美国STEM课程Touchdown宇宙飞船着陆

1、Touchdown飞船着陆飞船着陆STEM课程课程Touchdown LessonThis STEM lesson could come before or during a science unit of study about Gravity, Shock-Absorbing , and Air Resistance .本节STEM课可以出现在科学学科中关于重力、减震和空气阻力的单元的最初或中间教学时。Lesson objective is to engage students in activating prior knowledge or checking for understand

2、ing about gravity，shock absorbing and air resistance.课程目标：回顾先备知识或检查学生对主要概念的理解。Students are in groups of four to facilitate communication and collaboration.学生将以4人小组形式进行合作与沟通。Activity Details活动介绍活动介绍Subject: Science, Engineering and Math 涉及科目：科学，工程和数学Grade Levels: 4-5 年级：4-5年级Next Generation Science S

3、tandards: 3-5-ETS1-2 美国新一代科学标准： 3-5-ETS1-2Engage: Mission to Mars活动内容：火星任务活动内容：火星任务Did you knowWithin the next ten years, we may have people living on Mars. Would you go?你知道吗？在未来十年内，有人可能会去火星生活，你愿意去火星吗？Landing on a planet is tricky. Since a spacecraft can go as fast as 18,000 miles per hour (29,000 k

4、m per hour), it needs to be able to slow down as it approaches its target. Then it needs to land gently. If there are astronauts on board, the spacecraft needs to keep them safe. 宇宙飞船着陆是一件很艰巨的任务。试想，飞行器的运行速度高达18,000英里每小时（ 29,000千米每小时），飞行器接近目标时，速度需要放缓，着陆要缓慢，如果飞行器上有宇航员，还要考虑人的安全因素。Key Concepts主要概念主要概念Un

5、derstand and use these key concepts when brainstorming the challenge with your team:当你们小组针对这个具有挑战性的任务进行头脑风暴时，要理解和应用以下几个主要概念：Air Resistance 空气阻力Force 力Gravity 重力Motion 运动Shock-Absorbing 减震Air Resistance空气阻力空气阻力Air exerts a force on an object as it falls, slowing it down.当物体下落时，会遇到空气产生的力，下落速度减慢。Gravit

6、y is pushing him towards Earth, while Air Resistance pushes upward against him, slowing his rate of fall.重力作用使他向地面下落，这时空气阻力与重力成反方向，使下落速度变缓。Force力力Aforceis a push or pull upon an object resulting from the objectsinteractionwith another object.当一个物体接触另一个物体时，产生推或拉的力。We create force when we push against

7、 each others hands.当我们双手合十，互推时，即产生力。Gravity 重力重力The force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth, or toward any other physical object.重力是吸引物体朝地心方向或朝其他物体运动的力。When the apple falls from the tree, Gravity pulls it towards the earth. If we didnt have Gravity, we would all float and so would

8、the apple.当苹果从树上掉落，重力将它吸引到地面。如果没有重力，所有物体，包括苹果，都将是漂浮的。Motion 运动运动A change in position of an object with respect to time.随着时间的改变，一个物体位置发生改变的过程称为运动。You may have heard of Newtons First Law of Motion. It states when something is in motion, it stays in motion, until a force slows it down or stops it.你可能听过

9、牛顿第一运动定律,任何物体都要保持匀速直线运动或静止状态，直到外力迫使它改变运动状态为止。Shock Absorber减震器减震器A device for absorbing the energy of sudden impulses orshocksin machinery or structures.减震器是一种装置，用来吸收机械中或其他结构中产生的震动或脉冲。Think back to the apple falling from the tree. Gravity is pulling the apple towards earth. The apple is in motion un

10、til the force of the earth stops it. It will most likely be bruised because there was nothing to absorb the force of the fall. 试想苹果从树上掉落，重力使它下落，苹果持续下落的运动，直到落地停止。大多数苹果在落地时会撞伤，因为没有外界因素减少或吸收它着陆的力。Introduce the Challenge挑战挑战When we find a landing spot on Mars, we need to design and build a spacecraft th

11、at can land there without injuring astronauts or damaging the spacecraft. Your model spacecraft will be this cup. Inside your cup will be three pompoms which represent the astronauts on board. Watch what happens as we drop the spacecraft in its current design model. 假设我们现在已经选好宇宙飞船在火星的着陆点，现在大家的任务是设计一

12、个宇宙飞船，它能安全着陆，保证着陆时宇航员的安全和宇宙飞船本身没有损伤。今天，大家的宇宙飞船模型用杯子替代，杯子内部的三个绒球玩具代表宇航员。现在大家观察一下现有模型的着陆现象。Introduce the Challenge挑战挑战 Your challenge today is to improve the design model of your spacecraft so that it will land safely and protect your astronauts when dropped on the floor. As you test your spacecraft,

13、youll find ways to make it better. Improving design based on testing is called the engineering design process. Using this process will help you better understand and apply the key concepts. 今天要挑战的活动内容是改装现有的宇宙飞船，让宇宙飞船安全着陆，并且保证宇航员的安全。在测试过程中，尝试不同的方法改进着陆过程。反复测试并改进的过程称之为工程设计过程，这个环节能帮助你理解并应用涉及的主要概念。Materi

14、als材料材料Use the tape and materials provided in your team bag to design and improve your spacecraft. 用材料袋里的素材和胶带设计、改进你的宇宙飞船。Each team has a budget of $1,720,500.00 to design their spacecraft. You will be charged for ALL materials that are used in your tests and final spacecraft. (no charge for tape) 每

15、个小组有$1,720,500.00 （￥11,183,250.00）的预算。预算用于购买测试过程中所需要的材料。（胶带免费提供）You may not cover or secure your astronauts inside the cups. 不允许通过将“宇航员”密封在纸杯中的方式防止他不掉落。The yarn may not be used to build your model spacecraft, it will be used for testing. 纱线不能用于制作宇宙飞船模型，它稍后将用于测算高度。Brainstorm, Design and Build头脑风暴，设计和

16、建造模型头脑风暴，设计和建造模型Keep in mindWhen you jump off a high step, you bend your back and knees to absorb some of the energy and break your fall. 牢记，当你起跳时，你会弯曲后背和膝盖，用于承受部分能量，使着陆更缓慢。What kind of shock absorber can you make, to soften the landing and protect your three astronauts, using the materials provided

17、? 为了让着陆缓慢，保护宇航员的安全，运用所给材料，你能设计哪种类型的减震器？How will you make sure the spacecraft doesnt tip over as it falls through the air or when it lands? 你如何改进设计，才能保证宇宙飞船在空中下落，却不翻倒。Test测试测试When you are finished creating your model spacecraft:当你制作完成宇宙飞船模型，需要进行以下步骤：List the materials your team used and how much you

18、have spent so far in the design of your spacecraft. 列出设计模型使用的材料，计算目前的总花费。Drop your spacecraft from the height of the yarn in your bag, five times, and document on your recording sheet. 将纱线拉直，以便作为测试的高度，宇宙飞船从指定高度下落，测试五次，然后在纸上记录数据。 Evaluate and Redesign评估与重新设计评估与重新设计As a team, discuss what worked well,

19、 and what may need to be redesigned. 以小组为单位讨论哪些设计是有效的，哪部分需要重新设计与改善。For example, if your spacecraft: 比如说，你的宇宙飞船：Tips over as it falls through the air make sure its level when you release it. Check that the weight is evenly distributed. Consider using a larger base. 下落过程中翻倒 检查释放宇宙飞船时是否水平，检查内部重力是否分布均匀，

20、考虑扩大宇宙飞船底部。Bounces your astronauts out of the cup add soft pads or change the number or position of the shock absorbers. Also, make the springs less springy so they dont bounce the astronauts out. 宇航员（绒球玩具）飞出宇宙飞船（纸杯）增加柔软的铺垫物或者改变减震器的数量，也可以试图减少弹簧的弹力，这样宇航员（绒球玩具）就不会弹出了。Final Test最终测试最终测试List the new materials used in this design. 列出本次设计用到的新材料Drop your spacecraft from the height of the yarn in your bag, five times and document on your recording she