美国文学名词解释

1、1. American Puritanismit comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言） and salvation（拯救） were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职）， thrift and sobriety（清醒） were

2、praised.代表作家：约翰弥尔顿John Milton 约翰班扬 John Bunyan其他作家： Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森爱德华滋(1703-1758) . Immateriality发怒上帝手中的罪人（Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God）。论原罪(the great Christian doctrine of original sin)Benjamin Franklin(本杰明富兰克林) materialismpoor Richards Almanac穷理查德历书 Autobiography自传John de Crevecoeur约翰

3、克雷福科Letters from an American Farmer美国农夫的来信2. Romanticism: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18thcentury in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19thcentury w

4、ho stimulated（刺激） the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biograph

5、y.Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文Sketch Book”见闻札记, “Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服记 A History of New York 纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记_收录了The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tal

6、es”皮袜子故事集，The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿3. Transcendentalism (先验说,超越论): Transcendentalism was a philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War. Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the most impo

7、rtant thing in the universe; they stress the importance of the individual; and they offered a fresh perception of the nature as symbolic of the spirit of God. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生作品：“Nature”论自然、“Essays”随笔录、 “The American Scholar”美国学者, ou

8、r intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。his most important works are “Representative Men ”代表and “English Traits”英国人、“Poems”诗集Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗“ Walden”瓦尔登湖成名作。“Civil Disobedience”论公民的不服从essay 随笔。非暴力不合作其他重要作家：1.Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑“Mosses from an Old Manse”古厦青苔、“The M

9、arble Faun”玉石神像“The Scarlet Letter”红字2.Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔 “Moby Dick”白鲸3.Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集: Song of Myself自我之歌 O Captain! My Captain(哦船长我的船长)When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloomd小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;There was a child went forth有个小孩走过 Out of the cradle e

10、ndlessly rocking 走出不休止摇动的摇篮 Lonesome love孤独的爱4. Emily Dickinson埃米莉迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉迪金森诗集”I taste a liquor never brewed”我品味未经酿造的饮料”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain”我意识到一场葬礼“A Bird Came Down the Walk-“鸟儿沿着小径过来”I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce”我为美而死I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died

11、-“听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时：Because I Could not Stop for Death-“我不能等候死神” To make a prairie要描绘一片草原Success is counted sweetest 最美妙的胜利感觉Im nobody 我是无名之辈3 “The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂谢府崩溃记、“The Raven”乌鸦The title poem of a collection,“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述异集4. American Realism: In American liter

12、ature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really liv

13、ed. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience5. Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s, local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详

14、细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor. The most representative colonist is Mark Twain and his masterpiece The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn

15、.6. Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变） that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Americas literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to ac

16、hieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social ref

17、orm.7. Imagism（意象派）: Its a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.8. Modernism： It was

18、 a complex and diverse （复杂多样的） international movement in all the creative arts （创造性艺术）， originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided （出现） the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets （方面）， such as symbolism， surrealism （超现实主义）， cubism （立体主义）， exp

19、ressionism， futurism （未来主义）， ect9. The Lost generation： it refers to a group of young intellectuals （知识分子） who came back from war， were injured （受伤害） both physically （身体上） and mentally （精神上）. They lived by indulging （放任） themselves in the Bohemian （波西米亚） way of life. Their American dream was disillu

20、sioned （破灭了）. The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.10. Beat Generation: beat writers, in the second half of the 1950s, shared a set of social attitudesantiestablishment, anti-political, anti-intellectual, opposed to reigning cultural and moral values, and in favor of unfettered无拘无束的 self-realization and self-expression. “beat” sign