冠词基础知识,相应翻译及其人类起源知识阅读

1、精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义（ ）讲义编号_ 学员编号： 年级 ：高三 课时数：3学员姓名： 辅导科目：英语 学科教师：帅力渝课 题授课日期及时段教学目的1 词汇目标2 句型目标3 语法目标4 写作与阅读目标教学内容Step 1 warming up Relaxing time Early humans and the first civilizationsPart A early humans Scientists learn about early humans by finding and studying prehistoric remains. These remains help th

2、em Build up a picture of life in the distant past. As scientists make more discoveries, this picture sometimes Changes, and the story of early humans is retold in a new way. The story of early humans begins far back in the prehistoric past. What is prehistory? History is a record of the Past. In a v

3、ery important way, this record only begins with the invention of writing about 5,000 years ago. However , human beings have existed on earth far longer than that. What happened before the invention of writing is prehistory.An important part of the story of early humans took place during the stone ag

4、e. The stone age began in Africa about 2.5 million years ago, when the ancestors of modern humans first began to make stone tools. Scientists divide this period into two sections. The Paleolithic (old stone) Age was very long. It lasted from the time of the earliest stone tools to about 10,000 years

5、 ago. The Neolithic ( New stone) Age was much shorter, last about 5,000 years.During most of the stone age, early humans moved from place to place, hunting animals and gathering wild plants. Another important part of human story began during the last Ice Age. An Ice Age is a period during which the

6、Climate grows cold and ice covers large parts of the earths surface. Near the end of last Ice Age, early humans Learned to use language, make finely crafted tools, live in highly organized social groups, and produce art. By about 35,000 years ago, the Ice hunter who were the direct ancestors of mode

7、rn humans had migrated to Europe.They decorated the walls of caves and rock shelters with lifelike paintings and carvings of animals. These images Are viewed as the beginning of human art.Near the end of the Ice Age, large numbers of hunters were living in North American。 These people were long thou

8、ght to be the first Americans. However ,scientists are discovering new evidence about when the first humans arrived in the Americas and what routes they took to reach there.The next big stage in the story of humans occurred about 10,000 years ago, when people began to grow food. At about the same ti

9、me, these early humans domesticated, or tamed , wild sheep and goats, which became the first domestic animals. By growing crops and raising livestock, early humans changed from hunter-gathers to food-producers. This Neolithic Revolution is one of the great breakthroughs in human history. Feed from w

10、andering to hunt for food, the first farmers settled in one place. These farming villages became the first towns. The articles describe the lives of early humans during the Stone Age and how scientists continue to unearth new clues about the past. To guide your reading, the article have been organiz

11、ed around the following three big ideas: 1 Paleolithic hunters developed basic human characteristics, including toolmaking, social groups, and the creation of art. 2 Neolithic farmers advanced human culture by raising crops , domesticating animals, and building permanent Settlements . 3 new discover

12、ies add to or change their ideas about early humans. After reading:1. What is important for history begin?_.2。When and where did Stone Age begin?_.3. According to the passage, which of the following items is false ?A. The Paleolithic age is much shorter than Neolithic age B. Near the end of Ice Age,

13、 early humans learned to use languages, make finely crafted tools, live in highly Organized social groups.C. The paintings and carvings of animals are viewed as the beginning of early art.D. About 10,000 years ago, humans began to grow food。Step 2 Revision (80) 1 .words and expressions dictation2. S

14、entences translation3. composition and grammar exercise check and correctDictate words and expressions (48) (以b 字母打头的单词与短语)Step2 goals of this classA. grammar goal B. Translation goal C . Writing goal 冠词基本知识结构：冠词基本的用法表格A(n) 的特殊用法The 的特殊用法。零冠词的用法。特指泛指类指可数名词单数theaa/ the可数名词复数the/ 不可数名词the/对表格的解释1 上文提到

15、的人事物。 There is a man waiting for outside. The man wear a pair of black glasses. 特指的概念 2。后面有限定词的。 The picture on the right is a masterpiece of Da. Vinci 3双方心目中知道的事物。John , lets go to the Cafe for a drink after work.泛指的概念：第一次提到的人事物. A boy is watching a flock of sheep on the green slope.类指的概念：指具有相同特质的人

16、事物(要注意区别单数名词前加the 和a(n)表示类指 的异同A tiger is dangerous. (着重点在于一类事物中的个体) The tiger is dangerous （着重于整个群体）Tigers are dangerous（着重于群体中的部分）以上三句在意义上差别不大，可以互换。但是下面这一句，请看The tiger may extinct from the earth.（此处我们试用a 或者复数来替换一下 ）A tiger is going to extinct from the earth.(只有个体从地球上灭绝)Tigers are going to extinct

17、from the earth.（只有部分从地球上灭绝）显然在此处是自相矛盾，而且不符合事实情况。A(n)的特殊用法【1】All the children here are of an age . The two rooms are of a size. (of a +名词= the same ) 不定冠词可以说明事物的同一性质，特征，程度，大小，表示“相同”。我们翻译俩句话看看1 这俩位学生一样的学位毕业于哈佛大学。（ of a degree）2 上海和巴黎一样时尚浪漫。（asas）【2】不定冠词用于表示时间，速度，价格等意义的名词之前表示“每一”的意思，相当于every。We usually

18、 work eight hours a day.试翻译下面一句话由于工作比较忙，他一年才回家一次去看望他的母亲。（once a year）【3】不定冠词用于人名前，表示说话人对这个人不认识，或表示与某名人有类似性质的人。A Mr. Li telephoned you just now.Everyone wishes to be a Lei Feng in his class.试翻译下面的句子：他对物理非常感兴趣，希望长大后能成为一个爱因斯坦式的人物。（a Einstein）【4】在词组中，have a look/ walk/ examination/a good time, catch a c

19、old, play a joke on somebody, have a good view of , have a word with somebody.(和某人说话)【5】下列短语中，有无不定代词，意义不一样：In word(s)口头上 in a word总之，总而言之 Of age成年、 of an age同龄 At times有时，不时的 at a time 一度，一次 in crowds成群的 in a crowd 在人群中 have words with 争吵 have a word with与谈一下定冠词的主要用法1“the+集合名词或复数名词”可表示对某一特指的群体做一般性的陈

20、述。The public (police) wanted to know how serious the situation was.2.“the/ these/ those+形容词”可表示一类人。如：the young, the dead, these wounded, those poor, the living等。The young are required to give their seats to the old in a crowded bus.3.“the +表示国籍的形容词”可表示该国全体人民，如：the British, the French, the Swedish, t

21、he ChineseThe Chinese are hard-working and brave.4. “the+姓氏复数”可以表示一家人或夫妇二人。例如：The day before yesterday, I called on the Whites, but they happened to be out.5. 四季名称前一般不加冠词，但在某一年的某一季节前须加定冠词the.例如：Wang Hai was born in the summer of 1999.6. 表示一年中的某一段特定的时间时，也可以加the.例如Some animals will hibernate through t

22、he winter.7. 在either of, one of等结构后的名词前须加上定冠词或其他限定词。如：all of the ( these/ my ) students等。8. 在“动词+sb+介词+the +身体部位”不可以用物主代词代替其中的定冠词：hit sb on the head, pull sb by the arm, be red in the face, have a pain in the back, seize sb by the arm, be blind in the right eyes.9. 在有关场所的名词前，用了冠词单指具体场所。如果不用冠词，则转指该场所

23、的功能，作用等抽象意义。试比较In bed 睡觉，卧床 in the bed （人）在床上In prison 坐牢 in the prison 在监狱里In office执政 in the office 在办公室By sea由海路 by the sea在海边At table在进餐 at the table 在餐桌旁At school在求学中 at the school 到大学去 Go to college 上大学 go to the college到大学去10特别提醒：有些短语中用或不用定冠词the 完全出于习惯。试比较:Go to the office( cinema/ theatre/ u

24、niversity) 上班（去看电影、去看戏，上大学）Go to town 上城、 go to the countryside 下乡In town 在城里 ，in the city在城里11下列短语中，有无定冠词，意义不一样。Four of us 我们当中的四人 the four of us我们四人（共有四人）In future从今以后 in the future未来，在将来On earth到底，究竟，在世界上 on the earth在地面上，在地球上Of age成年 of the age 当代，现代By day 在白天 by the day按日计In front of 在前面（范围以外）

25、in the front of 在前部in charge of负责，管理 in the charge of 由负责，在管理下in course of 正在过程中 in the course of 当时候，在期间in place of 代替 in the place of 在地方12. 由普通名词构成的专有名词the peoples republic of China, the United States of American, the Great Wall, the Summer palaceThe people square 13.一些地理名词之前：江河湖海山岛海湾海峡：the Yangt

26、ze river, the Mississippi（密西西比河）, the Himalaya（喜马拉雅山脉），the Alps（阿尔卑斯山脉）, the British Isles,(不列颠群岛)，the Philipines (菲律宾群岛)，the Pacific ocean, the Atlantic Ocean （注意：山应该为山脉，岛应该为群岛）14. 西洋乐器名词若作为演奏或学习的课程时加the .如： play the piano , learn the violin 但是，注意buy a piano 15. 具体的计量单位要加the ,但是抽象的计量名词不加thePaid by

27、the hour , sell by the meter, calculate by the dozen 16. 以festival 结尾的节日名词前加the ,尤其是中国的节日The spring festival, the mid-autumn festival, the dragon-boat festival但是以day结尾的节日名词不加the：National day, womans day, Christmas day.零冠词的用法1.星期，月份，节日，假日和三餐前不用冠词。例如They usually have breakfast at 8 in Britain.2.球类,游戏活

28、动前不用冠词。例如：He likes playing tennis better than chess.3.称呼语，家庭成员和家里雇佣的厨师，保姆等名词之前不用冠词。例：Whats wrong with me, doctor? Ask nurse to take mother in the open air.4.名词前有物主代词，指示代词或不定代词（some, any, every, each ）时，不用冠词。Whose dog is this?I came across my first English teacher this afternoon. A wolf in a sheeps s

29、kin is our most dangerous enemy.披着羊皮的狼是最危险的敌人。5.在对称结构中，名词之前不用冠词如： year after year , day by day, from west to east, from head to foot, hand in hand, shoulder to shoulder, arm in arm, face to face, Water and fire, mistakes after mistakes, day and night6.在表示头衔，职务的名词在句中作同位语，表语，宾语补足语或主语补足语时，一般不用冠词，作主语，宾语

30、时反之。例如：We made Xu Ting monitor of our class last week.注意：该职务，头衔必须是某一范围独一无二的，否则可以加冠词。Liu Yun has also been elected a group leader of our class.系动词turn 后的名词前一般不加定冠词。例如：Later they turned policemen.Lu Xun had been a doctor before he turned a writer.As 引导的让步状语从句中倒装的名词及其形容词副词最高级前，无需冠词 Child as he is, he i

31、s very knowledgeable and has a good master of the computer.冠词的位置：一般放在所有限定词的最前面，但在下列情况下，冠词后置：1） 名词短语中有many, such, what 等词修饰时，不定冠词要放在这些词的后面，如 many a student, such a clever boy, what a Kind man 2) 形容词前有as, so, too, how, however 等副词修饰时，不定冠词要放在形容词之后，名词之前。As clever a boy, so clever a boy, how clever a boy

32、, however difficult a problem it maybe , too boring a speech.3) 不定冠词可以放在副词quite和rather 之前或之后，但必须放在fairly 之前。Quite a sudden change = a quite sudden change, A fairly cheap sofa. A fairly good violinist4. 短语名词里有exactly, just, double, twice, half, both, all ,等词修饰时，定冠词须放在这些词的后面Exactly the same amount, ju

33、st the person, half the way, twice the price, both the sides.错误剖析1 It is very helpful to keep diary.(F)It is very helpful to keep a diary.(T)析：diary 是可数名词，但很少用复数，而多与不定冠词连用。如： to write a diary in English.英语中常见一些抽象名词与不定冠词连用。如：It is a pity that It is a pleasure to doIt is a shame to doIt is a great hel

34、p In a hurry, in a temper, all of a sudden 还有一些与take, have 有关的短语，也要加不定冠词如： to take an interest in, take a pride in, to take a dislike to, to have a mind to do, to take a chance to, to have a headache(a pain, a cold)此外还有一些固定搭配也要注意，如：as a rule, as a result of, to keep this a secret, to make a fool of

35、oneself, at a discount, on an average, a short time ago, to live a happy life.2. I can never get used to this kind of a life.(F)I can never get used to this kind of life.(T)析：指示代词this 在kind 之前已经起到了定冠词的作用，因此介词后面不应该在用任何冠词，类似的错误还有： a sort of the person, a new type of a machine. 另外millions of , hundreds

36、 of, plenty of , agreat deal of 后也不用任何冠词：millions of birds fly here for their winter. 但是在most of , half of , all of, some of, any of, both of, neither of , none of, either of , few of , many of, each of 等词组后面的名词前一定要加the，以表示一定范围内的数量，如：most of the time, all of the texts等。 i3) He has lived in Soviet Un

37、ion for 30 years.(F)He has lived in the Soviet Union for 30 years.(F)析： 国家名词前一般不用加定冠词，如： China , America, Japan, Korean America但：若为普通名词构成的专有名词前 the Peoples republic of China 该国是由几个小部分联合组成， 如：the united kingdom 国名以复数形式出现，如：the Netherlands, the United states, the Philipines, 4) The building was comple

38、ted in September of 2000.(F)The building was completed in the September of 2000.(T)析： 季节和月份名词前一般不加冠词。如果被一个限定性定语修饰或表示一段特定的时间就得加定冠词。5） Oh, John ! what pleasant surprise you gave us!Oh, John! What a pleasant surprise you gave us!析：表示情感的surprise,joy, pleasure, honour, pity等的含义已经具体化，特别是在限定性定语从句中，需加不定冠词。6

39、）The new building is under the construction (F) The new building is under construction (T)析： under construction 是固定词组，名词前不需加冠词，意为“在建设中”。有很多短语中间用或不用冠词完全出于习惯，常见的还有：in the evening, at night, in the city, in town, by air, by sea, day after day, at ease, in bed, in use, in place, in honor of, in search o

40、f, out of order, out of work, out of sight, under repair.7) What a fun it is to listen to music.(F)What fun it is to listen to music.(T)析：fun 为不可数名词，不能加冠词，也不能说how fun8) He was elected the president of the United States for the second time.(F) He was elected president of the United States for the sec

41、ond time.(T)析：表示头衔，职务的名词在句中作同位语，表语，宾语补足语或主语补足语时，一般不用冠词。9） They tended wounded and buried the dead.（）They tended the wounded and buried the dead.(T)析： the 用于某些形容词或者过去分词前，指某一类人或物。 这里the wounded指的是伤员这一类人。10） Pay special attention to the idioms of English language. ( F) Pay special attention to the idio

42、ms of the English language.(T) Pay special attention to the idioms of English.(T)析：English, French, Chinese为不可数名词，但language是可数名词，所以这里要加冠词。高考预热1.He has_ great interest in history, especially in _ history of Tang Dynasty.A. a; the B. a; / C. / ; the D. / ; a2. The party last night was _ success. We sa

43、ng and danced until it came to _ end at twelve. A. a; the B. the; an C. a; an D./; an3. Mr. Stock , who is in Mexico on _, runs _ small business. A. business; a B. business; / C. the business; a D. business; /4. wouldnt it be _ wonderful world if all nations lived in _ peace with one another A. a, /

44、 B. the, / C. a, the D. the, the5. Do you know who invented _ telephone? -No, but it is really _ most useful invention. A. the, the B. a, a C. the, a D a, the6. the police have _ power to arrest bad people by _ law.A. the, the B./, the C./, / D. the,/7. Now the machine runs at double_.A. a speed B.

45、speed C. the speed D. for speed8. I came by _ sea and I had a lovely journey on _Queen Elizabeth II. A. /; the B. the,/ C. /, / D. the, the9. She plays _ violin fairly well and makes a living by teaching_ violin. A. the,/ B. /, / C. a, / D. a, a10.these two rooms are of _ size. But another two rooms

46、 are three times_ size of them. A. the, the B. a; the C. a, a D. the ; a 11. On_ New Years Eve,_ most people like to watch CCTV programs at home. A. the, / B. the, the C. /, / D. the, a12. There was _ time_ I hated to go to school. A. a, that B. a, when C. the, that D. the, when 13. As a rule, domes

47、tic servants doing odd jobs are paid _. A. by the hour B. by hour C. by an hour D. by hours14.you mean you know the man? -I know _ man exactly like him.A. Other B. the C. / D. a15. Mr. Smith told us that _ gold medal his son had got was considered _ great honor to the whole family.A. the,/ B. a, a C

48、. the; a D. a, the16. I hear that as many as 1,500 people were killed in the earthquake. A. a, a B. the , a C. /, / D. /, a17.At midnight they reached _ small village_ east of _ Ever-white mountain. A. a, / ; the B. a, /, / C. the, the , the D. the, an , an18. Nanjing lies on _Yangtz river and has _

49、 population of more than four million. A. the, the B. the ,/ C. the, a D./ ,a19. Bill Clinton took _ office on January 20th,1993 and left_ office on January 20th,2001. A. /, / B. his, his C. the, the D. an, the20. we learn to go all out to work for _ good of _ society. A. the, / B. /, / C. /,a D. th

50、e, the21. Paris is_ most beautiful city, where you can see_ famous Eiffel Tower.A. a ,the B. a,/ C. the, a D. the, the22.-what about _bike? -Do you think it all right to buy him _ bike as_ birthday present? A. the, the, the B. a, the, a C. the, a, the D. the, the , a23. He had decided to give it up,

51、 but on_ second thought he decided to try_ third time. A. the, a B. /, / C. a, a D. the , the.24. Excuse me, where are _ books for biology? -follow me. Theyre on this shelf. Do you want _ new or used book?A. a, a B. a, the C. the, a D. the, the25. Young as he is, David has gained_ rich experience in

52、_ society. A. /,/ B. the, the C. a, / D. /, the26. My son is lost. Did you see a boy passing by? -I saw _ boy hidden behind _ tree over there. You may go and have a look. A. a, a B. the, the C. a, the D. the , a27. Mary climbed to the top of the mountain in _ hurry, looked down and found in _ surprise that _ whole town took on a new look. A. a, the, the B. a, /, the C. /, /, the D./,/ a 28. In _ old society