跨文化交际实训Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication

1、跨文化交际实训ISBN：978-7-5663-1100-92014年8月 第2版 Chapter 3 Nonverbal CommunicationLearning ObjectivesIn this chapter, you should be able toDefine nonverbal communicationDistinguish the functions of nonverbal communication Identify the differences of body language used in different culturesSpecify how attitu

2、des toward time, and use of space convey nonverbal messagesWhat is the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication?How many types of nonverbal communication can you name?Warm-upI. Introduction to NonverbalCommunication 非言语交际介绍 Anthologists estimate that language accounts for only 35% of co

3、mmunication, while such cultural factors as nonverbal communication, basic cultural assumptions, and values affect the other 65%. Nonverbal communication is an indispensable and inseparable part of human interaction and communication, which deserve much of our attention.I. Introduction to NonverbalC

4、ommunication 非言语交际介绍 Nonverbal communication is important in human interaction, because we use the actions of others to learn about their affective or emotional states to form impressions of others. The message sent by body behaviors tend to be more believable when they contradict the verbal message

5、s. Many of our nonverbal actions are unintentional and unconscious, which is cannot be easily controlled, e.g. blushing. I. Introduction to NonverbalCommunication 非言语交际介绍 Nonverbal communication is especially important to the study of intercultural communication. A great deal of nonverbal behavior s

6、peaks a universal language, such as smiling, frowning, laughing, and crying, while differences of nonverbal expressions can also be found in different cultures. What is perfectly acceptable in one culture may be rude, or obscene, in another culture. By understanding important cultural differences in

7、 nonverbal behaviors, we can gather clues about underlying attitudes and values.II. Definitions of Nonverbal communication非言语交际的定义Everything except the actual words we apply in our communication, such as the looks on our face, the way we speak, the gestures we employ, the direction of our gaze, the

8、extent to which we touch. They all send messages to the people we are talking to. Nonverbal messages are generally classified into two categories: those that primarily produced by the body behaviors produced by speakers and uses of the spatial or temporal setting by speakers.I. Introduction to Nonve

9、rbalCommunication 非言语交际介绍 Repeating: nonverbal behaviors can be used in order to emphasize or clarify the verbal message. Contradicting: nonverbal behaviors can convey contradictory meaning which is opposite to that of the verbal message. Substituting: nonverbal behavior can replace verbal behavior

10、to convey certain meaning. Accenting: nonverbal behavior can be used to add force to verbal message. Complementing: It means that nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal messages to reinforce the information. Regulating: It means that nonverbal behavior can regulate the flow of communicati

11、on. II. Functions of Nonverbal Communication 非言语交际的功能 Key TermsNonverbal communication 非言语交际 非言语交际是指不用言语，而是通过面部表情、手势、眼神、身体的运动以及对时空的态度来进行的沟通。在人际沟通中，信息的内容部分往往通过语言来表达，而非语言则作为提供解释内容的框架，来表达信息的相关部分。Glossaryindispensableadj.不可缺少的, 绝对必要的complementvt. 辅助substitutevt. 用 . 代替，代替accent vt.强调soothing adj. 安慰的ela

12、borate v. 详细地说明 What is nonverbal communication?2. What are the functions of nonverbal communication? Comprehension QuestionsII. Body language (Kinesics) 体态语Postures 姿势 the sitting posture Squatting Shrugging ones shoulders stamping foot Standing with arms akimbo II. Body language (Kinesics) 体态语Post

13、ures 姿势 the sitting posture The sitting posture in America is more casual than that in China. Chinese people are accustomed to straightening clothes and sitting properly. In addition, they tend to raise themselves slightly or lean forwards in the purpose of showing respect to the communicator. Being

14、 casual and friendly is valued in America. They may often fall into chairs or slouch when they stand. Even when giving lecture, an American teacher may sit seriously at the beginning, but lean back before long. In a college, American teachers may often sit on the desk and discuss questions with stud

15、ents. Squatting For the typical North American, squatting seems improper, uncivilized, or at least not terribly sophisticated. They teach their children not to squat. Chinese farmers in the treeless northern and northwestern regions develop the squatting posture, by which they can take a long rest.

16、If American people really need to take a long rest, they are more likely to sit on the floor.II. Body language (Kinesics) 体态语Postures 姿势Shrugging ones shoulders Shrugging ones shoulders can express that one is indifferent, powerless or having no secret to conceal. Americans often shrug their shoulde

17、rs to show that they are innocent. II. Body language (Kinesics) 体态语Postures 姿势Stamping foot In America, people stamp foot to express impatience, but the same behavior shows anger or irritation in China.II. Body language (Kinesics) 体态语Postures 姿势Standing with arms akimbo It is common in the United St

18、ates with neutral meaning. This may be adopted by both men and women with a meaning of impatience used by women. However, such a posture is thought to be a threat in ChinaII. Body language (Kinesics) 体态语Postures 姿势Gestures 手势thumbs-up sign thumb down the “OK” sign the V sign good luck sign the singl

19、e finger beckon The thumbs-up signs. This gesture in Britain means “good, great, well-played” and is also used for hitch-hiking, asking for free ride. In the Persian culture, it is a sign of discontent and borders on the obscene (highly offensive). Gestures 手势Thumb down. In the U.S. and the Canada,

20、it shows disapproval or rejection of a proposal, idea, person, or a nonverbal way of saying a strong “no”. In Greece, it is considered a rude sign and is often used by motorists to signal their anger over someones crazy driving. Gestures 手势The V sign. The V sign, holding two fingers upright with pal

21、m and fingers faced outward, is a sign for victory in the United States and many other countries. The V sign signals number “two” in countries like China, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria. It was first used by Winston Churchill during World War II, yet quickly spread all over the world. However, palm fac

22、ing inward toward the face is an obscene gesture in England. Gestures 手势Good luck sign. If you put your middle finger on top of your forefinger, that means you wish someone good luck. This gesture is basically peculiar in Anglo-American cultures. Germans wish others good luck by making two fists wit

23、h thumbs inside and pounding them on an imaginary table. While in Portugal, people would place the thumb between the index and third finger. Gestures 手势The single finger beckon. The beckoning gesturefingers upturned, palm facing the body, is used by people in the United States and Britain for summon

24、ing someone to “come here”. In China, people would do this with an extended hand toward the person, palm open and facing down, and all fingers crooked in a beckoning motion. Gestures 手势Facial expressionSmiling and laughing Showing anger Smiling and LaughingIn America, a smile can be a sign of happin

25、ess or friendly affirmation. In China, however, smiling is not only an expression of happiness, but also a way which can be used to mask an emotion, or to avoid answering a question, or even to hide embarrassment. When a person from the United States might blush with embarrassment or become offensiv

26、e, a Chinese might blush with smile. This is also true of laughter in China. People laugh not to make fun of the person involved or his misfortune in the embarrassing situation. Laughter conveys a number of feelings: dont take it seriously; laugh it off, its nothing; such things can happen to any of

27、 us. In Korean culture, too much smiling is often perceived as the sign of a shallow person, but you can smile as much as you can in America.Facial expressionShowing anger. One of the milder forms of showing anger in Western cultures, for example, is frowning. Depending on the context, frowning can

28、indicate anger, doubt, questioning of authority, suspicion, or disagreement. Another way of showing anger is shouting and gesturing. Germans, Canadians, Arabs, and Latinos often raise their voices when angry. The Japanese seldom raise their voices when angry. Instead, they may show anger by sucking

29、in their breath rather than letting it out with a scream. When Germans are angry, their faces may get red; they may shout; but typically they are still fairly correct in how they address the opponent. Korean managers often show anger toward subordinates not only with verbal criticism but also with n

30、onverbal acts of violence even throwing coffee on a subordinate or causing physical injury Facial expressionKey TermsKinesics/Body language 身势语/体态语体态语，又称“身势语”或“体态语”，指的是传递交际信息的表情和动作。它包括身体的各部位所产生的非言语行为，包括面部表情，姿势，手势，眼神交流等等。研究结果表明，体态语具有交流思想、传达感情、昭示心理、强调指代等功能。体态语十分丰富，可以表达各种思想感情，并且不同的文化有着不同的体态语。Glossarysq

31、uat v. 蹲sophisticated adj.久经世故的，老练的obscene adj. 淫秽的，猥亵的resentmentn. 怨恨，愤恨grit vt.咬紧牙关intrigue vt. 欺骗，激起 . 的兴趣panculturala. 全文化的embarrassment n. 困窘，尴尬Glossarysuspicionn. 猜疑，怀疑decipher vt. 译解 overstate v. 夸大的叙述，夸张interlocutor n. 对话者，谈话者Comprehension Questions1. How does posture communicate different m

32、essages? Use specific examples to illustrate your answer.2. How many gestures can you name? What is the meaning of each gesture?3. How do westerns show their anger? III. Eye contact 眼神交会In America, eye contact is one of the most important nonverbal cues in society. You are expected to meet other peo

33、ples gazes when you communicate. In Japan, to look someone in the eye is rude, because it is invading someones space. In Chinese culture, people who are engaged in interpersonal communication will not look directly into others eyes, especially when the youth talk to the old or the subordinate talk t

34、o his superior. Of eye contact varies in diverse cultures. In the United States, the average length of eye contact is 2. 95 seconds, and the average length of time two people gaze at each other is 1.18 seconds (Argyle, 1998; Argyle & Ingham, 1972). Key Termseye contact 眼神交会 眼神交会是是通过眼神、目光等传达信息，表达思想感情

35、，是人们非常重要的非言语交际手段Glossaryperil n. 危险，冒险samurai n. (日本的)武士 sustain vt.维持 Comprehension Questions1. Use examples to illustrate what the eye communicate in different cultures.Touch, or Haptics, refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. When used properly, touch can create feelings of wa

36、rmth and trust; when used improperly, touch can betray trust and cause annoyance. According to the degree of touching, it can be divided into contact culture and low-contact culture. IV. Body Touch 身体接触Table 3-1 Cultural Variations in TouchIV. Body Touch 身体接触(Source: R.E. Axtell, Gestures, New York:

37、 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998)Contact cultures displays considerable interpersonal closeness or immediacy, and people in these countries stand close and touch often (Hall, 1966).People in low contact cultures tend to stand apart and touch less. IV. Body Touch 身体接触Hand-shaking 握手Hugging and kissing

38、拥抱和亲吻IV. Body Touch 身体接触Key TermsTouch/Haptics接触 接触语是一种复杂的非言语符号系统, 通过人们在交际过程中身体部位是否接触及接触的方式和程度, 能表达彼此间相互关系的信息,而且存在着巨大的跨文化差异。Contact culture接触性文化/Low-contact culture低接触文化 根据身体接触的多少,分为接触性文化和低接触文化。接触性文化中，人们相互之间关系亲密，因而身体的接触较多。接触文化包括大部分阿拉伯国家，地中海地区（包括法国、希腊、意大利），欧洲及中东的犹太民族，东欧及俄罗斯人、印尼人及西班牙血统的民族等。低接触文化的人们关系趋

39、于冷淡，身体接触相对较少。低接触文化包括北欧大部、德国、英国和美国的盎格鲁-撒克逊族人以及日本人。澳大利亚人居于两者之间。Key TermsGlossaryharassment n. 骚扰affectionate adj. 情深的，充满情爱的 ritualized adj. 仪式化的slap vt. 拍击Estonian n. 爱沙尼亚人Comprehension Questions Identify the different ways people use touch to convey messages to others in different cultures.2. What is

40、 contact culture/low-contact culture?V. Paralanguage 副语言Paralanguage lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech, which is, how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words. In other words, it involves the vocal but non

41、verbal dimensions of speech. Paralanguage can be divided into three kinds of vocalizations(1)vocal characterizers(laughing, crying、 yelling, moaning, whining, belching and yawning); (2)vocal qualifiers(volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance and tone); (3)vocal segregates(“un-huh” “shh” “uh” “oooh”

42、“mmmh” and “humm”). V. Paralanguage 副语言 SilenceSilence is also a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the culture. V. Paralanguage 副语言People in low-context cultures view silence as communication gone wrong and generally are uncomfortable with silence

43、. They often feel responsible for starting a conversation or keeping it going. e.g. United StatesHigh-context cultures have a different attitude towards the use of silence. There is often a belief among many Eastern traditions that words can contaminate an experience and that inner peace and wisdom

44、come only through silence. e.g. some Asian countries. A Chinese proverbs like “Silence is gold V. Paralanguage 副语言Key TermsParalanguage 副语言 副语言又称为类语言或伴随语言、辅助语言。副语言是人们在交际过程中，用来协助语言传递信息、表达情感、表明态度的非言语技巧的总称。作为语言符号的子系统，副语言行为始终贯穿于言语交际过程，并且具有特殊的交际功能。副语言可分为三类，声音特点(vocal characterizers)，如笑声、哭声、打嗝、打哈欠等；话语修饰 (

45、vocal modifiers)主要对语义起修饰作用，语音区别符号(vocal characterizers)，如声音的响度、音高、音量、音速的变化等；语音分隔 (vocal segregates)如“um”、“ah”、“uh”一类的有声符号。 Glossarycue n.暗示；提示；信号vocal characterizers 声音特点vocal qualifiers 话语修饰pitch n.音高rhythm n.节奏tempo n.速度resonance n.共鸣 tone n.音调vocal segregates 语音分隔contempt n.轻视；轻蔑contaminate v.弄脏；

46、污染Comprehension Questions1. What are the functions of paralanguage? 2. Why should silence be neglected in communication?VI. Spatial language 空间语言Spatial language, or proxemics, is the study of the way that people use physical space to convey message. Four zones of personal spaceIntimate zone (no dis

47、tance to 18inches), showing the intimacy between the two communicators. It is only possible for the closest relation, for instance, within couples, with ones parents, or children. Personal zone (18 inches to 4 feet), is used for talking with close friends, acquaintances, and relatives. Social zone (

48、4 to 12 feet). People who work together, doing business together, or those in conversation at social gathering tend to keep a social distance.Public zone (12-25 feet), it is used when speaking in public or giving a talk to group. VI. Spatial language 空间语言Key Terms Spatial language /Proxemics 空间语言 空间

49、语言，就是人们利用空间表达某种思想信息的一种社会语言。Intimate Zone亲密距离/ Personal Zone个人距离/ Social Zone社会距离/ Public Zone公共距离 美国人类学家Edward T. Hall把个人之间的距离分为四种：亲密距离、个人距离、社会距离和公众距离。亲密距离，从没有距离到18英寸，表现出接触者的亲密。这种距离通常发生在关系亲密的人之间，如夫妻、情人之间，与父母或子女之间。个人距离，从18英寸到4英尺，朋友、熟人之间，或者亲戚之间交通是通常保持这个距离。社会距离，从4英尺到12英尺。同事之间，业务伙伴之间，或者社交场合的人们通常保持这个距离。公

50、共距离，从12英尺到25英尺，通常在公众场合的演讲或对一群人讲话时保持这个距离。Key TermsGlossaryintimate adj. 亲密的，私人的 barricade v. 设路障挡住，阻拦soundproof adj. 隔音的 allocate vt. 分派，分配hierarchy n. 等级制度，层级simultaneous adj. 同时发生的，同步的How does the way a culture perceives and uses space communicate messages to others?2. Use examples to explain the p

51、eoples different attitude towards office space.Comprehension QuestionsVII. Temporal language 时间语言 Temporal language, or chronemics, refers to the way in which time is used in a culture. The use of time is related to how people look at time.The two of the most important time systems that relate to in

52、ternational business are Monochronic time(M-time) and Polychronic time(P-time).VII. Temporal language 时间语言Comparison of Monochronic and Polychronic People Monochronic People Polychronic People Do one thing at a time Do many things at once Concentrate on the job Are easily distracted and subject to i

53、nterruptions Take time commitments (deadlines, schedules) seriously Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible Are low-context and need information Are high-context and already have information Are committed to the job Are committed to people and human relationships Adhere to

54、 plans Change plans often and easily Monochronic People Polychronic People Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy Are more concerned with those who are closely related (family, friends, close business associates) than with privacy Show great respect for private property;

55、seldom borrow or lend Borrow and lend things often and easily Emphasize promptness Base promptness on the relationship Are accustomed to short-term relationships Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships VII. Temporal language 时间语言Key Termstemporal language /Chronemics 时间语言 时间语言, 是指不同文化中人

56、们对时间的态度以及运 用方式。时间的利用与人们看待时间的方式紧密相连。 人们看待时间的方式分为过去取向，现在取向和未来 取向。monochronic time(M-time)单时制文化 单时制文化，以美国，英国等国家为代表，较注重时 间表的安排，时间的分割使用和准时。在这种时间体 系中，时间被看成是线性的，同一时间只能做一件事。 时间是金钱，是生命，人们看重准时和快捷。polychronic time(P-time) 多时制文化 多时制文化，以阿拉伯国家和拉丁美洲等为代 表，在时间使用上不那么刻板，较少受时间约 束，遵循日出而作，日落而息，人们认为时间 是分散的，同一时间可安排做很多事，较灵活

57、。 单时制文化的人们多认为这是对时间的浪费。Key TermsGlossarydeference n. 顺从，敬重 reckon vt. 计算adherence n. 坚持，固守What are the differences between M-time and P-time cultures? Use examples to illustrate.2. Do you think Chinese is M-time oriented or P-time oriented?Comprehension QuestionsCase AnalysisCase 1A Puerto Rico girl,

58、 studying in a New York high school, was taken to the principle with several classmates for suspected smoking. There was no proof of any wrong-doing, but the principal decided that she was guilty. The reason for his judgment was: she wouldnt meet the principals eye. This made the principal doubt tha

59、t there was something sly and suspicious of the girl. QuestionWhat made the headmaster decide that the girl was guilty even there was no proof?Case AnalysisCase 2An American went to an Arab country to meet his Arab counterpart for a business talk. The talk went on smoothly and both sides felt please

60、d.At the break, both stood talking casually. However, the Arab manager considered they knew each other quite well and that, therefore, they should stand closer to show their closeness in their bilateral relationship. So he moved closer to the American manager. The American manager was surprised by t