章节重点归纳(课堂)

1、1General Review of 11Chinese culture2Chapter 1: An OverviewNational flag: 国旗 (the red five-star flag);National Anthem：国歌 (March of the Volunteers)National Emblem: 国徽constitution: 宪法state council: 国务院the descendants of Yan and Huang: 炎黄子孙ethnic groups： 民族minority (ethnic) groups： 少数民族the family plann

2、ing policy： 计划生育政策3PRC: the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共 和国CPC: the Communist Party of China 中国共产党NPC: the National Peoples Congress 全国人民代 表大会CPPCC: the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference 中华人民共和国政治协 商会议SAR: the Special Administrative Region 特别行政 区4What are the features of Chinese t

3、opography? (P.5-6)highlands in the west and plains in the eastdescends from the west to east like a four steps of a staircase:The first step is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Southwest China.The second step includes the gently sloping Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Loess Plateau the Yunnan-Guizhou Platea

4、u, the Tarim Basin, the Junggar Basin and the Sichuan Basin.The third step begins at a line drawn around the Greater Hinggan, Taihang, Wushan and Xuefeng mountain ranges and extends eastward to the coast of the Pacific Ocean.The fourth step extends out into the ocean, in a continental shelf.5Adminis

5、trative Divisions (P.11)According to the Constitution (宪法) of the PRC, chinas administrative units (行政单 位) are currently based on a three-tier (ti) system (三级建制), dividing the nation into provinces, counties and vinces, autonomous regions and municipalities;autonomous prefectures(自治州),

6、counties, autonomous counties, and cities;townships, minority townships, and towns6Questions: How many provinces does china have at present? 23 Which two regions are the Special administrative regions? Hong Kong and Macro Which policy does the Chinese government have been implementing to control the

7、 population increase? the family planning or one child policy What is the name of our national flag? The red five-star flag According to the Constitution of the PRC, which system did Chinas administrative units are currently base on? A three-tier system7Chapter 2: Philosophy and Religions Confucius

8、and Mencius, The Analects of Confucius(论论语语), the doctrine of the golden mean; non-action; three profound studies; the Eight Taoist Immortals; samsara (sms:r轮回,转世),the doctrine of the Four Noble Truth, the Eight-Fold Path; Mosque(msk清真寺).8Development of Ancient Chinese Philosophy The philosophy in P

9、re-Qin times (先秦子学) The orthodox(:dks) philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学 ) Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties (魏晋玄学) The buddhist(budist) philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties (隋唐佛学) Neo-Confucianism(,ni:uknfju:nizm) in Song and Ming dynasties (宋明理学) Application philosophy in

10、the Ming and Qing dynasties (明 清实学)9The philosophy in Pre-Qin times A hundred schools of thoughts contend. Confucianism: A school of thought advocating benevolence(binevlns仁慈仁慈) and justice, allegiance (li:dns忠诚)and forbearance(忍耐忍耐;宽容宽容), the doctrine of the golden mean(中庸思想中庸思想) and values the eth

11、ical relations(伦理关系) of men. Taoism (tauizm;dau-;t:u-): A school of thought advocating the doctrine that the Dao is the principle. A person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble. Achieving good government through non-action.

12、10Mohism (muizm墨家墨家;墨家思想墨家思想): A school of thought advocating that if all the people in the world love one another, there would be no hatred, calamities, and hostilities. It also advocates honouring virtuous people, opposing fatalism(宿命论) and aggressive wars. Legalism (li:lizm法家法家): school of though

13、t espousing (ispauz赞成;信奉) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence, waging(进行;开展) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy(bjurkrsi官僚机构；官僚政治).11The Basic Features of Chinese Ancient Philosophy Stress on spiritual exi

14、stence Stress on practice Stress on morality Stress on harmony Stress on intuition12Chinese Religions Originating placeFounder Diety BeliefsTempleTaoismChina (indigenous (本土的)religion) Zhang DaolinThree Pure GodsIf one practices this religion, he will become an immortal.Taoism TempleBuddhismIndiaSak

15、yamuniBuddaSamsara; Four Noble Truth; Buddhist Temple IslamArabMuhammud (the Prophet)AllahOne can achieve real peace of body and mind only through submission and obedience to AllahMosque13Quiz - Multiple Choices b 1. Confucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and _. a. Laozi b. Men

16、cius c. Zhuxi d. Han Feizi P18 c 2. _ is he English word for “仁”, the very important Confucian idea? a. justice b. forbearance c. benevolence d. allegiance14A 3. _ advocates the principle of “achieving good government through non-action”? a. Taoism b. Confucianism c. Legalism d. Mohism b 4. The idea

17、 that Heaven affects human affairs and human behaviour finds responses in Heaven and the power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven became popular in the _ dynasty. a. Wei b. Han c. Jin d. Qin P1915c 5. “Opportunities vouchsafed (vautseif惠赐) by Heaven are less important than terrestrial (tirestr

18、il,t-地上的) advantages, which in turn are less important than the unity among people.” This well expressed the idea that _ was the highest principle. P21 a. love b. heaven c. harmony d. allegiance d 6. According to _, people can become a celestial being(silestjl;slestl仙人)through practicing the religio

19、n. a. Buddhism b. Islam c. Christianity d. Taoist religion16 7. Buddhism was introduced into China long ago, but during the _ dynasties, Buddhism entered its golden age. P26 a. Sui and Tang b. Jin and Sui c. Tang and Song d. Song and Yuan 8. The Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains in China are_. a. Mount

20、 Wutai, Mount Emei, Mount Huangshan, and Mount Putuo b. Mount Jiuhua, Mount Emei, Mount Huashan, c. Mount Wutai,and Mount Putuo Mount Emei, Mount Huangshan, and Mount Jiuhuad. Mount Wutai, Mount Emei, Mount Jiuhua, and Mount Putuo P27179. According to Muslims, Muhammad is _. P27 a. God b. Allah c. a

21、 prophet d. a king 10. The idea of “The world is changing, transient(trnzint;-si-;-nt;tr:n-易变的) and unreal” is advocated by _. P20 a. Buddhism b. Confucianism c. Taoist religion d. Metaphysics(玄学) 18Quiz - Understanding of the terms 1）a hundred schools of thought contend f 2）Banning all schools of t

22、hought except Confucianism a 3）Heaven affects human affairs and human behaviour finds responses in Heaven g 4）The power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven. b 5）Man is an integral part of nature. h 6）There is nothing outside the mind and no rationalism outside the mind c7）Subjective consciousne

23、ss is the origin of all things in the world. i 8）To prefer it is better than only to know it. To delight in it is better than merely to prefer it. d 9） Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are less important than terrestrial advantages, which in turn are less important than the unity among people. j 1

24、0）When the Eight Immortals cross the sea, each demonstrates his/her divine power. e a. 罢黜百家，独尊儒术； b. 君权神授； c. 心外无物，心外无理； d. 知之不如好之，好之不如乐之； e. 八仙过海，各显神通； f. 百家争鸣； g. 天人感应； h. 天人合一； i. 吾心便是宇宙； j. 天时不如地利，地利不如人和。19Quiz - Discussion Please make a brief introduction to the development of ancient Chinese p

25、hilosophy and then summarize the basic features of ancient Chinese philosophy. P18-2120Chapter 4 (1): Calligraphy and Painting Four Treasures of the Study: Writing Brush: Hu brush Ink: Hui ink Paper: Xuan paper Ink Stone: Duan ink stone21Calligraphy: Strokes: the structure of a Chinese character is

26、formed with strokes(笔画) from a variety of traditional shapes. Strokes form Chinese radicals. dot stroke; horizontal stroke; vertical stroke; curved stroke; angular stroke; hooked strokeradicals(部首部首): A radical is the root of a character. Some of them are standalone characters. 22Scripts:书法作品(P51-52

27、) Chinese scripts are generally divided into five forms: the seal form; the official form; the cursive form; the regular form; the running form;23Seal Script / Zhuan FeaturesStandardized Chinese character in Qin Dynasty Often used in seals Beautiful in shape and structure Close to pictograph(象形文字) A

28、 balanced and symmetrical pattern(对称模式)24 Official Script / Lishu Features came into being between Qin and Han dynasties; Official script in Han dynasty It turned the remaining curved and round strokes of the seal form into linear and flat square shapes-the turning point in the evolution of Chinese

29、scripts and the foundation of later script forms.25 Cursive Hand / CaoshuFeatures Invented in eastern Han dynasty; Strokes flowing and characters linking each other; The characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke of the next.26 Regular Script / Kaishu Fe

30、atures Developed during the Wei and Jin dynasties and came to prominence in the Tang Dynasty. Square in form Non-cursive(连接的;草体的) in strokes The foundation of the written form of modern Chinese language.27Running Hand / Xingshu Features Something between the regular script (楷书楷书)and the cursive hand

31、 (草书)in the initial period and now is between the official script(隶书隶书) and cursive hand.28The sage of Chinese calligraphy Wang Xizhi “The handwriting reveals the person” How to understand this saying? (P50-51)29Painting: Chinese traditional painting: ink-wash painting Other painting forms: mural pa

32、inting(壁画); wood-cut block print; Chinese Spring Festival Pictures30“Painting and Calligraphy have the same origin.” From what sense can we say that? 1. origin（起源）: from pictures and signs 2. tools: the four treasures of the study 3. demonstration: lines: “character out of lines” (以线造字)； image out o

33、f lines (以线造型) 4.Traditional Chinese paintings are not purely paintings. They combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving(篆刻) to achieve an artistic unison.31Choose the best answer 1. In 221 BC, Prime Minister Li Si of the Qin Dynasty unified the writing system and suggested _ as the s

34、tandard form of writing. P51 A) the seal form B) the official form C) the cursive form D) the regular form 2. The structure of a Chinese character is formed with _. A) radicals B) strokes C) roots D) scripts P51 3. _ , which came to prominence in the Tang dynasty, is square in form and non-cursive i

35、n strokes. P52 A) the seal form B) the official form C) the running form D) the regular form324. The Foolish Man Moving Mountain is the outstanding painting work of_. P54 A) Qi Baishi B) Xu BeihongC) Wang Xizi D) Yan Zhenqing 5. Duan ink stones now are produced in _. A) Duanzhou B)Xuancheng C) Zhaoq

36、ing D)Suzhou P5533Chapter 4 (2): Traditional Operas The three most ancient forms of drama in the world: Chinese opera; Greek tragedy and comedy; the India Sanskrit(印度梵文印度梵文). 34Beijing Opera The four artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera: singing, recitation, acting, acrobatic fi

37、ghting. Four major roles sheng: major male roles dan: major female roles jing: male roles with painted faces (masks) chou: clown roles35Other Major Traditional Operas: Kunqu Opera: One of the oldest operatic forms in China the mother of many other types of traditional operas listed in the Oral and I

38、ntangible Cultural Heritage in 2001 Shaanxi Opera: the oldest of all Chinese operas ancestor of all Chinese local operas Chuan Opera (face changes), Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera (evolved from tea-picking Tune)Yue Opera361.Which opera is worthy of the name “ancestor of all Chinese local operas”. A) Shaa

39、nxi Opera B) Yue Opera C) Huangmei Opera D) Kunqu Opera 2. Which opera was listed in the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage (非物质文化遗产) by the UN. A) Shaanxi Opera B) Yue Opera C) Huangmei Opera D) Kunqu Opera 373. Which opera is a local opera in Anhui Province? A) Shaanxi Opera B) Yue Opera C) Hua

40、ngmei Opera D) Kunqu Opera38Match the main roles with their names. Sheng male roles with brightly painted face dan female roles jing clown roles chou male roles39 Chapter 6: Science and Technology the Four Major (Great) Ancient Inventions:四大发 明 TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine):中医 Pills, powder, ex

41、tracts and pellets: 丸、散、膏、 丹 Seismograph:地动仪 Hybrid rice:杂交水稻 Goldbachs Conjecture:哥德巴赫猜想 Five-stroke code computer input method: 五笔字 型汉字输入法 Shenzhou Series:神州系列 air craftcarrier:航空母舰40Ancient Inventions: the Four Major Inventions: Compass: South-pointer; the compass vehicle Papermaking: (Cai Lun) B

42、amboo slips were used as a form of book form for the longest time in China before the invention of paper. Gunpowder: Sun Simiao first discovered the method for making gunpowder. Printing: known as mother of civilization block printing and moveable type printing (Bi Sheng) 41Modern Achievements: Atom

43、ic energy: 1958 Nuclear bombs: 1964, Lop Nur of Xinjiang, third Hydrogen bombs: 1967 Nuclear power stations: Qinshan Nuclear Station; DAyawan Nuclear Station Goldbachs conjesture: 1977, Chen Jingrun, Chens Theorem Five-stroke code computer input method: 1983 Hybrid rice: Yuan Longping docking of She

44、nzhou-9 with Tiangong-1: 2012 Liao Ning Aircraft Carrier: 201242 TCM Three Treasures of China: traditional Chinese painting; Beijing Opera; traditional Chinese medicine. Four diagonostic methods (四诊法四诊法): Listening to the patients voice, breathing, coughing Smelling the body, its excreted products I

45、nquiring about the patients case history and observing the patients mental state, facial expression, complexion, color of the tongue, fingers and nails Feeling the pulse to ascertain the symptoms and causes of the disorder according to the frequency, fullness, evenness and amplitude (幅度) of the puls

46、e.43Great Men of Medical Science and Materia Medica (草药学草药学) in TCM History Bian Que invented the four diagnostic methods. Hua Tuo Originator of Surgery”, invented a general anesthetic Mafeisan and a system of therapeutical (医疗的) exercises called “the Five-animal exercises” (五禽戏). Zhang Zhongjing Sa

47、int of Medicine On Disease (伤寒杂病论)44 Li Shizhen Compendium of Meteria Medica (本草纲目): Eight hundred and thirty-five years earlier than the next pharmacopia (药典) in the world. Sun Simiao King of Medicine (药王) Two books: Qian Jin Yao Fang (Golden Prescriptions) and Qian Jin Yi Fang (Supplement to Golde

48、n Prescriptions) 45Exercises III. Multiple choice 1. _ is known as the mother of civilization. It has a long history and includes block printing （雕版印刷） and movable type printing（活字 印刷）. P80 D A. Compass B. Papermaking C. Gunpowder D. Printing 46P82 2._s monumental masterpiece, Compendium of Meteria

49、Medica, includes D 1892 medical substances, 11096 prescriptions, and 1162 illustrations. Eight hundred and thirty-five years earlier than the next pharmacopeia(药典) in the world. A. Bian Que B. Hua Tuo C. Zhang Zhongjing D. Li Shizhen47P88 3. _ s pioneering work in hybrid rice breeding and production

50、 techniques has revolutionized rice cultivation in China, establishing Chinas world leading position in hybrid rice research. A. Yuan Longping B. Chen Jinrui C. Cai Lun D. Zhenghe48P85 4. On Oct 16, 1964, China exploded the first _ bomb in Lop Nur(罗布泊) of Xinjiang, becoming the third country with at

51、omic weapon capability after the United States and the former Soviet Union. A. nuclear B. hydrogen C.TNT D. dynamite 49Discussion P81-82 How is western medicine different from the traditional Chinese medicine? TCM is very different from Western medicine in its means of diagnosis, treatment and its c

52、omposition of drugs and prescriptions. 1. holistic approach to diagnosis; Attention is paid to the cause of the sickness rather than then symptoms; The cause of sickness is an imbalance and blockage of the flow of qi; 2. Ways to correct the imbalances in qi include acupuncture, herbal medicine, mass

53、age(推拿), diets, scraping treatment (Gua Sha), and corrective breathing exercises. A greater emphasis is placed on preventing illness.3. the four diagnostic methods 4. Chinese herbal medicines50Chapter 8: Traditional Festivals lunar canlendar: 农历 24 seasonal division points: 24节气 Preliminary Year: 小年

54、 Spring Festival Gala: 春晚 Cowherd and Wavermaid: 牛郎织女 Eight-Treasure Porridge: 腊八粥；八宝粥 51The Spring Festival activities： Paying sacrifices to the Kitchen God; Decorating the houses: character Fu, Spring Festival couplets, pictures of the God of Door and the God of wealth; ?Setting off firecrackers a

55、nd fireworks; Playing Dragon Dance and Lion Dance; Enjoying the sumptuous Spring Festival Eve Dinner; Staying up late or all night on New Years Eve; Paying New Years call/ visit; Gift (lucky) money; Married daughter returning to their birth family on the second day of the New Year.52What are the act

56、ivities at Lantern Festival? Appreciating the Lantern exhibits; Guessing riddles pasted onto lanterns; setting off Firecrackers and fireworks; Eating Yuanxiao or Tangyuan;53What are the activities at Qingming Festival? Tomb Sweeping or Ancestor Worshipping 给祖先扫墓 Burning Paper Treasures 烧纸钱 Planting

57、Willow twigs 插柳 Kite-Flying; Cold Foods: on Hanshi Day, the day before Qingming Festival54What are the activities at Dragon Boat Festival?Dragon Boat Race Eating Zong Zi Hanging Pictures of Zhong Kui Hanging warm wormwood 挂艾蒿 Drinking Realgar Wine 雄黄酒 Carrying “fragrant pouches” 带香包55What are the ac

58、tivities at Mid-Autumn Festival? Eating moon cakes 月饼 Family reunion 家庭团聚 Appreciating the round moon 赏月56What are the activities at Double Ninth Festival ? Climbing Mountains or towers-Height Ascending Festival (登高节） Drinking chrysanthemum wine (菊花酒) Revering the aged: Seniors Day (老人节）57Ethnic Fes

59、tivals Water Spleshing Festival Dai (Dais New Year) Nadam Fair Mogolia Torch Festival Li, Bai, Lisu, Naxi, etc Danu Festival Yao (Yaos New Year) Third Month Fair Bai Antiphonal Singing Day Zhuang Tibatan New Year Tibet Jumping Flower Festival Miao 58Multiple choices: 1. Which of the following holida

60、y is not the Official Holiday? A. New Years Day (January 1) B. International Womens Day (March 8) C. Tree-Planting Day (April 1) D. The Seventh Eve (7th of the seventh month) 2. The seasonal division point “芒种” is: A. Rain Water B. Grain in Ear C. the Waking of Insects D. Summer Solstice593. Which a