四级作文基本要求

1、-本次作文：Suppose you are going to write a letter to the local government. In this letter you should state the following points:1. How serious the pollution problem is.2. Give some suggestions.A. 四级作文根本要求1. 切题。2. 表达清楚，条理清晰。3. 文字通顺，连贯性好。4. 根本无语言错误。B. 评分1. 容与语言两方面都要重视。2. 尽量防止语法和语言错误。3. 语言要有闪光点。*论说文与应用文并重*

2、校园实用英语，校园热点问题，社会热点问题。*写作时间分配：5 审题列提纲；20 充实提纲完成作文；5 通篇检查，修改润色。a. 主题句:主题词+关键词动词/形容词b. 扩展句: c. 结尾句。B 段落的展开方法a. 例证、列举法：列举有典型性又生动具体的例子来阐述较复杂或抽象的概念或观点的方法 。* 与论点相关；最好用自己熟悉的实例；按顺序述例子，阐述有条理。* for e*ample, for instance, such as, a case in point is, for one thingfor another, to illustrate, shown by, e*emplifie

3、d by, firstsecond, besides, finally等表达方式可用。b. 过程描写法：说明事物的操作程序和步骤，分析事物等性成过程和开展经过。*对术语和概念要解释清楚，不用难懂的词来解释过程；按顺序描写，语言简明直接准确。* 可用first, second, then, ne*t, finally 等来表示先后关系。c. 因果关系法：通过推导原因和结果之间的关系来展开写作的一种常用手段。*可多因导致一后果，也可一因多后果。推理需有逻辑相关性。 * 常用表达：because, since, as, for, then, because of, due to, owing to,

4、 resulting from, in view of, on account of, for this reason, so, therefore, thus, accordingly, consequently, sothat, suchthat, the morethe more, as a result of, cause, resulting in, lead to, contribute to等。d. 比拟比照法：比拟是对两个或多个人或事物的一样点进展说明的分析方式；比照是提醒不同点。* 比拟要有目的性，要说明一定的问题。* 比拟应有可比性，同类别的人或物进展比拟活比照。* 最好是

5、两个对象进展比对。* 往往需用实例帮助来说明二者的异同。C 段落写作的两个原则a. 一致性：段落容保持一致。明确主题，主题句观点突出，段落主题进口主题进展补充阐述。b. 连贯性：句与句之间的衔接要按照一定的顺序并应符合逻辑一般篇章由三个局部组成：1引言段-指出现象，届时文章的主题和背景信息。2开展段-开展主题容，或突出观点，或述理由等。3结尾段-简明扼要地得出结论或提出自己独特的观点或解决方法等。B. 篇章的开展： a审题与构思：看清题目要求，找准关键词，确定主题，明确作文体裁。 b列出提纲：可句子可短语。引言段：主题句开展句开展句开展段：主题句开展句开展句结尾段：主题句开展句开展句 c草稿：

6、用具体的信息充实丰富提纲的框架，注意衔接。 d修改定稿。1). 拼写错误。2). 标点及大小写错误。3). 句子主谓是否一致。4). 人称是否统一。5). 时态与语态是否适宜。6). 各局部的衔接词是否适宜，用法是否准确，新颖。7). 文章是否切题。8). 文章的主题是否明确，各段落的主题句是否突出。9). 开展句形式是否丰富，有无明显的构造错误。10).所有语句是否围绕主题思想展开。11). 是否有汉语式英语句子等。A. 论说文指的是解释，议论，推理的文章，通过运用概念，判断，推理等抽象的逻辑形式来论证和说明事物的道理；它是议论文和说明文的结合体。B. 写作要领：语言功底思想涵思维能力。针对

7、所提问题进展论述；观点明确；论据充分；文理通顺。构造安排：提出问题分析问题解决问题第一段：说明现状，提出问题；第二段：列举原因，分析问题；第三段归纳结论，提出建议。C. 模版：论说文分为五个类型解释说明型；问题解决型；对立观点型；道理论证型；谚语型。一 现象说明型：对事物的发生，开展，结果，特征，状态，功能等进展介绍，阐述和解释的一种论说文类型。e.g. 1. title: On Students Selecting Lecturers outline: 1)有些大学允许学生自由选择*些课程的任课教师；2学生选择教师所考虑的主要因素是3)学生自选任课教师的益处及可能产生的问题。Sample O

8、ne:第一段：Nowadays, there is a hot debate about _.(提出问题)第二段：A number of factors contribute to _.(概述，引出对问题的分析)On the one hand, _.(一方面)On the other hand, _.(另一方面)第三段Clearly, there are both advantages and disadvantages as to the view on this matter. (概述不同观点)For one thing, _.(一方面)For another, _.(另一方面)In ge

9、neral, _.(得出结论)e.g. 2.Title: The Two-Day WeekendOutline:1) 双休日给大学生带来的好处。2双休日可能给大学生带来的问题。3我应当怎样过好双休日。Sample Two第一段：The two-day weekend has brought many advantages _.(主题句，引出双休日的好处)Most importantly, _.(论述最重要的一点)For e*ample, _.(举例说明)Consequently, _.(带来的后果)第二段：However, the two-day weekend may possibly ca

10、use problems. (主题句，引出双休日可能引起的问题)For instance, _.(举例说明)_.(进一步阐释)As a result, _.(带来的后果)第三段：By drawing useful lessons from them, I will _.(引出自己的应对方案)On the one hand, _.(一方面)On the other hand, _.(另一方面)In conclusion, _.(总结)二 问题解决型：题目常以How开头一般框架：第一段：引言，对现状，形势或困难进展描述，提出问题。第二段：途径与方法，列举做*事的途径或解决问题的各种方法：第三段：评

11、价或选择，对上段中体积的途径与方法进展简评，或选取其一，并阐述依据2。e.g. 1. title: How to Succeed in a Job Interviewoutline: 1)面试在求职过程中的重要作用；2取得面试成功的因素：仪表，举止谈吐，能力，专业知识，自信，实事。Sample 1. 第一段：_.(铺垫，提出问题)On the one hand, _.(理由一)On the other hand, _.(理由二)第二段：Therefore, how to _is worth paying attention to. (承上启下，提出要解决的问题)Firstly， _.(方法一)

12、Secondly, _.(方法二)For e*ample, _.(举例说明方法二)Thirdly， _.(方法三)In this way, _.(预期结果)第三段：In brief, _.(总结全文)e. g. 2 title: How I Finance My College Educationoutline: 1)上大学的费用tuition and fees可以通过多种途径解决；2哪种途径适合我说明理由Sample 2:第一段：Currently, _.(引出话题)Thus, how to _ has bee a matter of concern. (提出问题)Those followi

13、ng channels are possible _.(阐述解决问题的方法)第三段：As far as I am concerned, _.(简述自己是如何解决问题的)On the one hand, _.(一方面)Moreover, _.(进一步阐释)Anyway, _.(总结)On the other hand, _.(另一方面)第三段：In view of this, _.(得出结论)三 对立观点型：就*一事物或现象给出两种对立的观点，将其进展比拟，然后说明自己的立场和看法；框架：第一段：引出有争议的两个论点；第二段：对两个观点分别进展详细的论述，可以分为两小段进展；第三段：总结，述自己

14、的观点。e.g. 1. title：Should the University Campus Be Open to TouristsOutline: 1)名校校园正成为旅游新热点；2校园是否应对外开放，人们看法不同；我认为Sample One:第一段：Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in _(点明新热点)Therefore, there is a hot debate over _(切入话题)第二段: some people are in favor of the idea of _(概述一方观点)They believe that _(详述

15、理由一)They also argue that _(详述理由二)第三段：However, other people stand on a different ground. (概述另一方观点)They consider _(详述理由一)Whats more, they firmly point out that _(详述理由二)第四段There is some truth in both arguments.(双方各有道理)But I think the advantages of _ overweigh the disadvantages (但是利大于弊) In my opinion, _

16、(总结自己的观点)e.g. 2. Is a Test of Spoken English NecessaryOutline: 第一段：很多人认为有必要句型英语口语考试，理由是第二段：也有人持不同意见第三段：我的看法和打算。Sample Two:第一段：A test of spoken English will be included as an optional ponent of the college English Test. (首句已给出)But as to the view of _, there are some controversies among people.(提出问题)第

17、二段: Many people hold that _(概述一方观点)In the first place, _(详述理由一)In the second place, _(详述理由二)第三段： Some people, however, take a different attitude.(转折， 城上启下)They consider _(概述另一方观点)There are two reasons for this (引出原因)One is that _(详述理由一)The other is that _(详述理由二)第四段：As for me, _(阐述自己的观点)So I _(得出结论)四

18、 道理论证型：就*一明确的观点进展分析和论证，最后说明自己的立场。e.g. 1. It Pays to Be Honestoutline: 1)当前社会上存在许多不老实的现象；2老实利人利己，做人应该老实。Sample One: 第一段：It is true that _(指出普遍的观点)However, _.(表达不同的观点)第二段:I think _(提出自己的观点，及文章的论点)The reasons can be listed as follows. (开场论证)Firstly, _(论证理由一)Secondly, _(论证理由二)For e*ample, _(举例)Thirdly,

19、_(论证理由三)A case in point is that _(举例)第三段：It goes without saying that _.指出执行该观点时的考前须知In conclusion, _(总结全文)五 谚语型：即文章的标题或论点是一句谚语，要针对该谚语阐述自己的理解， 并举例论证。框架：第一段：对格言警句的理解， 开门见山引出格言警句，并对其进展解释；第二段: 例证一，可以使用学习生活中的实力来说明其用意，有必要的话可举另外的例子进一步说明。第三段： 完毕全文总结句可以与文章主体照应。e.g. 1 Title: Practice Makes Perfectoutline: 1)

20、怎样理解熟能生巧：2例如：怎样在学习中3)又如Sample One:第一段：It is well-known that _(引出谚语)The self-evident proverb means _(给出解释)第二段: _ is a case in point.(例证一)You must _.(结合谚语阐述现象)Otherwise, _(否则)_is another e*ample to prove this proverb. (例证二)You may be amazed at _(结合谚语阐述现象)But if you know _, you will not be surprised at

21、 _(原因)It is through _ that _.(总结)第三段：A lesson that we can draw from the above e*amples is obvious. (启示)Only through practice can one _.(点题)应用文也是近几年四级作文出现的题型，主要是与学生平时生活相关的应用文，一般有书信和演讲稿，演说词等形式。应用文需要注意的一点是它有固定的模式和惯用的语句，就要求考生遵循一定的书写格式和行文方法；另外写作的时候尤其要看清楚题目要求，所规定的容一定要述清楚。下面是一些常见的应用文写作的模版，注意格式。一书信格式。A建议信：A

22、 Letter in Reply to a Friend who inquired about applying for admission to your college. English Department Beijing City University 269 Mid Road of North Loop-4 Beijing, 100083 Peoples Republic of China April 18th, 2006Professor GreenWarner books444 Madison AvenueNew York, NY 10022U. S. A.Dear Editor

23、,I wish to apply for a position in your publishing house. Im 35 years old andI look forward to your prompt response.Best Wishes! Truly yours, (signature) Zhang Ping a. 信头：在信纸的右上方；包括发信人的单位名称，地址和发信日期等，地址由小到大。b. 信地址：只用于商业信函，而私人信件一般不需要。c. 称呼：信地址下两行，左边顶格；冒号美式逗号英式都可以。d. 正文：通常商务信函采用齐头式各段落开场顶格，段落之间空一行；普通新建最

24、好用缩进式每段开头空两格，段落之间不空行。e. 完毕语：位于正文完毕后下一行或两行的右下方；第一字母大写，后面完毕有逗号，一般有Yours truly/sincerely; Sincerely/Cordially yoursf. 签名：低于完毕语一至两行，完毕语的正下方。而商务信函在下一行一般还有机打签名以便识别。g. 假设信中还有，要在信的左下角注明Encl. 或Enc. 如Enc. Drivers License且，如果信写完后还有要补充的容，可在左下方写上P. S. (postscript),但正式信件尽量防止这样。二书信的语言1. 开门见山；简洁清晰；礼貌对方地位高或者不熟悉时，应该用

25、较为尊敬的称呼，且结尾处也要写上感的话；得体注意写信人与收信人之间的关系，用礼貌的语言。三信封的写法：和中文不同，左上角是写信人地址，收信人地址靠中央或者偏右一些。都是人名在第一行，第二航开场写地址，地址要由小到大写。Zhang PingBeijing City University269 Mid Road of North Loop-4Beijing, 100083P. R. ChinaProfessor GreenWarner books444 Madison AvenueNew York, NY 10022U. S. A.四常见应用文模版，注意格式。A建议信：A Letter in Re

26、ply to a Friend who inquired about applying for admission to your college. 1). 建议报考的专业及理由；2). 报考该专业的根本条件；3). 应当如何备考。例： A Letter in Reply to a FriendDate _Dear _,I am delighted to learn that _. It _. In my opinion, _.On the one hand, _. On the other hand, _.As to _, I suggest _. If _. It is unnecessa

27、ry for you to _. In addition, _. I am sure _.Please inform me _. I am looking forward to _.Sincerely yours,Signature B投诉信：A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus.假设你是明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量，价格，环境，效劳等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。例： A Letter to the University Preside

28、nt about the Canteen Service on Campus.Dear Mr. President,My name is _, from_. I venture to write you a letter about_. The focus of the plaint is _. For one thing, _. For another _. Honestly speaking, _. But _. Besides, _.All in all, there is still much room for improvement _. I do hope _. Thank you

29、 for your time and kind consideration _. Sincerely yours,Signature C. 日程安排讲解词： A Brief Introduction to a Tourist AttractionLadies and Gentlemen/Dear_,Wele to _. To begin with, _. Its my pleasure to _.Now to share the schedule with you, _. Please keep in mind that _. According to the schedule, _. In

30、addition, _.As a matter of fact, _. During your visit, _. There is no doubt that _. I hope that _. Thank you very much for _.D. 竞选演说词：A Campaign Speech1). 你认为自己具备了什么条件能力，性格，爱好等可以胜任学生会主席的职务；2). 如果中选，你将为本校学生做什么。例： A Campaign SpeechDear _， It is a great honor for me to stand here and give my speech. To

31、 begin with, let me introduce myself, my name is _. As some of you know, I am _.As for the position of _, there are some things making me feel qualified to take the job. Firstly, I_. Secondly, I_. Thirdly, I_.Looking into the future, I will try my best to serve _ if I am lucky enough to be the _. On

32、 the one hand, I, with my co-workers, will _. On the other hand, I will _. In addition, I will_.I wish all of you the best and thank you all for listening. Thank you!E. 通知：A Chinese Speaking Contest to be held by the Students Union of your department.例： NoticeChinese Speaking ContestTo improve students ability to _ and to _, the Students Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a _. It is to be held at _, on _, in/at _. Those who are interested may sig