Rules of WTO-Lecture 3-2014-2015(1)

1、Rules of WTOLecture 3 Zhaodan WuNov.26, 2014Chapter 3 Basic PrincipleslReciprocitylNon-discrimination(key)nMost-favored-nationnNational TreatmentlLiberalization of TradelTransparencyOutlineTargetunderstanding the concept of principles;mastering the principle of Non-discrimination;understanding the r

2、elevant articles in the GATT, GATS, and TRIPS;giving suggestions for Chinese international trade.Vocabularybis; with due regard towith respect to; in connection withimposed on; levy; enforcementinternational transfer of paymentcustoms duties; tariffformalityPrivilege; immunityoriginate in; destine f

3、orbe accorded to; territoryvReciprocityDefinition: 与“滴水之恩，当涌泉相报” 异同点of equal value 对等性对等性Realization:Reciprocal Reductions in Tariff BindingsBetween Developed Countries: Equal Between Developed Country and Developing Country: Can be unequalChapter 3 Basic PrinciplesSignificance: Standpoint, Foundati

4、onClassification: Bilateral; Multi-lateralRules: p83Reciprocityv第第28条之二条之二 关税谈判关税谈判 1 各缔约方认识到，关税经常对贸易构成严重障碍；各缔约方认识到，关税经常对贸易构成严重障碍；因此，在因此，在互惠互利基础上进行谈判互惠互利基础上进行谈判，以实质性削减关，以实质性削减关税和其他进出口费用的总体水平，特别是削减甚至阻税和其他进出口费用的总体水平，特别是削减甚至阻碍最低数量进口的高关税，并在谈判中适当注意本协碍最低数量进口的高关税，并在谈判中适当注意本协定的目标和各缔约方的不同需要，对于扩大国际贸易定的目标和各缔约方

5、的不同需要，对于扩大国际贸易非常重要。因此，缔约方全体可时常发起此类谈判。非常重要。因此，缔约方全体可时常发起此类谈判。 ReciprocityvCase Study1994年美国根据国内法年美国根据国内法美国空气清洁法美国空气清洁法制定了新的汽制定了新的汽油标准，限制委内瑞拉和巴西的汽油在美国的销售地点。油标准，限制委内瑞拉和巴西的汽油在美国的销售地点。委内瑞拉和巴西投诉：美国对委内瑞拉和巴西投诉：美国对进口汽油与国产汽油进口汽油与国产汽油实施不同实施不同环境标准的技术要求，对进口石油的化学性质比对国内炼制环境标准的技术要求，对进口石油的化学性质比对国内炼制的石油适用更严格的规则，该规定具有

6、的石油适用更严格的规则，该规定具有歧视性歧视性，违反，违反GATT第第3条条国民待遇原则国民待遇原则。美国申辩：美国申辩：GATT第第20条一般例外条款条一般例外条款美抗辩失败美抗辩失败Resource: http:/ StudyNon-discriminationDiscriminationNon-discrimination，非歧视，即平等非歧视，即平等或无差别或无差别 非歧视待遇原则非歧视待遇原则, ,又称无差别待遇又称无差别待遇Non-discriminationlWhen implementing some preference or restriction, a country s

7、hould not discriminate between its trading partners (giving them equally “most-favored-nation” treatment，最惠国待遇最惠国待遇); and between its own and foreign products, services or nationals (giving them “national treatment”，国民待遇国民待遇).Non-discriminationlComplementaryMost-favored-nation: Compared foreign trad

8、ing partners with other foreign ones, i.e. treating its trading partners equallyNational Treatment: Compared foreign products, services or nationals with domestic ones, i.e. treating foreigners and locals equally lMeaninglArticlelAbout Chinese ServiceOpportunitySuggestionMost-favored-nationMFNThe co

9、untry which is the recipient of this treatment must, nominally, receive equal trade advantages as the “most favoured nation” by the country granting such treatment.Most-favored-nation 最惠国待遇指缔约国一方现在和将来给予另最惠国待遇指缔约国一方现在和将来给予另一方的优惠和豁免都必须给予缔约国的任何一方的优惠和豁免都必须给予缔约国的任何第三方。第三方。 Favouring country, favoured cou

10、ntryCharacter:Automaticity; Identity; Reciprocity; Universality.Most-favored-nationArticle 1 in the GATTArticle 2 in the GATS Article 4 in the TRIPSExceptionsArticles of MFN Article 1 of GATT: General Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment (p86)1. With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind impos

11、ed onthe method of levying such duties and chargesall rules and formalities in connection withall matters referred to in paragraph 2 and 4 of Article 3 (National treatment,p94-95)MFN in GATT Article 1 of GATT: General Most-Favoured-Nation TreatmentAny advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted

12、 by any contracting party to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties.MFN in GATT GATT第第1条条“普遍的最惠国待遇普遍的最惠国待遇” 第第1款：款：“在对进出口或有关进出口而

13、征收的、或者为进出口在对进出口或有关进出口而征收的、或者为进出口产品的国际支付转移而征收的关税及任何税费方面，产品的国际支付转移而征收的关税及任何税费方面，在征收此类税费的方法方面，在与进出口有关的所在征收此类税费的方法方面，在与进出口有关的所有规则和手续方面，以及在第有规则和手续方面，以及在第3条第条第2款与第款与第4款所指款所指所有问题方面，任何缔约方给予原产于或运往任何所有问题方面，任何缔约方给予原产于或运往任何其他国家的产品的任何好处、优惠、特权或豁免，其他国家的产品的任何好处、优惠、特权或豁免，应当应当立即无条件立即无条件的给予原产于或运往所有缔约方境的给予原产于或运往所有缔约方境内

14、的内的相似产品相似产品”。 Non-discriminationLike product:A product which is identical, alike in all respects or, in the absence of such product, although not alike in every respects, has characteristics closely resembling(P186)Unconditional MFNRelevant Concept Article 2 of GATS: Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment (

15、p87)1. With respect to any measures, each Member shall accord immediately and unconditionally to services and service suppliers of any other Member treatment no less favourable than that it accords to like services and service suppliers of any other country.MFN in GATS Article 4 of TRIPS: Most-Favou

16、red-Nation Treatment (p88)1. With regard to , any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the nationals of all other Members.MFN in TRIPSGATT(P88)（1）Article 20: General Exceptions（2） Article 21: Security Exceptions（3） Article 24: Territorial Appl

17、ication, Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions and Free-trade Areas（4）Section 9 of Article 15: Exchange ArrangementExceptions of MFN1.特殊产业特殊产业: 纺织及服装产业纺织及服装产业2.反倾销、反补贴等保障措施在实施对象上的某些反倾销、反补贴等保障措施在实施对象上的某些例外例外3.关税同盟和自由贸易区关税同盟和自由贸易区4.边境贸易安排例外边境贸易安排例外5.对发展中国家的优惠例外对发展中国家的优惠例外6.服务贸易领域对幼稚产业保护的例外等服务贸易领域对幼稚产业保护的例外等例外情况例外情况lFor the leading industrylFor the weak industryOpportunity for Chinese Service IndustryRelevant clause1、根据、根据服务贸易总协定服务贸易总协定，最惠国待遇的豁免、经济一体，最惠国待遇的豁免、经济一体化、劳动一体化、毗邻国家之间交换服务生产和消费及其化、劳动一体化、毗邻国家之间交换服务生产和消费及其他某些例外规定，不受最惠国待遇条款约束。他某些例外规定，不受最惠国待遇条款约束。2、根据、根据服务贸