第五讲;被动、虚拟、助动词、非限定动词

1、英语语法英语语法English Grammar 2016Tasks for TodayPassive Voice (被动态)Subjunctive Mood (虚拟式)Auxiliaries (助动词)Non-finite verb(非限定动词)Passive Voice被动态（Chapter14-15）被动态： be-型被动态 be+-ed get- 型被动态 get+-edQuestions: Which sentences are more appropriate?He arrived at London where he was met by his friend.He arrived

2、 at London where his friend met him.Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes washed by any other laundry.Compare clothes which have been washed by us with clothes washed by any other laundry.What are the cases where passive voice is ued?被动态1.主动句与被动句相互转换的限制性（14.1 Voice constraints P162） 并非任何

3、一种主动句和被动句都可以相互转换，这与动词的类别与动词的类别主动句的宾语主动句的宾语有密切关系。（1）类似have (作“有”讲)的静态动词（hold, lack, suit, resemble, etc,）e.g. Bob owned a house in the city. The house was owned by Bob. Bob had a house in the city. The house was had by Bob. 1.主动句与被动句相互转换的限制性(2) 当主动句的宾语是反身代词或相互代词主动句的宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，这种主动句也不可以变成被动句 He hur

4、t himself when he fell from the ladder. We should help each other.1.主动名与被动句相互转换的限制性(3) 有些句子貌似SVO结构，其实不是。 The medicine soon took effect. The plant will soon take root.(4)还有一些句子貌似被动句，其实不是。 He is gone.= He has gone. The moon is risen now.= The moon has risen now. They are finished.= They have finished.

5、1.主动名与被动句相互转换的限制性（5）也有少数动词通常只以被动态出现，而不用主动态。 She was born in Shanghai. She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe.这类动词在有些词典中已被归为形容词。2.被动句使用的场合（被动句使用的场合（15.1 ） （1）不必或不愿意提到 （2）不知道或施动者 （3）强调施动者，常带by-词组 （4）避免中途变更主语，使上下文句衔接紧密e.g. Jack fought Michael in the mens singles and was beaten. (?) Jack fought

6、Michael in the mens singles and Michael beat him. He visited Chinas northeastern provinces in 1935. Those Provinces were being overrun by Japanese invaders. (?) He visited Chinas northeastern provinces in 1935. Japanese invaders were overrunning them.被动态3. 两种被动句型的转换两种被动句型的转换 P172 在英语中，有一种主动句可以转换为两种被

7、动句型。 People believe that he is ill. It is believed that he is ill. (I) He is believed to be ill. (II)2.两种被动句型的转换要注意：要注意：（1）原主动句时态转换后型被动句不定式如何表达时间的问题 It is believed that he will comewill be comingis coming. He is believed to be coming. It is believed that he camehas come He is believed to have come（2

8、）能同时适用两种被动句型的主动词主要有：assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, think, understand等。被动态4. 主动结构表示被动意义的问题。主动结构表示被动意义的问题。 P175 英语里有些动词能以主动结构表示被动意义。 （1）用动词的进行体表示被动意义，这种句子的主语通常是指物的，而且可以转换为相应的被动结构。 The house is building. The book is printing. The dinner is cooking.(2) 由事物内在特征促使动词所表示的动作

9、得以实现或难以实现的，可用主动表示被动意义。 This box doesnt close easily. This car handles well. His new novel sells well. 这些句子一般不转换被动句，转换后句子的意思就改变了。被动态5. 被动结构还是系补结构被动结构还是系补结构 P177 英语中有些-ed分词能作形容词用（见P263），当它们与主动词 be 连用时就构成系补结构。 I am very annoyed with him. I was annoyed by mosquitoes all night.被动结构还是系补结构如何区分：（1）被动结构有相应的主

10、动句，系补结构没有。（2）被动结构中，助动词be可用get取代，而系补结构中，除了get,还可用become, feel, look, seem, remain等。 （3）被动结构表示的是一种动作，系补结构却是一种状态（4）系补结构中，ed 分词已具有形容词的性质，因而能接受very等副词的修饰。而被动结构则不可以。（5）系补结构中的ed分词既然已经形容词化，往往有固定的介词搭配关系，而且这个介词通常不是by Chapter 16 Subjunctive Mood16.1 be- 型虚拟式be型虚拟式是指动词永远使用原形,不管主语是什么,动词都为原形.1) 用于表示命令,决定,建议等词语之后的

11、that 分句中A) V+ that-clause （object clause） e.g. He ordered that all the books be sent at once.B) 名词+that-clause (appositive clause):e.g. We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. C) 用在一些形容词后的真实主语从句中 如形容词:advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, imp

12、ossible, necessary, obligatory, proper等e.g.It is essential that all the facts be examined first.It is necessary that he come back without delay.I thought it advisable that an armed guard stand in readiness.2) 用于由if, though whatever, lest ,so long as 等引导的分句中表示推测,让步,防备等含义 （正式书面语）If the rumour be true,

13、 everything is possible.Though everyone desert you, I will not.Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.3) 用于某些公式化语句中Long live the Peoples Republic of China.God bless you!So be it.Suffice it to say that I know nothing.Far be it from me to call him a thief.I will stay here with you

14、 if need be.16.2 were-型虚拟式were 型虚拟式只有一种形式,即不管主语是什么,动词一律用过去式, be 动词一律用 were1）常用于if, if only, as if, as though, though 引导的非真实条件状语从句If I were you, I should wait till next week.If it were to rain, the game would be put off.He spoke to me as if I were deaf.2）用于wish, would rather, suppose, imagine 引导的从句中,

15、也表示非真实的臆想I wish it were spring all the year round.Id rather I were not at the site of the accident.Suppose the earth were falt.Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.16.3 假设意义表示法综述1)表示假设意义的一些结构A) Its time that e.g. Its time we went to bed. Youve been working hard. Its time you took a rest. It

16、s high time we left this place.B) I would rather/ sooner that e.g. I would rather she got home a little earlier. Id rather he told me the truth.C) If only If only I knew her address.D) behaves as if/ as though He behaves as if he owned this place. She was sitting quietly in the garden as if / as tho

17、ugh nothing had happened to her.E) I wish I wish I didnt have to go to work today. I wish I hadnt said that.注意：含蓄条件句 But for your help, I couldnt have achieved anything. In different circumstances, I might have agreed.用于其他语境That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock.Who would have thoug

18、ht that things should come to such a tragic end.The door was pushed open; who should come in but the woman they were talking about.He stepped into a cave and what should he see but a tigress with her baby tigers.特别强调：非真实条件句所表假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气.1) 与现在事实相反的非真实条件句,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式,结果主句

19、的谓语是should/ would +动词原形 If we left now, we should arrive in good time. Even if he had the money, he wouldnt buy it.2) 与过去事实相反的非真实条件句,条件从句的谓语用过去完成,结果主句用should/ would +现在完成 If we had had time, we would have dropped by. If I hadnt said that, the meeting would have succeeded .3)与将来事实可能相反的非真实条件句,从句的谓语用过去

20、式或were to +动词原形,结果主句的谓语用should/ would +动词原形If you dropped the glass, it would break.If you lived there for a while, you would change your mind about that.If he were to visit our dormitory, we should get the news.If it were to rain tomorrow, what should we do?Exercise 16D1. 如果有必要,我自然会带你去.A: 2. 要是我来做这

21、事,我要采用不同的方法.A:3. 总统命令所有武装部队立即动员起来.A: I would certainly take you there if need be.If I were to do this, I would adopt a different method.The president ordered that all the armed forces be mobilized at once.4. 董事会决定任命约翰逊为总经理. A: 5. 如果我是你,我会勇敢地正视这一问题. A: 6. 假如我身体好一些,我早就离开这里了. A: The board decided that

22、Johnson be appointed general manager.If I were you, I would face up to the problem.If I were in better health, I would have long left this place.7. 我非常不愿意眼看他犯错误.A: 8. 我多么希望我们厂装备得好一些.A: 9. 要不是我们明天有测验,我今晚就去看电影了.A: If we werent to have our test tomorrow, I would go and see a film this evening.How I wis

23、h our factory were better equipped.Far be it from me to see him make a mistake.Chapter 17 -18 Auxiliaries助动词u情态助动词 （P191-209）Modal meanings:Ability and possibility(能力、可能)Permission & prohibition（许可、不许）Obligation& necessity（义务、必然）Prediction & predictability（预见、推测）Willingness, intention, a

24、nd determination（意愿、意图、决心）Other modal meanings u 半助动词半助动词 P210 半助动词在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间的一类结构，称为半助动词。它们可与主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组并表示情态意义，有时也可与助动词搭配。三类：以be为中心； 以have 为中心； 以seem 为中心 e.g. be able to, have to, seem to带有半助动词作为动词词组的组成部分的句子，有的可以转换“ Itthat-分句”结构，而有的却不可以。从这个角度看，半助动词可分为两类：一类是可以作上述转换的 ，另一类半助动词不可以作上述转换 。 半助动词 P

25、210They are certain to win the game他们肯定会在比赛中获胜。 It is certain that they will win the game He is likely to let you down他可能使你失望。 It is likely that he will let you down He appears to have many friends看来他有许多朋友。 It appears that he has many friendsHe seems to be enjoying himself看来他玩得很快活。 It seems that he

26、is enjoying himself 半助动词 P210Some members of the committee seem to have been bribed.委员会的一些成员看来是受了贿赂。 It seems that some members of the committee have been bribed I happen to have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him 我恰巧有过一些和他打交道的不愉快的经历。 It happens that I have had some nasty experiences in

27、dealing with him 半助动词 P210He is about to arrive他即将到达。 He is bound to win他一定会获胜。 The boy tended to be late这孩子老是迟到。 不可以转换为： *It is about that he will arrive *It bound that he will win *It tended that the boy was lateChapter 19-22 Non-finite verb 非限定动词：u Infinitiveu -ing Participleu -ed Participle非限定动词

28、也叫非谓语动词，具有双重性质:1) 动词性质have breakfast fastHaving breakfast fast is bad for health.）非动词性质,即名词及形容词性质不定式 infinitive 具有名词及形容词性 -ing Participle具有名词词性、形容词词性 -ed Participle 具有形容词词性Chapter19-22 Non-finite verb（非限定动词)具有名词词性的非谓语动词, 可作句子主语,宾语,表语等, 1. 两者作主语时的差异1) 不定式强调结果, -ing Participle强调过程 To see is to believe

29、. Seeing is believing.2) 不定式侧重具体某次动作, -ing Participle指抽象多次动作To smoke so much is not good for you.Smoking is not good for our health.3)在含有no, -less 等否定词的句子中,一般都用ing-Participle作真实主语. It is no use asking her advice.4)在某些名词或形容词后,用ing-Participle作真实主语.Its a waste of time discussing such matters.It is wort

30、hwhile waiting for another 2 days.a waste of time/ an awful job/ not an easy work/ good / better/ interesting/ fun/ odd/ enjoyable/ worthwhile5) 在某些名词或形容词后,用不定式作真实主语It is very important to read aloud in learning a foreign language.It is considerate of you to give me a hand.important/ easy/ hard/diff

31、icult/ nice clever/ foolish/ wrong/ considerate/ rude/ impolite/ pleasure/ mistake/ pity/ shame/ honor6) there be句型的一种特殊情况There be no doing sth. = It is impossible to do sthThere is no telling what would be the punishment at the moment.7) 表语和主语应平衡To live is to struggle.Living is struggling.2.非谓语动词作宾

32、语非谓语动词作宾语1) 不定式是 “未发生” 或 “将发生”; -ing Participle 是 “已完成”remember to turn off the lightremember turning off the light2)部分动词只用不定式作其宾语 aim to/ arrange to/ ask to/ afford to/ agree to/ apply to/ beg to/ claim to/ choose to/ dare to/ decide to/ decline to/ demand to/ desire to/ determine to/ endeavor to/

33、expect to/ pretend to/ proceed to/ promise to/ refuse to/ request to/ resolve to/ seek to/ strive to/ swear to/ undertake to/ volunteer to/ wish toHe expected to see him at once.I cant afford to buy a house now.3)部分动词只用ing-Participle作宾语acknowledge/ admit/ advise/ advocate/ allow/ anticipate/ appreci

34、ate/ avoid/ complete/ confess/ consider/ contemplatedefer/ delay/ deny/ detest/ endure/ enjoy/ escape/ evade/ excuse/ fancy/ forbid/ favor/ finish/ imagine/ include/ involve/ justify/ mention/ mind/ miss/ necessitate/ pardon/ permit/ postpone/ practice/ prevent/ quit/ recall/ renounce/ require/ rese

35、nt/ resume/ risk/ stand/ suggest/ warrant/ cant help4) 既可接不定式，又可接动名词作宾语的动词like / dislike / love / hate / prefer / begin / start / forget / continue / cease / attempt / propose / want / need / remember / regret / neglect有的意义略有差别I scorn telling lies.(抽象行为)I scorn to tell a lie.(某次行为)有的意义相差明显You must r

36、emember to write to me often.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I regret missing the film.(已经错过)I regret to say that I cannot come.(将要说)try, propose, etc.5) 主动表被动的ing-Participle常用在下列几个动词后require / need / want / deserveDoes your car require mending?The flat is dirty. It needs cleaning6) 有些动词后可用疑问词带

37、不定式作宾语consider / decide / explain / forget / know / tell / remember / wonder e.g. I have to consider where to go. Can you decide which county to invest to.7)ing-Participle的复合结构,物主代词限定动名词,如果不是所属关系,代词用宾格和属格皆可Do you mind my making a suggestion?Pardon me saying it.She forgave him doing it.3.非谓语动词作状语1)不定

38、式通常作目的状语,分词一般不作目的状语Many farmers left home to seek job in big cities.When he was young, he went to Japan to study medicine.2) 时间和伴随状语一般用分词,不定式不用作时间状语Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.3). 原因状语一般由Being 和Seeing that引导e.g.Being sick, I st

39、ayed at home.Seeing that it was raining, he took an umbrella.Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.4. 非谓语动词作定语不定式作定语,通常代表动作未完成 e.g. I have a lot of work to do.ing-Participle作定语,代表正进行或主动;功能 e.g. a sleeping child a sleeping car过去分词作定语,表已完成或被动 e.g. the door unlockedPay special attention to Dangling Participle(P256-257)Exercise 22DPractice1.环境污染是一项难以应付的问题。A：2.时间紧迫，我们必须马上动身。A：Environmental pollution is a hard problem to be coped with.There is no time to lose. We mus