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1、 北京启德教育 SAT 培训中心安心老师SAT 阅读技巧系列之六 排除法 (POE 排除法,英文简称 POE, 全称是 Process of elimination 。判定选项的两个方法,一 是直接选出正确选项(同义改写,上一章的内容,二是排除错误选项。那么什 么样的选项是错误选项?我们这一章节的重点就是 SAT 常见的六种错误选项类 型,以及两个题型的错误选项类型。 常见六种错误选项类型 原文单词重组 与原文相反
2、60;无中生有 概念混淆 无端比较 过分绝对 两个题型的错误选项类型 主旨题 态度语气评价题 下面我们主要讲解六种错项选项中的四种和两个题型的错误选项类型。 一、原文单词重组 定义:这种错误选项是把原文中的个别单词摘出来, 用一种看似很有逻辑的结构 组织起来,实际上与原文毫无关系的错误类型。 例题:【 OG Test 9 P911】 Bu
3、t no matter what anyone may say to the contrary, Black women are different. Theyre different from Black men and theyre different from White wome
4、n. It is true that much of what they have experienced derives from racism and much from sexism. At the same time, however, much of w
5、hat Black women have experienced and still experience today bad and good involves the blending of their separate identities in a way that chemists wou
6、ld call a combination, not just a mixture. Both race and gender are transformed when they are present together, and 安心老师邮箱地址:544671946
7、0; 1 / 5 class is often present as a ca
8、talyst. 12. The chemistry metaphor in lines 15 21 ("At. catalyst" is used to (A characterize the challenges faced by some groups of people (B illustra
9、te the connection between scientific and historical studies of race, class and gender (C identify the agents for change in a particular social transition (D&
10、#160;suggest the way certain influences interact to produce a unique perspective (E show the similarities between racism and sexism 讲解 :正确选项是 D ,但是同学们往往被选项 B 所迷惑。尽管原文提到了 race , class 和 ge
11、nder ,作者提到化学这一比喻的目的却不是阐明科学和历史学科在这 三方面的联系。 二、无中生有 定义:选项表述内容与原文无关。 例题:【 OG Test 8 P828】 Bitterly criticized by Black people, Du Bois barely modified his statement
12、160; when, two months later, he set the priorities for his readers: 15 “first your Country, then your Rights!” Perhaps the editor
13、;had written more than he intended in using the word “forget,”for Crisis before and after the editorial showed no diminution in
14、0;its criticism of racism. But he distinguished between Allied and German ambitions, and declared that 20 defeat of the former would be dis
15、astrous for that “United States of the World” to which he was most loyal. 18. As indicated in lines 15 21 (“Perhaps. loyal”, Du Bois
16、advised Black Americans that (A they would be treated more equally in wartime than in peace (B racial harmony in the United States would improve after &
17、#160;the war (C despite German military superiority, the Allies would win the war (D wartime provided economic opportunities for both Black and White Americans
18、0;(E despite American racism, the effects of an Allied defeat would be even worse 讲解:正确选项是 E. 选项 B/C/D 都是原文没有提到的内容。原文中 DB 告知美 国黑人 : “ 尽管存在民族歧视,美联军的失败可能会带来更坏的影响。 ” 三、概念混淆 定义:混淆了原文的 Sub
19、ject 或 Concept 。这种错误选项有两种,一是利用 of , on , about 或者 that , which 等引导的定语从句造成错误的修饰成分;二是对概 念进行随意的扩大或替换。 补充一点:SAT 的选项中会设置大量的抽象名词,同 学们一定要按照类别区分开,分清何为概念,理论,事实和依据。 例题:【 OG Test 3 P538】 The Second World
20、War was a watershed event for all Americans. It brought the Great Depression to an end and marked the beginning of significant
21、 socioeconomic and Line political changes for women and racial minorities. Chinese 安心老师邮箱地址:544671946 &
22、#160; 2 / 5 5 American women played an important role in these long term cha
23、nges. Galvanized by motives ranging from Chinese nationalism to American patriotism and feminism, Chinese
24、160;American women initiated an outpouring of 10 highly organized activities in such areas as fund raising, propaganda, civil defense, and Red
25、160;Cross work. While some women in San Francisco's Chinatown enlisted in the armed services, many others went to work in
26、 businesses outside their neighborhood and in defense industries for 15 the first time. 8. The primary purpose of the passage is
27、;to (A highlight the contributions of San Francisco's Chinatown to the war effort (B describe the different jobs held by women during the Second World
28、60;War (C explain how the Second World War helped to end the Great Depression (D discuss the impact of the Second World War on Chinese American wo
29、men (E highlight the influence of feminism on Chinese American women 讲解:正确选项是 D. 但是同学们往往被选项 B 所迷惑。尽管作者在第二自然段 列举了非常多的工作, 选项 B 中却是 “different jobs by women” 。 有同学问如果改 成了 “different jobs by Chines
30、e American women” 选不选呢?这就涉及到主旨题选 项的判定了,下文会详细讲解。 四、无端比较 定义:对文中提到的两个事物, 或者一个事物的不同方面, 进行了无端的比较或 者错误的比较。 例题:【 OG TEST 4 P579】 85 Ironically, Mary Kingsley and other women travelers were
31、 opposed to or simply uninterested in the late Victorian campaigns to extend women's political rights. Thus, when Mary Kingsley returned from West
32、 Africa in 1895, she was chagrined to discover that she was being hailed as a "new 90 woman" because of her travels. Despite her &
33、#160;often out spoken distaste for the "new women" agitating for greater freedom, the travel books that she and others had written still suggested
34、, as Paul Fussell has argued, "an implicit celebration of freedom." 19. In Passage 2, Mary Kingsley's attitude toward women's rights campaigns (
35、lines 85 90 suggests (A a single minded dedication to equality between the sexes (B a way in which dedication to one cause can lead to antagonism toward
36、 another (C a striking inconsistency between her identity as a British citizen and her identity as a woman (D an understanding of the link between
37、women's struggle for freedom and the struggles of other groups 安心老师邮箱地址:544671946
38、; 3 / 5 (E a contradiction between her personal motives and the way her actions are interpreted 讲解:正确选项是 E. 选项 C
39、/D 都是无端比较。原文没有对英国公民和女性性别 进行比较,也没有对女性争取自由和其他群体争取自由进行比较。 一、主旨题的错误选项类型 定义:主旨题的正确选项应该必须含有主题词和作者的主要观点, 因此含有错误 的主题词或者文中细节内容的选项都是错误选项。 例题 : 【 OG Test 4 P591】 This passage is from a book of nature
40、writing published in 1991. In North America, bats fall into mainly predictable categories: they are nocturnal, eat insects, and are rather small.Having studied the
41、m intimately, I now know that bats are sweet tempered, useful, and fascinating creatures. The long standing fear that many people have about bats tells us l
42、ess about bats than about human fear. Things that live by night live outside the realm of "normal" time. Chauvinistic about our human need to
43、0;wake by day and sleep by night, we come to associate night dwellers with people up to no good, people who have the jump on the rest of &
44、#160;us and are defying nature, defying their circadian rhythms.Though we are at the top of our food chain, if we had to live alone in the rain
45、 forest, say, and protect ourselves against roaming predators, we would live partly in terror, as our ancestors did. Our sense of safety depends on pre
46、dictability, so anything living outside the usual rules we suspect to be an outlaw, a ghoul. Bats have always figured as frightening or supernatural creatur
47、es in the mythology, religion, and superstition of peoples everywhere 16. The author's main point in the passage is that (A there are only a few
48、160;kinds of bats (B humans are especially vulnerable to nocturnal predators (C bat saliva may have medicinal uses (D only myth and literature have depicted
49、160;the true nature of the bat (E our perception of bats has its basis in human psychology 讲解:这篇是 OG Test 4 第 591页的一篇关于 Bats 的文章。 以上节选的是斜体字 和文章各个自然段的首尾句。 作者在第一自然段的首句告诉我们这篇文章的主题 词是 Ba
50、ts , 然后一步一步深入分析, 在其后每段的首尾句表达了他的观点, 即在 神话宗教迷信中, 蝙蝠常常被描述为令人恐惧和超自然的生物, 这来源于人们内 心的害怕。接下来我们来看看 5个选项,选项 A 是过分绝对,选项 B 是主题词 错误,选项 C 是无中生有,选项 D 是过分绝对,只有选项 E 既符合主题词,又 表达了作者的主要观点,故而是正确选项。 回到上文 “ 概念混淆 ” 的例题, 问如果改成了 “different jobs by Chinese American w
51、omen” 选不 选呢?结果还是不选,因为主题词错误。文章的主题词应该是二战。 二、态度语气评价题的错误选项类型 安心老师邮箱地址:544671946
52、60; 4 / 5 定义:这种题型指的是题干里含有“ attitude ” , “ tone ” , “ feeling ” , “ mood ” , “ viewas ”等,主要考查学生对作者感情、情绪和态度的感受能力。 SAT 文章 中, 排除说明文客观的描述说明, 议论文偶尔出现的冷静中立的分析, 作者一定 会明确表达出或褒或贬的态度。 因此 “ ambivalent ” , “ indifferent ” 和 “ unshakably confident ” 等矛盾态度、 无所谓态度或
53、极端态度都是错误的选项。 补充一点:SAT 文章中,各个人物对彼此的评价态度一般没有“ resentful ” , “ underhanded ”这 种憎恨,辱骂其卑劣类的态度,大多是“ ironic ” , “ Satirical ” , “ Disdainful ”等讽刺 蔑视类的态度。 例题:【 OG Test 6 P725】 Recently excavated artifacts from Pakistan have inspired
54、0;a reevaluation of one of the great early urban culturesthe enigmatic Indus Valley civilization, one of the four great early Old World statecultures, along with Mesopotamia, 5 Egypt, and Chinas Yellow River civilization. Much less
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