必修四Module3 Grammar

1、Grammar 1 Adverbial clause of conditionModule3 Body Language and Non-verbal communicationLook at these sentences from the passage.If you say the word “communication”, most people think of words and sentences.We use “learned” body language when we are introduced to strangers. Now tick the true statem

2、ents.The sentences from the passage1. describe common situations.2. describe impossible situations. 3. use if or when to introduce the situation.4. explain the result of the situation in the other part of the sentence.5. use the present simple tense in both parts of the sentence.我们知道我们知道, 引导条件状语从句最常

3、用的引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是连词是if, 由由if引导的条件状语从句表示引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如: 如果你请他帮忙如果你请他帮忙, 他会帮你的。他会帮你的。 If you ask him, he will help you. If you fail in the exam, you will let him down. 如果你考试不及格如果你考试不及格, 你会让他失望的。你会让他失望的。另外另外, if从句还表示不可实现的条件或从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件根本不可能存在的条件, 也就是一种虚也就是一种虚拟的条件或

4、假设拟的条件或假设, 从句多用一般过去时从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。如或过去完成时。如:If I were you, I would invite him to the party. 如果我是你如果我是你, 我会邀请他参加聚会。我会邀请他参加聚会。 I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic. 如果没有堵车如果没有堵车, 我会到的早一点儿。我会到的早一点儿。其他的连词其他的连词:1. unless conj. 除非除非, 若不若不, 除非在除非在的时候的时候 You will fail

5、to arrive there in time unless you start earlier. 如果你不早点动身如果你不早点动身, 你就不能及时赶到那儿。你就不能及时赶到那儿。 Unless it rains, the game will be played. 除除非下雨非下雨, 比赛将照常进行。比赛将照常进行。2. on condition (that).在在条件下条件下, 如果如果; on condition (that).引导的条引导的条件从句是主句事件发生的前提条件件从句是主句事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件。或唯一条件。 I can tell you the truth on con

6、dition that you promise to keep a secret. 我可以告诉你真相我可以告诉你真相, 条件是你答应保条件是你答应保守秘密。守秘密。 You can go swimming on condition (that) you dont go too far from the river bank. 你只有在不远离河岸的条件下才可以你只有在不远离河岸的条件下才可以下水游泳。下水游泳。3. supposing conj. 如果如果, 假如假如 supposing引导的条件从句表示一种引导的条件从句表示一种假设条件假设条件Supposing it rains, shall

7、 we continue the sports meeting? 倘若下雨倘若下雨, 我们的运动会还要继续举行我们的运动会还要继续举行吗吗? Supposing something should go wrong, what would you do then? 假如出了什么问题假如出了什么问题, 你准备怎么对付你准备怎么对付?4. provided conj.假如假如, 除非除非, 以以为条为条件件 provided (that) +从句表示一种假设条从句表示一种假设条件。件。 He will sign the contract provided we offer more favorabl

8、e terms. 如果我们提出更优惠的条件如果我们提出更优惠的条件, 他就会在他就会在合同上签字。合同上签字。He wont be against us in the meeting provided that we ask for his advice in advance.如果我们提前征求一下他的意见如果我们提前征求一下他的意见, 他他就不会在会上反对我们。就不会在会上反对我们。另外还有另外还有in case, as/so long asIn case it rains, do not expect me. 如若下雨如若下雨, 就不要等我了。就不要等我了。As long as you pr

9、omise to come, Ill wait for you until you come. 只要你答应只要你答应, 我就等你来。我就等你来。从上述例句可以看出从上述例句可以看出if, unless, on condition (that), supposing, provided等等词引导的条件状语从句词引导的条件状语从句, 主从句条件关主从句条件关系分明系分明, 结构清晰。结构清晰。在条件状语从句中在条件状语从句中, 用一般现在时代替用一般现在时代替一般将来时一般将来时, 一般过去时代替过去将来一般过去时代替过去将来时。时。 但有些句子但有些句子, 虽没有含条件关系的连词虽没有含条件关系

10、的连词,却也隐含着条件关系却也隐含着条件关系, 这些句子常用一这些句子常用一些词些词, 如如but for, without等引出一个介等引出一个介词结构来表示条件词结构来表示条件, 条件常常是虚拟的条件常常是虚拟的,或与事实相反的假设。如或与事实相反的假设。如:but for若非若非, 要不是要不是But for the rain, we should have a pleasant journey. 要不是下雨要不是下雨, 我们的旅行肯定会很愉快。我们的旅行肯定会很愉快。But for your help, we should not have finished in time. 要不是你

11、帮忙要不是你帮忙, 我们肯定不能及时完成任我们肯定不能及时完成任务。务。Find more examples of sentences with if or when in the passage. The keys: 1) If our right hand is busy greeting someone, it cannot be holding a weapon.2) If you shake hands with someone, you show you trust them.3) We shake hands when we make a deal. 4) When we gre

12、et someone, we put the right hand over the left and bow slightly. a. If you meet someone you usually shake his/ her hand.b. What shall I do if Im invited to dinner?c. Unless youre very unlucky youll soon think of something.Look at the sentences and answer the questions.1. Which sentences refers to a

13、 normal everyday situation?2. Which sentences refers to a possibility in the future?3. Which word in the third sentence mean if not? The key: 1.a 2. b 3. unless1. If you _ a cake, your host _ very pleased. (take, be)2. Unless the weather _ better, I _ at home. (get, stay)3. He _ home early if he _ w

14、ell. (go, not feel)take will be gets will stay will godoesnt feelIf I see her Ill invite her to the party. (see, invite)Exercises4. What _ I _ if they _ about politics? (do, talk)5. If you _ your hand, the taxi _. (raise, stop)6. I _ anything unless he _ me. (not say, ask)raise will stop will not sa

15、y asksshalldotalk7. Are you thinking about going to New York for the holiday? No. But if I _the time，I would definitely go. A. have B. had C. have had D. would have 8. If you _this experiment，you will understand the theory better.A. will be doing B. have done C. will have done D. would do BB9. The v

16、olleyball match will be put off if it _. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining B10. Shall Brown come and play computer games? No，_ he has finished his homework. A. when B. if C. unless D. once11. _ you try, you will never succeed. A. If B. Until C. Since D. Unless CD12. The air is full of sm

17、oke and people are coughing. It will get worse _the government does something about the pollution. A. but B. unless C. except D. if 13. I wonder if I_ time. If I _time，Ill go with you. A. have；have B. will have；will have C. have；will have D. will have；have BDGrammar 2Adverbial clause of concession (

18、1) though, although表示表示“虽然虽然, 纵然纵然”之意。之意。 这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中况下可以互换使用。在口语中, though 较常使用较常使用, although比比though正式，二者都可与正式，二者都可与yet, still或或nevertheless连用连用, 但不能与但不能与but连用。连用。 Though/Although he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭虽然他已经精疲力竭, 但仍然继续工但仍然继续工作。作。 Tho

19、ugh/Although he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了他虽然年纪大了, 身体还很健壮。身体还很健壮。值得注意的是值得注意的是, although引导的让步状引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多语从句位于主句之前的情况较多, though引导的让步状语从句可位于主引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。句之前或主句之后。 She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她虽然不用功学习她虽然不用功学习, 考试却及格了。考试却及格了。(2)

20、 as, though表示表示“虽然虽然但是但是”, “纵使纵使”之意。之意。 as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现倒装的形式出现, 被倒装的部分可以被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形是表语、状语或动词原形, though间间或也用于这样的结构中或也用于这样的结构中, 但但although不可以这样用。不可以这样用。Object as you may, Ill go. (=Though/Although you may object, Ill go.) 纵使你反对纵使你反对, 我也要去。我也要去。 Hard as/ though he works, h

21、e makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.) 尽管他学习很努力尽管他学习很努力, 但几乎没取得什么但几乎没取得什么进步。进步。 Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. (=Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.) 虽然他是一个孩子虽然他是一个孩子, 但他知道该做什么。但他知道该做什么。Fast as you read,

22、 you cant finish the book so soon. 纵然你读得快纵然你读得快,你也不能这么快读完你也不能这么快读完这本书。这本书。 (3) even if, even though 表示表示“即使即使”, “纵使纵使”之意。之意。 这两个复合连词的意思基本相同它们这两个复合连词的意思基本相同它们常可互换使用常可互换使用, 但意义有细微差别但意义有细微差别. even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性定性, 而而even though引导让步状语从引导让步状语从句时句时, 是以从句内容为先决条件的是以从句内容为先决条件的, 也也就是说就是说, 说话人

23、肯定了从句的事实。说话人肯定了从句的事实。 Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好即使天气不好, 我们也要作一次旅行。我们也要作一次旅行。 Even if he is poor, she loves him. (=He may be poor, yet she loves him.) 即使他很穷即使他很穷, 但她还是爱他。但她还是爱他。Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He is poor, yet she loves him.)尽管他很穷尽管他很穷, 但她还是爱她。但

24、她还是爱她。(4) whether.or.表示表示“不论是否不论是否”, “不管是不管是还是还是”之意。之意。 由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。不会影响主句的意向或结果。 Youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy. 不管你忙不忙不管你忙不忙, 都要参加这个典礼。都要参加这个典礼。 Whether you believe it or not, its true. 无论你是否相信无论你是否相信, 这

25、都是真的。这都是真的。 (5) “no matter+疑问词疑问词”或或“疑问词疑问词-ever”的含义为的含义为“都都; 不不管管都都”它们引导的让步状它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。语从句可以互换。 No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.) 无论发生了什么无论发生了什么, 他都不会介意的。他都不会介意的。 No matter who you are, you must keep the law.Whoever you are, you must keep the

26、law. 不管你是谁不管你是谁, 你都要遵纪守法。你都要遵纪守法。但但“no matter+疑问词疑问词”结构只能引结构只能引导让步状语从句导让步状语从句, 而而“疑问词疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。还可以引导名词性从句。 Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I wont believe you.(Whatever 引导让步状语从句引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么无论你说什么, 我都不会相信你。我都不会相信你。Ill eat whatever (no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句引导宾语从句) 你给

27、我吃什么你给我吃什么, 我就吃什么。我就吃什么。Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。不管谁来都受到欢迎。此外此外, 有时有时while也可以引导让步状语也可以引导让步状语从句从句, 但一般要位于句首。但一般要位于句首。 While I like the colour, I dont like the shape. 我虽然喜欢那颜色我虽然喜欢那颜色, 但不喜欢那形状。但不喜欢那形状。 1. Whatever you do, dont leave immediately after the meal is

28、finished. a. It is important to leave immediately after the meal has finished. b. Dont do anything after the meal has finished. Read the sentences and choose the correct meaning.c. You can do anything you like after the meal has finished. d. It is important not to leave immediately after the meal ha

29、s finished.2. However hungry you are, you shouldnt start to eat before your host does.a. If you are hungry you can start to eat. b. Even if you are hungry you should wait. c. It is important to start eating before your host. d. Dont eat anything if youre not hungry.1. _ I feel lonely, I think about

30、you. 2. _ he is, he is very rude to me. 3. _ I go, I always meet interesting people. 4. You can invite _ you like to the party. WheneverWhoeverWhereverwhoever Complete the sentences with whoever, wherever, whenever or however. 5. _ late you arrive, Ill come and meet.6. I feel shy _ she says hello to

31、 me.7. I hear that song _ I switch on the radio.8. _ much I study, I find these exercises difficult. However whenever whenever However 1. _ youve tried it, you cant imagine how pleasant it is. (06北京北京) A. UnlessB. Because C. AlthoughD. When高考链接高考链接2. - How long do you think it will be _ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon? - Perhaps two or three years. (06福建福建) A. whenB. until C. that D. before3. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the ph