最新现代英语词汇学概论2 morphological structure of English words

1、 现代英语词汇学概论 LexicologyChapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构n2.1 Morphemes 词素 /语素/ 形位n2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类How is an English word formed?nE.g. disagreeable disagreeable (by letter) dis a gree a ble (by syllable) dis + agree + able (by morpheme)nWhat is the differen

2、ce between “morpheme” and “syllable”? nSyllable: has nothing to do with meaning Morpheme: two-facet both sound and meaning2.1 Morphemes词素 /语素/ 形位 1. The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念 2. Allomorphs 词素变体back2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念Questions:n1. What is “Morpheme”? What is the relati

3、on between “morpheme” and “word”? *n2. What are “Allomorphs” *nMorpheme= morph + eme form + the smallest unitnMorpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language smallest: not divisible into smaller forms meaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical) e.g. denationalization denational

4、ization= de + nation + al + iz + ationnA morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaningbackAllomorphs: nvarious shapes or forms of a morphemendo not differ in meaning or function nconditioned by position or adjoining soundsbacknE.g. book books /-s/ pig pigs /-z/ horse horses /-iz/nE.g.perf

5、ect, responsible, logical, flexible perfect imperfect responsible irresponsible logical illogical flexible inflexiblenE.g. invent invention describe description justify justification modernize modernization expand expansion decide decision omit omission back2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类 1. Fr

6、ee Morphemes and Bound Morphemes 自由词素与粘着词素 2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀 2.2.1 Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes 自由词素与粘着词素Questions:n1. What is “free morpheme”? n2. What is “bound morpheme”? n3. How does a free morpheme or a bound morpheme form a word?What is “free morpheme”?Free morpheme: none that c

7、an be uttered alone with meaningnA free morpheme is a word.E.g. green, red, write, faithWhat is “bound morpheme”?Bound morpheme: ncannot stand by itself as a complete utterancenappear with at least one other morpheme, free or boundE.g. receive re-ceivebackHow does a free morpheme or a bound morpheme

8、 form a word?E.g.green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia ngreen (free)ngreen-house (free + free)ngreen-ness (free + bound)n dis-agree-able (bound + free + bound)nre-ceive (bound + bound)nen-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound)Note: A free morpheme is a word.back2.2.2 Roots a

9、nd Affixes 词根与词缀Questions:n1. What is “root ”? The classification of “root”?n2. What is “affix ”? The classification of “affix”? What are the differences between “inflectional affixes” and “derivational affixes”? n3. In what two ways are derivational affixes classified? backWhat is “root ”?Root: nth

10、e basic unchangeable part of a word,n conveying the main lexical meaning of the word.The classification of “root”?n1. Free root (自由词根)n2. Bound root（粘着词根） E.g. 1) work, workable, worker, worked, working 2) contain, detain, retain 3) conceive, deceive, receive 4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vi

11、vid n1) work, workable, worker, worked, working (free)n2) contain, detain, retain tain= tenere (L) = to hold (bound)n3) conceive, deceive, receive ceive= capere (L) = to take (bound)n4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid vit, viv = life / to live (bound) backnVital: necessary in order to stay

12、alive -al: pertaining to = have a connection with vital = having a connection with lifenVivacous: adj. apprec. full of life and high spirits; lively -ous: full of vivacous = full of life (energy)nVivid: producing sharp clear pictures in the mind; lifelike -id: having a certain quality vivid = having

13、 a certain quality of life What is “affix ”?Affix:a collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morphemeThe classification of “affix”n1. Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀)n2. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀): to express such meanings as plurality, ten

14、se, and the comparative or superlative degree.特点： 1.not to form a new word with new lexical meaning 2. having only particular grammatical meaning 3. only to be affixed to words of the same word-class (not to change the word-class)E.g.nPlural marker: pens, oxen, feetnGenitive case: JamesnVerbal endin

15、gs: works, working, worked, bought, saidnComparative and superlative degree: slower, slowestDerivational affixes（派生词缀）: to be added to another morpheme to derive a new word特点： 1. to derive a new word 2. having a specific lexical meaning (some also affective meaning) 3. some to be attached to words o

16、f different word classese.g.nMini-carnmean-nessnModern-izenSocial-ismnPro-communistnDe-codenDe-valuenWash-ablenHaving pejorative or derogatory meaning mis- mal-absorption pseudo-democratic hire-ling weak-ling child-ish派生词缀分类（derivational morphemes）:Prefixes and suffixes1) By linguistic origin: nNati

17、ve affixesnForeign affixes2) By productivity:nProductive/living affixesnUnproductive/dead affixesReview2.Morphological Structure of English Words 英语词汇的形态结构 2.1 Morphemes词素 1.The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念 2. Allomorphs 词素变体 2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类 1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphe

18、mes 自由词素与粘着词素 2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀 free root and bound root inflectional affixes and derivational affixesn1. A free morpheme is a word.n2. A word is a free morpheme.n3. A free morpheme is a root.n4. A root is a free morpheme.n5. A bound morpheme is an affix.n6. An affix is a bound morpheme.nT F T F F Tn1. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_ morpheme.A. affix B. root C. free D. bound n2. All of them are meaningful except for_. A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph n3. Structurally a _ is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. A. mo