划等)disclose 揭示揭示,泄露泄露disco

4、unt 折扣；折扣； 打折扣打折扣;不重视不重视discourage 使泄气使泄气,使失去信心使失去信心discover 发现发现,显示显示discrepancy 相差相差;差异差异;矛盾矛盾;disease 疾病疾病disgrace(优雅优雅,恩惠恩惠) 失宠失宠,耻辱耻辱 使失宠使失宠;玷玷 辱辱,使蒙羞使蒙羞disguise(外观外观) 假装假装,伪装伪装disgust 厌恶厌恶,恶心恶心 使厌恶使厌恶dislike 不喜欢不喜欢,厌恶厌恶dismay (使使)沮丧沮丧;(使使)惊慌惊慌;(使使)失望失望, (使使)绝望绝望dismiss 免职免职,解雇解雇,开除开除,解散解散disor

5、der 混乱混乱,杂乱杂乱;骚乱骚乱;失调失调,疾病疾病displace 移置移置,转移转移;取代取代,置换置换disposal 处理处理,处置处置;布置布置,安排安排dispose(放放) (of)处理处理,处置处置;(for)布置布置,安排安排(pose, compose, expose, impose )dispute(思考思考) 争论争论,争执争执 争论争论;反驳反驳;怀疑怀疑;阻止阻止disregard(注意注意,尊重尊重) 不理会不理会;忽视忽视;漠视漠视 忽视忽视;漠视漠视dis-:分开，分离分开，分离discard 丢弃，抛弃，遗弃丢弃，抛弃，遗弃discern(搞清搞清,区别

6、区别) 认出认出,发现发现;辨别辨别,识别识别discriminate(定罪定罪,责备责备) 区别区别,辨别辨别;(against)有差别地对待有差别地对待,歧视歧视disrupt(断裂断裂) 使混乱，使崩溃，使分裂，使混乱，使崩溃，使分裂，使瓦解使瓦解dissipate驱散驱散;(使云、雾、疑虑等使云、雾、疑虑等)消散消散;挥霍挥霍dissolve(松开松开) (使使)溶解溶解,(使使)融化融化;解散解散,取消取消distant(站站,立立) 远的远的;遥远的遥远的;疏远的疏远的;不亲近的不亲近的distill(小水滴小水滴) 蒸馏，用蒸馏法提取；吸取蒸馏，用蒸馏法提取；吸取，提炼，提炼di

7、stinct(刺，刺激刺，刺激) 清楚的清楚的,明显的明显的;(from)截截然不同的然不同的distinction 区别区别,差别差别;级别级别;特性特性;声望声望;显赫显赫distinguish(刺，刺激刺，刺激) (from)区别区别,辨别辨别;辨认出辨认出;使杰出使杰出distract(拉拉,拖拖) 分散分散;使分心使分心;打扰打扰;使心情烦乱使心情烦乱distribute(给予给予) 分发分发;分配分配;分布分布;(over)散布散布disturb(搅动搅动) 扰乱扰乱,妨碍妨碍,使不安使不安disturbance 动乱动乱,骚乱骚乱,干扰干扰 de-: 去掉，变坏，离开，变慢，向下

8、去掉，变坏，离开，变慢，向下depress 压抑压抑,降低降低;使沮丧使沮丧,压下压下compress 压紧，压缩；压紧，压缩；(把思想、把思想、文字等文字等)浓缩浓缩Impress (on)印印,盖印盖印;留下印象留下印象,引人注目引人注目oppress 压迫压迫,压制压制 repression 压抑，压制，镇压压抑，压制，镇压 suppress 镇压镇压,压制压制;抑制抑制,忍住忍住;查禁查禁decay 腐朽腐朽,腐烂腐烂;衰减衰减,衰退衰退destruction(建立建立) 毁坏，毁灭毁坏，毁灭decline(倾斜倾斜,斜坡斜坡) 下降下降,衰落衰落;拒绝拒绝 下降下降;斜面斜面,倾斜倾

9、斜,衰落衰落incline (使使)倾斜倾斜;(使使)倾向于倾向于 斜坡斜坡,斜面斜面recline 使斜靠使斜靠 decode 解码解码decolor 使脱色使脱色decompose 分解，分解，(使使)腐烂腐烂defat 使脱脂使脱脂deforest 滥伐森林，砍掉滥伐森林，砍掉上的树林上的树林dethrone 废黜废黜devalue 贬值，贬值，(使使)降低价值降低价值penal pinl adj. 刑事的；刑罚的刑事的；刑罚的penalty pnlti n. 罚款，罚金；处罚罚款，罚金；处罚penalize pinlaz vt. 处罚；处刑；使不利处罚；处刑；使不利penalizati

10、on penlai,zein n. 惩罚；处罚惩罚；处罚mis-: 错误，坏错误，坏mischief 损害损害,伤害伤害,危害危害;恶作剧恶作剧,胡闹胡闹;灾祸灾祸misfortune 不幸不幸,灾祸灾祸,灾难灾难mislead 把把带错路带错路,使误入岐途使误入岐途mistake 错误错误,过失过失 弄错弄错;(for)把把误认为误认为misunderstand 误解误解,误会误会 misbehaviour 不正当的举止，不规矩的行不正当的举止，不规矩的行为为misbelief 错误的信仰，信仰邪错误的信仰，信仰邪教教misconception 误解误解miscount 数错，算错数错，算错

11、misdeed = misdoing 罪行，犯罪，做坏事罪行，犯罪，做坏事misplay 失误失误mistreat 虐待虐待mistrust 不信任不信任misuse 误用，滥用误用，滥用miser- 可怜的可怜的miserable 痛苦的痛苦的,悲惨的悲惨的misery 痛苦痛苦,悲惨悲惨,不幸不幸miss- 送，放出送，放出missile 导弹导弹,发射物发射物mission 使命使命,任务任务;使团使团,代表团代表团missionary 教会的，传教教会的，传教(士士)的的 传教传教士士 inter-: 在在之间；相互；内之间；相互；内interact 互相作用互相作用,互相影响互相影响

12、,互动互动,交往交往intercourse 交流交流,交往交往,交际交际,性交性交interface 接合部位，分界面接合部位，分界面 (使使)互相联系互相联系interfere(伴侣，配偶伴侣，配偶) (in)干涉干涉,干预干预;(with)妨妨碍碍,打扰打扰interference (in)干涉干涉,干预干预;(with)妨碍妨碍,打扰打扰Intermediate(调解，居中调解，居中) 中间的中间的,居间的居间的;中级的中级的 中间体中间体,媒介物媒介物interior 内部的内部的,里面的里面的 内部内部,内地内地internal 内部的内部的,内的内的;国内的国内的,内政的内政的in

13、termittent 间歇的间歇的,断断续续的断断续续的international 国际的国际的,世界世界(性性)的的,跨国的跨国的internet the国际互联网，因特网国际互联网，因特网interpret 解释解释,说明说明;口译口译interrupt 中断中断,遮断遮断,阻碍阻碍;打断打断(话话),打扰打扰intersection(部分，地区部分，地区) 相交，交叉；相交，交叉； 道路交叉口，十字路口道路交叉口，十字路口interval 间隔间隔,间歇间歇;(幕间或工间幕间或工间)休息休息intervene (in)干涉干涉,干预干预;插入插入,介入介入interview 接见接见,会

14、见会见;采访采访;面试面试gross 1.ADJ You use gross to describe something unacceptable or unpleasant to a very great amount, degree, or intensity. 显而易见的，恶显而易见的，恶劣的，严重的劣的，严重的例：例：The company was guilty of gross negligence. 该公司犯了重大的失职罪。该公司犯了重大的失职罪。2.ADJ 粗俗的粗俗的; 不雅的；肥胖臃肿的不雅的；肥胖臃肿的3.ADJ (尤指钱或重量尤指钱或重量) 总的总的; 毛的毛的例：例：.

15、a fixed rate account guaranteeing 10.4% gross interest or 7.8% net until October.一个能保证到一个能保证到10月份为止获得月份为止获得10.4%毛利或毛利或7.8%净利的固定利率账户。净利的固定利率账户。4. N. 总额，总数总额，总数 5. VT. 总共收入总共收入 mono-: 单个，一个单个，一个monarch 帝王，君主，最高统治者帝王，君主，最高统治者 monotonous 单调的单调的,无变化的无变化的monopoly垄断垄断,专卖专卖,专利权专利权,专利事业专利事业 monocycle 独轮脚踏车独轮

16、脚踏车monodrama 独角戏独角戏monolog/monologue 独白独白, 滔滔不绝滔滔不绝(贬贬)sol-: 单独单独sole 单独的单独的,唯一的唯一的 脚垫脚垫,鞋底鞋底 solitary 独自的；偏僻的；单独自的；偏僻的；单一的，唯一的一的，唯一的solo 独奏独奏 单独的单独的(地地)；独唱的独唱的(地地)desolate 荒凉的荒凉的;孤独的孤独的 使荒芜使荒芜 solitude 孤独，单独，孤寂孤独，单独，孤寂un-/uni-: 单一，一个单一，一个uniform 制服制服,军服军服 相同的相同的,一律的一律的unify 使联合使联合,统一统一;使相同使相同,使一致使一

17、致union 联合联合,团结团结;联盟联盟,联邦联邦; 协会协会,社团社团; 和谐和谐unique 唯一的唯一的,独一无二的独一无二的unit 单位单位,单元单元;部件部件,元件元件;机组机组,装置装置unite 联合联合,团结团结;统一统一,合并合并 使联合使联合unity 团结团结;统一统一,一致一致,整体整体universal 普遍的普遍的,全体的全体的,通通用的用的; 宇宙的宇宙的,世界的世界的universe 宇宙宇宙,万物万物university (综合综合)大学大学unicorn 独角兽独角兽unidirectional 单向的单向的unisex 男女皆宜的男女皆宜的unisex

18、ual 单性的，雌雄异体的单性的，雌雄异体的 semi-: 半半semiannual 半年一次的，一年两次的半年一次的，一年两次的semiautomatic 半自动的半自动的semicircle 半圆形半圆形semiconductor 半导体半导体semifinal 半决赛半决赛semiskilled 半熟练的半熟练的 hemi-: 半半hemisphere 半球半球sphere 球球,球体球体;范围范围,领域领域 hemisect 对半切开对半切开bi-/di-: 两个，双两个，双bicycle (bike)自行车自行车 骑自行车骑自行车 bisect 分成两部分，对分分成两部分，对分bis

19、exual 两性的，雌雄同体的两性的，雌雄同体的biweekly 双周刊双周刊bicolor 两色的，双色的两色的，双色的dilemma (进退两难的进退两难的)窘境窘境,困境困境 du-/dub-/doub-: 二，双二，双double 两倍两倍dual 双重的，双的双重的，双的duel 决斗，斗争决斗，斗争duet 二重奏二重奏duo 二重唱二重唱duplicate 复制品复制品 复写复写,使加倍使加倍 复制的复制的,二重的二重的 twi-: 二，两二，两twice 两次两次,两倍两倍twin 双的双的,成对的成对的,孪生的孪生的 孪生子孪生子,双生子双生子 tri-: 三三triangl

20、e 三角三角(形形) triple 三倍数三倍数 三倍的三倍的;三部分三部分构成的构成的 使成三倍使成三倍 tricolor 三色的三色的tricycle/trishaw 三轮三轮(脚踏脚踏)车车trilogy 三部曲三部曲trio 三重唱三重唱/奏奏tripod 三脚架三脚架trisection 分成三部分分成三部分/三截三截quardri-/quadru-/quart-: 四四quart 夸脱夸脱(四分之一加仑四分之一加仑, 1加仑加仑=3.785升升)quarter 四分之一四分之一;季季;一刻钟一刻钟 ;(pl.)方向方向;(pl.)住处住处quarterly 每季的每季的 每季一次每

21、季一次 季刊季刊quadruple 四倍的，四重的，四四倍的，四重的，四部分组成的部分组成的quarterfinal 四分之一决赛四分之一决赛quartet 四重奏四重奏 cent: 一百一百cent 分分(币币);百百 per cent百分之百分之centigrade 摄氏温度计摄氏温度计(的的);百分百分度度(的的) ()centimetre /-meter 厘米厘米century 世纪世纪,(一一)百年百年 centigram /-gramme 厘克厘克centuple 百倍的百倍的percentage 百分比，比率，可能性百分比，比率，可能性milli-: 千，千分之一千，千分之一mi

22、llimeter /-metre 毫米毫米 milligram /-gramme 毫克毫克milliliter /-litre 毫升毫升millisecond 毫秒毫秒millennium 千禧年，一千年千禧年，一千年 kilo-: 一千一千kilo (kilogram/-gramme) 千克千克kilometre/-meter 公里，千米公里，千米(略作略作km) di-: 使使变成，分开，离开变成，分开，离开digest 消化；领会，融会贯通消化；领会，融会贯通 文摘，摘要文摘，摘要 dilute 稀释，冲淡稀释，冲淡 稀释的，稀释的，冲淡的冲淡的 diminish 缩小缩小,减少减少,递

23、减递减 diverse(转转) 多种多样的多种多样的,(from)不同的不同的diversion 转向转向,转移转移;牵制牵制;解闷解闷;娱乐娱乐divert (转转) 使转向，使改道；使转向，使改道； 转移转移(注意力注意力)；使娱乐；使娱乐divide(分开分开) 分分,划分划分,分开分开;分配分配;(by)除除dividend 红利，股息；回报，红利，股息；回报，效益；被除数效益；被除数 division(分开分开) 分分,分割分割;部门部门,科科,处处; 除法除法;分界线分界线divorce 离婚离婚,分离分离 Quiz 11. I forget where I read the ar

24、ticle, or I _ it to you now. A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _.”Hed better give up drinking He shouldnt have drunk so muchHealth is more important than drink A.I wonder why he is always doing so3. “He will come tomorrow.” “B

25、ut Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow.”A. will come B. is coming C. came D. had come4. “Ive told him about it.” “But Id rather you _.”A. didnt B. hadnt C. dont D. wouldnt 5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once.A. should be; be operated on B. were

26、; must be operated onC. was; should be operated D. was; be operated on6. _ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.A. Was he given up B. Had he given upC. Did he give D. If he gave up7. Were it not for the snowy weather, we _ all right. A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be8. It

27、 is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall9. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _ a goal. A. had scored B

28、. scored C. would score D. would have scored10. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice.A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed11. _ the English examination, I would have gone to the concert last SundayA. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 12. H

29、ad Paul received six more votes in the last election, he _ our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be13. _ I you, I would go with him to the party. A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were 14. If he _ me tomorrow, I would let him know. A. should call B. should not have b

30、een able C. were not able D. are not able 15. _ today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves 16. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _ fully occupied the whole of last week.A. were B. had be

31、en C. have been D. was17. “I wish you _ me to put these things away,” he said. A. will help B. helped C. are helping D. would help18. Most insurance agents would rather you _anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation. A. do B. dont do C. didnt D. didnt do 19. It is importa

32、nt that the TOEFL office _ your registration. A. will confirm B. confirm C. confirms D. must confirm 20. He told her to return the book in time so that others _ a chance to read it .A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have Quiz 21. _more careful, his ship would not have sunk.A. If the ca

33、ptain were B. Had the captain beenC. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been2. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _a sudden loud noise.being there B. should there be A.C. there was D. there having been3. The board deemed it urgent that these files _ r

34、ight away.A. had to be printed B. should have been printedC. must be printed D. should be printed4. I apologize if I _ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended5. I wish that I _ with you last night.A. went B. have gone A.C. coul

35、d go D. could have gone6. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he _ a Chinese.A. were B. had been C. is D. has been7. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip _ a great success.A. had been B. has been C. were D. was8. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents

36、 are, some who have found them wish that they _ the experience of meeting.A. hadnt B. didnt have had 1.C. hadnt had D. hadnt have9. It is time that the government _ measures to protect the rare birds and animals.A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking10. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he _ to the meeting.A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come11. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldnt be surprised if he _ acting f