中国药科大学药学专业英语课件-黄芪

1、黄 芪 Radix AstragaliEnglish Name Milkvetch RootOriginsPlant MorphologyCollection and PreparationProduction and CommerceDescriptionMicroscopical CharactersChemical ConstituentsPhysical and Chemical IdentificationPharmacologyAction IndicationMain contentsHuangqi(黄芪) is also called huangqi(黄耆) and was f

2、irst recorded in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as a superior herb. According to Li Shizhen, the Chinese name huangqi(黄耆) consists of huang(黄) and qi(耆), huang meaning yellow, and qi meaning “leader. It is one of the most important tonic herbs, and that is why it was given this name.It is the dried root of

3、Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. ) Bge. , family Leguminosae.Origins A perennial herb, 4080cm high. Main root stout, relatively long and straight. Stem erect, branched at the upper part. Leaves odd-pinnately compound, alternate, wi

4、th 1218 pairs of pinnae; stipules lanceolate. Plant MorphologyAstragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge. ) Hsiao:odd-pinnately compound：奇数羽状复叶pinnae：小叶，由拉丁语转变而来，复数stipule：托叶lanceolate ：披针形的 Flowers in axillary racemes; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla yellow or yellowish, 1.82c

5、m long; standard oblong-ovate; wings and keel clawed; stamens 10, diadelphous; ovary long stalked. Legume (pod)，membranaceous, inflated to be semi-ovate, 1.11.5cm in diameter, glabrous. Flowering season Jun. Jul. ; fruiting season Jul.Sept. . racemes：总状花序 calyx： 花萼 campanulate：钟状的 corolla：花冠 standar

6、d：旗瓣 wing：翼瓣keel：龙骨瓣 diadelphous：二体雄蕊 stalked：柄 Texture hard and tenacious, uneasily broken, fracture highly fibrous and starchy, bark yellowish- white, wood pale yellow with radiate striations and fissures, the centre part of old root occasionally rotten-wood-shaped, blackish-brown or hollowed. Odo

7、ur, weak; taste, slightly sweet and slightly bean-like on chewing.Descriptiontenacious：粘性的 striation：纹理 fissure: 裂隙slight Cork consisting of many rows of cells. Phelloderm, 35 rows of collenchymatous cells. Outer part of phloem rays often curved and fissured; fibres in bundles, walls thickened and l

8、ignified or slightly lignified, arranged alternately with sieve tube groups; stone cells sometimes visible near phelloderm. Cambium in a ring. Xylem vessels scattered singly or 23 aggregated in groups; wood fibres existing among vessels; stone cells singly or 24 in groups, sometimes visible in rays.

9、 Parenchymatous cells containing starch granules.Transver sectionPhelloderm：栓内层 collenchymatous: 厚角组织 lignified：木质化 Yellowish-white. Fibres in bundles or scattered, 830m in diameter, thick-walled, with longitudinal fissures on the surface, the primary walls often separated from the secondary walls,

10、both ends often broken to be tassel-like, or slightly truncated. Bordered pitted vessels colorless or orange, bordered pits arranged closely. Stone cells occasionally visible, rounded, oblong or irregular, slightly thick-walled.Powderprimary walls：初生壁 tassel : 穗 bordered pitted vessels ：具缘纹孔导管(1) Fl

11、avonoids: formononetin，芒柄花黄素 3-hydroxyformonontin (calycosin), 毛蕊异黄酮Chemical ConstituentsR1H R5=OME R1H R5=OME R4OH2,3-dihydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyisoflavone： 3二羟基7，4二甲氧基异黄烷 3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpane; 3羟基9，10二甲氧基紫檀烷 Chemical Constituents(2) Saponins: astragoloside 黄芪皂苷 soyasaponin 大豆皂苷Chemical

12、 Constituents(3) Sugars: astragalan, D-glucose, D-fructose, sucrose; 多糖类：黄芪多糖，D葡萄糖，D果糖，蔗糖；(4) Others -Sitosterol, choline, betaine, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linoleinic acid, etc.谷甾醇，胆碱，甜菜碱，棕榈酸，亚油酸，亚麻酸等。Chemical Constituents3g powdersApply the filtrate to a prepared neutral aluminium oxide colum

13、n methanol,20ml, boil,1helute with 100 ml of 40% methanolEvaporate the eluate on a water bath to dryness Dissolve the residue in 30ml of water and extract with 2 quantities of 20ml n-butanol saturated with water Dissovle the residue in 0.5ml of methanol as the test solution.Combine the n-butanol sol

14、utions and wash solution and evaporate the n-butanol solution to dryness on a water bath.Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography (TLC(Appendix 6.3) using silica gel G as the coating substance and chloroform methanol water (65:30:10, lower layer) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to th

15、e plate, dry it in air, spray with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol, and heat at 105 for 5 minutes. A brown spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and color to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution. Examine under ultra-violet light (

16、365 nm ), orange-yellow fluorescent spots are shown in both chromatograms.Physical and chemical Identification【理化鉴别】 取本品粉末3克，加甲醇20毫升，置水浴上加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液加于已处理好的中性氧化铝柱上100120目，5克，柱内径1015毫米。用100毫升40%甲醇洗脱，收集洗脱液。水浴蒸干，残渣加30毫升水溶解，用水饱和的正丁醇提取两次，每次20毫升，合并正丁醇溶液，用水洗涤，正丁醇液蒸干，残渣加0.5毫升甲醇溶解作为供试品溶液。另取黄芪甲苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1毫升

17、含1毫克的溶液，作为对照品溶液。参照薄层色谱法附录6.3试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2微升，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以氯仿甲醇水65：30：10，用下层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%的硫酸乙醇溶液，并于105加热5分钟显色。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的棕色斑点。置紫外灯365nm下检视，供试品色谱与对照品色谱在相同的位置上均显橙黄色荧光斑点。 Pharmacology(1) Tonifying effects: Continuous administration of the decoction to mice for three weeks increase

18、 their body weight and prolongs swimming time. The herb is considered a qi tonic. (2) Diuretic effect: In animal studies, oral ingestion or injection of the extract induces diuresis.滋补作用：黄芪为补气药。小鼠连续给予其煎出液三周，能增加体重和延长在水中存活时间。利尿作用：动物试验研究说明，口服或注射给予黄芪提取液均能引起尿量增多。(3) Effect on nephritis: It has been prove

19、n effective against experimentally-induced nephritis, especially in treating proteuria. Patients with proteuria that are given the herb recover faster than those in the control group. 对肾炎的作用：黄芪被证明对实验性肾炎有效，尤其对蛋白尿效果较好。由肾炎引起蛋白尿的患者服用黄芪后恢复比对照组快得多。(4) Cardiotonic effect: The herb increases contraction of

20、normal hearts, its cardiotonic effect being even more dramatic in hearts exhausted by fatigue and poison. 强心作用：增强正常心脏的收缩功能。对于劳累或中毒所致心脏衰竭起效迅速，强心作用明显。(5) Vasodilation effect: It dilates blood vessels, improves blood circulation of the skin, and enhances nutrition. 舒张血管：扩张血管，改善皮肤血循环，并增加营养。(6) Antibacterial effect: In vitro the herb has antibacterial action upon Shigella dysenteriae,Streptococcus haemolyticus. Diplococcus