lessonIncoterms

1、LESSON 7 INCOTERMS 2000 2000International chamber of International chamber of commerce termscommerce termsBUSINESS KNOWLEDGE:BUSINESS KNOWLEDGE:(1)(1)The necessity and purpose of having IncotermsThe necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(2)(2)The reasons for the 2000 revision of IncotermsThe reas

2、ons for the 2000 revision of IncotermsA.Spread of customs-free zones无关税区的发展B.Changes in transportation practices运输方式的变化C.Increased use of electronic communication电子通讯使用的增加(3)(3)The four groups of IncotermsThe four groups of IncotermsA.Group E: EXWB.Group F: FCA, FAS, FOBC.Group C: CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP

3、D.Group D: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP(4)(4)The three most commonly used termsThe three most commonly used termsA.FOB (free on board)B.CFR (cost and freight)C.CIF (cost, insurance, freight)Sending goods from one country to another, as part of a commercial transaction, can be a risky business. If they ar

4、e lost or damaged, or if delivery does not take place for some other reason, the climate (atmosphere) of confidence (trust) between parties may degenerate (worsen) to the point where a law suit is brought. Therefore, above all, sellers and buyers in international contracts want their deals（交易）（交易） t

5、o be successfully completed.Climate：the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time；a situation that exists at a particular time, especially one which involves peoples opinions and attitudes气候；风气；气氛气候；风气；气氛这两个地区气候差异很大。这两个地区气候差异很大。 These two regions differ greatly in climate. 我认为在

6、现在的经济状况下，不该考虑扩展我们的我认为在现在的经济状况下，不该考虑扩展我们的企业。企业。I dont think we should consider trying to expand our business in the current economic climate.Degenerate: v. grow worse 使退化；恶化使退化；恶化 为什么人类总是在退化？为什么人类总是在退化？ But why do men degenerate ever ？由于缺乏资金，教育水准在一年一年地下降。由于缺乏资金，教育水准在一年一年地下降。Education standards are de

7、generating year by year because of lack of funds.If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining (确定确定) their respective responsibilities simply and safely. In so doing they eliminate （remove） any possibi

8、lity of misunderstanding and subsequent (following) dispute.drawing up: form or arrange in order or formation, as of a body of soldiers 草拟，起草；草拟，起草；我们将草拟了一份代理协议，明天送到您的我们将草拟了一份代理协议，明天送到您的办公室去。办公室去。We shall draw up an agency agreement and have the draft sent to your office tomorrow.Respective :adj. co

9、nsidered individually分别的，各自的分别的，各自的 在我和你的领域中，这样的趋势是对我在我和你的领域中，这样的趋势是对我们各自训练的同一性的暗示。们各自训练的同一性的暗示。 Such trends in my field and yours have implications for the identity of our respective disciplines.Subsequent: adj. following in time or order后来的，随后的后来的，随后的 后来发生的事证明我错了。后来发生的事证明我错了。Subsequent events prov

10、ed me wrong.第一次以及以后的各次采访均属于秘密。第一次以及以后的各次采访均属于秘密。The first and all subsequent visits were kept secret.The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations

11、 of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则国际贸易术语解释通则: It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of s

12、uch terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Interpretation: an explanation that results from interpreting something n. 解释；翻译解释；翻译 这契约不容许做别的解释。这契约不容许做别的解释。 The contract admits of no other interpretation. 他的翻译通顺易懂。他的翻译通顺易懂。His interpretation is coherent

13、 and intelligible.Frequently parties to a contract are unaware of the different trading practices in their respective countries. This can give rise to (cause) misunderstandings, disputes and litigation (law suit) with all the waste of time and money that this entails (lead). In order to remedy (solv

14、e) these problems, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC 国际商国际商会会) first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms. These rules were known as Incoterms 1936. Amendments （修正）（修正）and additions（补充）（补充） were later made in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990 and p

15、resently 2000 in order to bring the rules in line with （符合）（符合）current international trade practices.Entail: to make sth. NecessaryV. V. 使需要，必需使需要，必需 这份工作需要十分努力。这份工作需要十分努力。This job entails a lot of hard work.This job entails a lot of hard work.那就需要明早很早动身。那就需要明早很早动身。That will entail an early start Th

16、at will entail an early start tomorrow morning.tomorrow morning.Addition: a component that is added to something to improve it; the act of adding one thing to another n. 添加；加法；增加物添加；加法；增加物那么，除了上述提到的方案外，我们应该那么，除了上述提到的方案外，我们应该采取什么行动来促进和平呢？采取什么行动来促进和平呢？ So what should we do to promote peace, in additio

17、n to the proposals mentioned above?他们家里刚刚又添了一口人。他们家里刚刚又添了一口人。Theyve just had an addition to the family. Incoterms have been revised to take account of （考虑）（考虑）changes in transportation techniques, such as the unitization of cargo in containers, multimodal transport （多式联运）（多式联运）and roll on-roll off t

18、raffic with road vehicles and railway wagons in “short-sea “maritime transportcertain terms have been consolidated and rearrangedand to render （使得）（使得） them fully compatible with （匹配）（匹配） new developments in electronic data interchange (EDI).Revise: make revisions in; revise or reorganize, especiall

19、y for the purpose of updating and improving v. 修订；校订；复习功课修订；校订；复习功课n. 修订；校订修订；校订随着进展来修改它。随着进展来修改它。Revise it as you go.学术机构一贯地审查和修订它们的课程。学术机构一贯地审查和修订它们的课程。Academic institutions consistently review and revise their course offerings. Unitization：conversion of an investment trust into a unit investment

20、trust ； the joint development of a petroleum resource that straddles territory controlled by different companies n. 单元化；联合经营；统一化单元化；联合经营；统一化在执行一些有关在执行一些有关“一体化一体化”的观念的过程中，政的观念的过程中，政府的行政命令可能是必需的。府的行政命令可能是必需的。Government mandates may be necessary if some of the unitization concepts are to be implemented

21、. Maritime：relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen；bordering on or living or characteristic of those near the sea adj. 海的；海事的；沿海的；海员的海的；海事的；沿海的；海员的Maritime law 海事法海事法在海洋界，有一个条约是关于运输中的船用在海洋界，有一个条约是关于运输中的船用备件以及此条款的定义。备件以及此条款的定义。Over on Maritime Community there was an article

22、 about Ship Spares In Transit and what the term means. Consolidate：bring together into a single whole or system ；unite into one V. 巩固，使固定；联合巩固，使固定；联合 他们还有什么可巩固的？他们还有什么可巩固的？What do they have to consolidate? 两国合作关系不能得到加强和扩展，受到损两国合作关系不能得到加强和扩展，受到损害的不仅是这两个国家，还有整个世界。害的不仅是这两个国家，还有整个世界。A failure to consoli

23、date and widen their cooperation would damage not just both nations but the world as a whole. Render：cause to become V . 致使；提出；实施致使；提出；实施 他的身体很胖使得他不能够到他自己的脚他的身体很胖使得他不能够到他自己的脚趾。趾。His fatness renders him unable to touch his toes.The main reason for the 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adap

24、t terms to the increasing use of electronic data interchange. In the 1990 version of Incoterms this is possible when the parties have to provide various documents (such as commercial invoices, documents needed for customs clearance as well as transport documents). Particular problems arise （appear）w

25、hen the seller has to present a negotiable (transferrable可转让的可转让的) transport document and notably the bill of lading （提单）（提单）which is frequently used for the purposes of selling the goods while they are being carried（在运输途中）（在运输途中）. In these cases it is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, t

26、o ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he would have obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller. Vital: urgently needed; absolutely necessary adj. 至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的vital part 要害部位要害部位vital energy 生命力生命力警察在我们的社会中起着极其重要的作用。警察在我们的社会中起着极其重要的作用。The police

27、perform a vital role in our society.EDI: : Electronic Date Interchange电子数据交换电子数据交换The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread the spread （further developmentfurther development） of customs-of customs-free zones free zones （无关税区）（无关税区）, the

28、 increased use of , the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices. The new version offers a transport practices. The new version offers a simpler and clearer presentation (simpler and clearer presentation (表达表达) of

29、the ) of the definitions of all the terms. As in the previous definitions of all the terms. As in the previous version, the trade terms of Incoterms 2000 are version, the trade terms of Incoterms 2000 are presented in a format presented in a format which allows seller and which allows seller and buy

30、er to follow a step-by-step process to buyer to follow a step-by-step process to determine their respective obligations.determine their respective obligations. The terms have been grouped in four basically different categories; namely starting with the only term whereby the seller makes the goods av

31、ailable to the buyer at the sellers own premises （the E term, Ex works）; followed by the second group whereby the seller is called upon （required） to deliver the goods to a carrier (transport company) appointed by the buyer （the F-terms FCA, FAS and FOB）; continuing with the C terms where the seller

32、 has to contract for carriage (transportation), but without assuming (承担承担) the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch (CFR, CIF, CPT and CIP）; and, finally, the D-terms whereby the seller has to bear all costs and risks needed to

33、bring the goods to the country of destination（DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP）. Whereby: by whichadv. 凭借；通过凭借；通过；借以；与；借以；与一致一致这是一个可以使你快速学会的办法。这是一个可以使你快速学会的办法。This is a way whereby you can learn quickly.Premises: n. land and the buildings on it 前提；经营场址；上述房屋；契约前言前提；经营场址；上述房屋；契约前言 每一个前提都是一个主张的句子。每一个前提都是一个主张

34、的句子。Each of the premises is an asserted sentence. 我们怎样才能我们怎样才能,把一个论证变得具有前提和把一个论证变得具有前提和结论呢结论呢?How can we turn it into an argument with premises and conclusions? Destination: the place designated as the end (as of a race or journey) n. 目的地，终点目的地，终点下一个到达我目的地的航班下一个到达我目的地的航班.我必须尽早到达那我必须尽早到达那里里.The next

35、one to my destination. I have to be there as soon as possible. 他们经历过数不尽的艰难险阻才到达目的地。他们经历过数不尽的艰难险阻才到达目的地。They encountered untold difficulties and dangers before they reached their destination. Further, under all terms, the respective obligations of the parties have been grouped under 10 headings where

36、 each heading on the sellers side mirrors the position of the buyer with respect to the same subject matter. Thus, if for instance, according to A. 3. the seller has to arrange and pay for the contract of carriage we find the words “No obligation” under the heading “Contract of carriage” in B. 3. se

37、tting forth the buyer position.However, with respect to the division between the parties of duties, taxes and other official charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities, the terms explain for the sake of clarity how such costs are divided between the parties although, of course

38、, the seller might not have any interest at all in the buyers further disposal (处置处置) of the goods after they have been delivered to him （E-term）. Conversely, under some terms such as the D-terms, the buyer is not interested in costs which the seller might incur in order to bring the goods all the w

39、ay to an agreed destination point. Following is a chart setting out the classification of Incoterms 2000. INCOTERMS 2000Group E EXW Ex WorkGroup E EXW Ex WorkDepartureDepartureGroup F FCA Free CarrierGroup F FCA Free CarrierMain carriage unpaid FAS Free Alongside ShipMain carriage unpaid FAS Free Al

40、ongside Ship FOB Free On Board FOB Free On BoardGroup C Main carriage paid CFR Cost and FreightCIF Cost/Insurance and FreightCPT Carriage Paid ToCIP Carriage and Insurance Paid toGroup D ArrivalDAF Delivered At FrontierDES Delivered Ex ShipDEQ Delivered Ex QuayDDU Delivered Duty UnpaidDDP Delivered

41、Duty PaidCompared with the former version, Incoterm 2000 seem to have few changes. That shows the wide recognition of the Incoterms which makes it necessary to consolidate on the recognition without making many changes. However, substantive changes have been made in the following areas:1. the custom

42、s clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ;2. the loading and unloading obligations under FCATrade term1.deal交易交易:agreement, especially in business, on certain terms for buying or selling sth.2.trade terms贸易术语贸易术语:words or phrases that are peculiar to trade. 3.trading practice贸易惯例

43、贸易惯例: way of doing business that common or habitual.4.negotiable可转让的可转让的:(of a check, bond etc.) that can be exchanged for cash or passed to another person instead of cash.EDI电子数据交换电子数据交换:Electronic Data Interchange.customs clearance结关结关:document giving authorization or permission for goods to pass

44、throughdispatch发运发运:sending the goods off to a destination。国际商会国际商会:International Chamber of Commerce is an International non-governmental commercial organization which came into existence in 1920. It headquarter in Paris.roll-on-roll-off滚装滚卸滚装滚卸:designed to allow vehicles to be driven onto and off

45、itIncoterms国际贸易通则国际贸易通则: International Chamber of Commerce Terms/a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade termsKey Points:1) The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms:The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most common

46、ly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.2) The reasons for the 2000 revision of IncotermsA. Spread of customs-free zones无关无关税区的发展税区的发展: the trade terms

47、of Incoterms 2000 are presented in a format which allows seller and buyer to follow a step-by-step process to determine their respective obligations. with respect to the division between the parties of duties, taxes and other official charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities

48、, the terms explain for the sake of clarity how such costs are divided between the parties B. Changes in transportation practices运输方运输方式的变化式的变化: Incoterms have been revised to take account of （考虑）（考虑）changes in transportation techniques, such as the unitization of cargo in containers, multimodal tra

49、nsport （多式联运）（多式联运）and roll on-roll off traffic with road vehicles and railway wagons in “short-sea “maritime transportcertain terms have been consolidated and rearrangedand to render （使得）（使得） them fully compatible with （匹配）（匹配） new developments in electronic data interchange (EDI).C. Increased use

50、of electronic communication电子通讯使用的增加电子通讯使用的增加: Particular problems arise （appear）when the seller has to present a negotiable (transferrable可转让的可转让的) transport document and notably the bill of lading （提单）（提单）which is frequently used for the purposes of selling the goods while they are being carried（在

51、运输途中）（在运输途中）. In these cases it is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he would have obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller. 3) The four groups of Incoterms:Group E: EXWGroup F: FCA, FAS, FOGroup C: CFR, CIF, CPT

52、, CIPGroup D: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP4) The three most commonly used termsFOB (free on board)CFR (cost and freight)CIF (cost, insurance, freight) Business KnowledgeBusiness KnowledgeInternational Chamber of Commerce Terms= Incoterms 国际商会国际贸易术语解释通则国际商会国际贸易术语解释通则The necessity and purpose of Incoterms

53、is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade . Thus , the uncertainties if different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree . Amendments and additions

54、 are made in order to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones; the changes in transportation practices and the increasing use of electronic communication.The terms have been grouped in four bas

55、ically different categories:Incoterms 2000 GroupsIncoterms 2000 GroupsGroup Group E E(Departure) (Departure) 启运启运EXWEXWEx Works Ex Works 工厂交货工厂交货( (the seller the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the sellers own premises.)makes the goods available to the buyer at the sellers own prem

56、ises.)Group Group F F (Main Carriage Unpaid)(Main Carriage Unpaid)主运费未付主运费未付( (the seller the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer)carrier appointed by the buyer)FCAFCAFree Carrier Free Carrier 货交承运人货交承运人FASFASFree Al

57、ongside Ship Free Alongside Ship 船边交货船边交货FOBFOBFree On Board Free On Board 船上交货船上交货Group Group C C(Main Carriage Paid)(Main Carriage Paid)主运费已付主运费已付( (the seller the seller has to contract for carriage, but has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss or damage to without assu

58、ming the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch)occurring after shipment and dispatch)CFRCFRCost and Freight Cost and Freight 成本加运费成本加运费CIFCIFCost Insurance and Freight Cost Insurance and

59、 Freight 成本，保险加运费成本，保险加运费CPTCPTCarriage Paid To Carriage Paid To 运费付至运费付至CIPCIPCarriage and Insurance Paid To Carriage and Insurance Paid To 运费，保险费付至运费，保险费付至Group Group D D(Arrival)(Arrival)到达到达（a group whereby a group whereby the sellerthe seller has to bear all costs has to bear all costs and risk

60、s needed to bring the goods to the and risks needed to bring the goods to the country of destinationcountry of destination）DAFDAFDelivered at Frontier Delivered at Frontier 边境交货边境交货DESDESDelivered Ex Ship Delivered Ex Ship 目的港船上交货目的港船上交货DEQDEQDelivered Ex Quay Delivered Ex Quay 目的港码头交货目的港码头交货DDUDDUD