Unit_2_Fruitful_Questions

1、Unit 2Fruitful QuestionsFruitful Questions Unit 2Unit 2 Fruitful QuestionsWarm-up Questions1Background Information2New words and Phrases3Text Analysis4Exercises 5 Information Related to the Text James Socllisch-American freelance writer 詹姆斯詹姆斯 索里斯克：索里斯克： 美国自由作家美国自由作家Sesame Street Sesame Street An Am

2、erican long running childrens television show that combines education with entertainment. One of the games played on the show is the “What Doesnt Belong” game. It is produced in the United States by Sesame Workshop, and broadcasted on November 10, 1969 on the National Educational Television network.

3、 Copernicus(1473-1543) Polish astronomer. Founder of modern astronomy. He brought up the theory the sun, and not the earth, is the center of the solar system, and the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, which completely changed the way universe was viewed. Hagen-Dazs and Reuben Mattus Re

4、uben Mattus (1913-1994) He worked in his mothers ice cream business selling fruit ice and ice cream in the streets of the Bronx, New York. The family had many popular products, but Reuben wanted to make one truly standing out among the rest. In 1959, the ice cream he was working on for a decade was

5、ready for market. He called it Hagen-Dazs. In 1976, Mr. Mattus daughter Doris opened the first Hagen-Dazs shop. It was an immediate success, and its popularity led to a rapid expansion of Hagen-Dazs shops across the country. Eduwar Jenner(1749-1823)爱德华爱德华 詹纳詹纳 : British physician. His invention of v

6、accination against smallpox was an immense medical breakthrough and has saved countless lives. Thomas Kuhn(1922-1996)托马斯库恩托马斯库恩: influential American philosopher of science. His The Structure of Scientific Revolution is one of the most cited academic books of all time. the information highway: the w

7、orld wide computer network that includes the Internet. It permits the rapid sending of many different forms of data, including voice, video and text. 信息高速公路：信息高速公路： paradigm(范式范式)： the usual way of thinking about something paradigm shifts: (范式转移范式转移/ 范式变化范式变化) a major change in the usual way of thin

8、king about something 范式的概念和理论是美国著名科学哲学家托马斯范式的概念和理论是美国著名科学哲学家托马斯库恩提出并在库恩提出并在科学革命的结构（科学革命的结构（1962）中系统阐述的。）中系统阐述的。 指常规科学所赖以运作的理论基础和实践规范，是从事某一科学指常规科学所赖以运作的理论基础和实践规范，是从事某一科学的研究者群体所共同遵从的世界观和行为方式的研究者群体所共同遵从的世界观和行为方式 一个稳定的范式如果不能提供解决问题的适当方式，它就会变弱一个稳定的范式如果不能提供解决问题的适当方式，它就会变弱，从而出现范式转移，从而出现范式转移(Paradigm Shift)。

9、按照库恩的定义，范式转。按照库恩的定义，范式转移就是新的概念传统，是对某一知识和活动领域采取全新的和变移就是新的概念传统，是对某一知识和活动领域采取全新的和变化了的视角，是对长期形成的思维习惯、价值观的改变和转移化了的视角，是对长期形成的思维习惯、价值观的改变和转移 limitation of linear thinking直线思维的局限直线思维的局限 linear thinking:the traditional logical approach to problem solving. 直线思维：直线思维：指传统的解决问题的逻辑方法。指传统的解决问题的逻辑方法。 线性思维通常和水平思维相对。

10、有的人，认为这种方法线性思维通常和水平思维相对。有的人，认为这种方法有局限性，需要水平思维加以补充。水平思维即利用更有局限性，需要水平思维加以补充。水平思维即利用更多的非传统和创新的手段解决问题。多的非传统和创新的手段解决问题。 refocus parameters: 重新瞄准各种限定性因素重新瞄准各种限定性因素 looking at things that were previously ignored 审视以前被忽略的因素审视以前被忽略的因素I. New Words：A) word building1. n. ment , -sion ,-ation ,-tion ,- ence ,-an

11、ce / -er , or, -arExcitement, verson , vaccination ,evolution ,difference, importance ,Parameter, clamor, beggar2.Compound word Strawberry, workbook, ever-growing, downshift3.adj. ful ,- tive , -able, -ible ,-al,Fruitful , preventive, notable, impossible, nationalB) usage1. fruitful: producing good

12、results; successful-It was a fruitful meeting; we made a lot of important decisions.2. despite: in spite of-Despite the heat, he wore a black leather jacket.3. definitely: certainlyI cant tell you definitely when I will come.4contract: v.1) become smaller or narrowerMetals contract as they get coole

13、r2) sign a contract We have contracted with a firm for the supply of fuel. 3) get or develop (an illness My son has contracted malaria 5. notable: important and deserving attention -Most birds sing only in daylight, one notable exception being the nightingale. 6access: n. the right to enter a place

14、,use sth. ,see sb. Etc. Access to secret files is restricted to senor management only. Gain/get access ( to sth.) The police managed to gain access through an upstairs window. Key Words & Expressions 1.fruitful: adj. producing good results 多产的，富有成多产的，富有成效的，效的， E.g今天的会议比上周的会议更有成效。今天的会议比上周的会议更有成效。

15、 Todays meeting was more fruitful than last weeks. 扩展：扩展： fruitless: adj. 不结果实的，不结果实的， fruitfully: adv. 产量多地，产量多地， fruitfulness: n. 果实累累果实累累 2. limitation: n. being limited 限制，局限性，缺陷，不限制，局限性，缺陷，不足足 E.g.尽管这个调查有局限性尽管这个调查有局限性,它确实表明一些总体趋势。它确实表明一些总体趋势。 Despite the limitations of the survey, it did sugges

16、t some general trends. 这是一部好车，但是它有其自身的不足。这是一部好车，但是它有其自身的不足。 Its a nice car, but it has its limitations. 扩展：扩展： limit: v. 限定，限制限定，限制 limited: adj. 有限的有限的 limitless: adj. 无限的，无限的， 3. version: n. A.型式；型式； 改编形式；改编形式； 大众最新车型大众最新车型 the latest version of the Volkswagen Golf B.(个人的个人的)说法，描述说法，描述; 她向我们描述了她所认

17、为的那天发生的事情。她向我们描述了她所认为的那天发生的事情。 She gave us her version of what had happened that day. C.(电影，剧本，音乐等电影，剧本，音乐等)版本，版本， 根据战争与和平改编的电影根据战争与和平改编的电影 the film version of War and Peace D.译本译本这部小说的英文译本预定明年出版发行。这部小说的英文译本预定明年出版发行。 The English version of the novel is due for publication next year. 4.despite: prep.

18、 in spite of 尽管，不管尽管，不管 例句：例句：尽管他申请了数百个工作，但任然在失业中。尽管他申请了数百个工作，但任然在失业中。 Despite applying for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work. 尽管他认为物理枯燥无味，他却学得很好。尽管他认为物理枯燥无味，他却学得很好。 He was good at physics despite the fact that he found it boring. 5.definitely: adv. undoubtedly，certainly清楚地，明确清楚地，明确地；地； 肯定，当

19、然肯定，当然 例句：例句：我记得这封信肯定发出去了。我记得这封信肯定发出去了。 I definitely remember sending the letter. “那是你所期待的吗？那是你所期待的吗？” “当然是。当然是。” Was it what you expected? Yes, definitely. 扩展：扩展： definite: adj. 确定的，肯定的确定的，肯定的 6.messy: adj. dirty, untidy or lacking order 凌乱的，脏凌乱的，脏的的 例句：例句：对不起，这个地方很乱，我一直没时间清扫。对不起，这个地方很乱，我一直没时间清扫。 S

20、orry. The place is quite messy. I havent had time to clear up. 扩展：扩展： mess : n. 混乱混乱 messily: adv. 乱糟糟地乱糟糟地 7.quest: n. a long search for sth. that is difficult to find追求，寻求追求，寻求 搭配：搭配： quest for 寻求，追求寻求，追求 例句：例句：对幸福对幸福/知识知识/真理的真理的 追求追求 the quest for happiness/ knowledge/ truth 8.contract: v. get an

21、 illness 感染感染 例句例句:那个地方有三分之二那个地方有三分之二 的人感染了艾滋病。的人感染了艾滋病。 Two-thirds of the population there has contracted AIDS. n. 合同合同 9.notable: adj. deserving to be noticed, remarkable 显著显著的，著名的，值得注意的的，著名的，值得注意的这个教堂一个显著的特征就是它与众不同的钟塔。这个教堂一个显著的特征就是它与众不同的钟塔。 A notable feature of the church is its unusual clock tow

22、er. 10. evolution: A. 进化（生）；进化（生）； 例句：例句： 达尔文的进化论达尔文的进化论 Darwins theory of evolution B. the gradual development of sth演变，发展，渐进演变，发展，渐进 你知道从种子发展成为植物的过程吗你知道从种子发展成为植物的过程吗? Do you know about the evolution of a seed into a plant? 11.access: n. 1. a way of entering or reaching a place通道；通路；通道；通路； ( to sth

23、) 去那农舍的惟一通路是穿过田野。去那农舍的惟一通路是穿过田野。 The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields. 2. the opportunity or right to use sth 机会，权利机会，权利 市民可以免费使用这个图书馆。市民可以免费使用这个图书馆。 Citizens may have free access to the library. 12. nowhere: adv. not anywhere 无处，哪里都不无处，哪里都不 “这个周末你打算去哪里？这个周末你打算去哪里？” “没什么地方可去。没什么地方可去

24、。” Where are you going this weekend? Nowhere special. 扩展：扩展： get nowhere / get sb nowhere：to make no progress or have no success (让某人让某人) 毫无进展毫无进展 我们就此事讨论了一个上午，可是毫无进展。我们就此事讨论了一个上午，可是毫无进展。 We discussed it all morning but got nowhere. 和他谈话你会一无所获。和他谈话你会一无所获。 Talking to him will get you nowhere. 14. unc

25、over: vt. to find out about sth that has been kept secret 揭开，揭露，揭开，揭露， 例句：例句： 揭露一起阴谋。揭露一起阴谋。 uncover a plot Expressions: 1. take out: remove 去掉，拿出，抽出去掉，拿出，抽出 你裤子上的这些墨迹不容易洗掉。你裤子上的这些墨迹不容易洗掉。 It isnt easy to take out these stains from your trousers. 2. think up: produce (a new idea, etc.) by thinking h

26、ard 想出来；想出来； 发明发明 她想出了一个有趣的游戏，让孩子们玩。她想出了一个有趣的游戏，让孩子们玩。 She thought up a funny game for the children to play. 3. in short: briefly, in a few words总之，简言之总之，简言之 总之，如果我们想过四级，就要好好准备。总之，如果我们想过四级，就要好好准备。 In short, if we want to pass CET-4, we must prepare carefully. 4. bring up: raise 提出提出(供讨论或促使注意供讨论或促使注意

27、) 昨天的会议又提出了那个问题。昨天的会议又提出了那个问题。 The question was brought up again at yesterdays meeting. Homework: Preview text, Review words and expressions P33, 1, 2,II. Text1.Warm-up Questions2.Background information3.Global analysis4.Language Points: Warm-up Questions: 1) Imagine you have in front of you an oran

28、ge, a tomato and a strawberry. Which one does not belong with the other two? Why?2)Do you think it is important to develop students ability to see things in fresh ways? Why or why not? 3)What do you think of the idea that the purpose of education is to develop a taste for constantly asking questions

29、? 3Global analysis 1)What type is the text? A narration B description C exposition D argumentation What pattern is the text organized in? A problem-solution B cause-effect C general-specific D time / sequence 5.Introductory Remarks When we try to tackle a problem, we may sometimes stick to the usual

30、 way of thinking about it, thus often making it difficult to find a solution. We need to remember, therefore, that it is important to learn to look at things in fresh ways and use unconventional creative means in trying to solve problems. James Sollisch, author of the present essay, learned about th

31、e importance of creative thinking while playing the What Doesnt Belong game with his children. In the essay, with examples ranging from his own children to some of the worlds greatest scientists, he helps explain the nature of creative thinking and calls on the reader to think creatively. 2)Main ide

32、as of paragraphs Paras1-5 The authors children teach him about paradigm shifts. paras68 Three examples of shifting old paradigms in history. paras9 12 The importance of shifting old paradigms. Para. 13 The author encourages people to look at information in a new way. 4)Language Points: Para.1(lines

33、1-3) 1.took time out from their food fight to teach me about paradigm shifts, and limitations of linear thinking and how to refocus parameters. take out: remove it isnt easy to take out these stains from your trousers. Translate the sentence into Chinese. （我的三个孩子）停止了以食物相互打架，教我偶关范（我的三个孩子）停止了以食物相互打架，教

34、我偶关范式变化、线性思维的局限以及如何重新瞄准限定性的因式变化、线性思维的局限以及如何重新瞄准限定性的因素。素。 Paras.2-5(lines4-19) 1.The oldest didnt take more than a second to deliver his smug answer: “Tomato because the other two are fruits.” 1)本句是本句是”it takes sb. Some time to do sth.”的句式的句式 （It took them less than half an hour to finish the examina

35、tion paper.） 2.I agreed that this was the right answer despite the fact that some purists insist a tomato is a fruit. Insist 在本句的意思相当在本句的意思相当 ，所以后面接的宾语从句不，所以后面接的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式是一般现在时，强调在用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式是一般现在时，强调在purists眼中眼中“a tomato is a fruit. ”相当于真理。而当相当于真理。而当insist表示表示“坚决要求坚决要求”时，后面接宾语从句则要求用虚时，后面

36、接宾语从句则要求用虚拟语气。拟语气。 He insisted that we (should ) set a deadline for handing in the plan. 3.To those of us forced as kids to eat them in salads, tomatoes will always be vegetables 1).It is a past participle modifying “those of us”. To those of us who were forced to eat tomatoes in salads during child

37、hood, they surely belong to vegetables. 2). Translate the sentence into Chinese. 对我们这些从小就被迫吃拌在色拉里的西红柿的人来说对我们这些从小就被迫吃拌在色拉里的西红柿的人来说，西红柿永远是蔬菜。，西红柿永远是蔬菜。 Paras.6-8(lines20-41) 1. It was messier than a food fight and much more important than whether a tomato is a fruit or vegetable. 1)We can infer from t

38、he sentence that the game is not as simple as it appears. It inspires us to think more behind the game itself. 2). Translate the sentence into Chinese. 这事儿比争抢食物还乱，比西红柿是水果还是蔬菜重要这事儿比争抢食物还乱，比西红柿是水果还是蔬菜重要得多。得多。 2.My kids were doing what Copernicus did when he placed the sun at the center of the universe

39、, readjusting the centuries-old paradigm of an Earth-centered system. 1)Copernicus thought that the sun is the center of the universe and what he did changed the Earth centered theory which had dominated human brain for centuries .What my children were doing just now is almost he same as what Copern

40、icus did centuries ago. 2)这里出现结构相同，内容和意思相近的三个句子，够这里出现结构相同，内容和意思相近的三个句子，够成排比（成排比（parallelism）句式。显得非常有气势。）句式。显得非常有气势。 -Some people think that the weather is unpleasant, the city ugly and dirty, the competition fierce and the streets unsafe. Paras9-12(lines42-65)1.Maybe that explains why so many of the

41、 worlds most brilliant scientists and inventors were failures in school, the most notable being Albert Einstein, who was perhaps this centurys most potent paradigm-shifter. 1) What is the implied meaning of the sentence? So far, the education system has not been very successful. 2)独立结构独立结构 在分词作状语时，其

42、逻辑主语一般与句子一致。分词独在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般与句子一致。分词独立结构表示伴随情况、时间、原因等。立结构表示伴随情况、时间、原因等。 Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once. 2.I bring this up because we seem to be at a point in the evolution of our society where everyone is clamoring for more technology, for instant access to ever-growing

43、 bodies of information. 1)It is an attributive clause used to modify the word “point”. 2). bring up: mention or start to talk about -There are several points Id like to bring up at the meeting tomorrow. 3)Translate the sentence into Chinese. 我提出这一点，是因为我们的社会似乎发展到了这样一我提出这一点，是因为我们的社会似乎发展到了这样一个阶段，人人都大声要

44、求得到更多的技术，大声要求即个阶段，人人都大声要求得到更多的技术，大声要求即刻享用不断增多的信息。刻享用不断增多的信息。 3. nowhere: not anywhere -Nowhere could I find the book I needed. 4.But unless we shift our paradigms and refocus our parameters, the super information highway will lead us nowhere. 1). Paraphrase the sentence. Only if we shift our paradig

45、ms and refocus our parameters can we take the great advantage of the super information highway. 2). Translate the sentence into Chinese 但是，除非我们改变范式、重新看待相关的各种因素，但是，除非我们改变范式、重新看待相关的各种因素，否则，信息高速公路就不会给我们带来什么结果。否则，信息高速公路就不会给我们带来什么结果。 5. We are not now, nor have we recently been suffering from a lack of i

46、nformation. What can we infer from the sentence? The key point is not the lack of information. What we need is not more information but new ways of looking at it. 6. And he didnt do anything less Earth-shattering (pun intended) than completely change the way the universe was viewed. 1)The author int

47、ends the word “Earth-shattering” to be a pun a clever and amusing use of a word with more than one meaning. It can be interpreted as meaning either “Earth-shaking”(profound in significance) or “exploding the Earth-centered theory.” 2). Translate the sentence into Chinese 但他作出了足以震撼地球的（权作双关语）惊人但他作出了足以

48、震撼地球的（权作双关语）惊人之举，完全改变了人们对宇宙的看之举，完全改变了人们对宇宙的看 法。法。 7. uncover: make known or disclose; discover -Its the polices responsibility to uncover the truth. Para.13(lines66-71) We need to discover, as my kids did, that there is more than one right answer, there is more than one right question and there is m

49、ore than one way to look at a body of information. We need to remember that when you have only a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. 1). Analyze the sentence. This is a typical parallel structure used as an emphasis. 2). Can you find more examples of the parallel structure in the text?

50、They were refocusing the parameters. They were redefining the problems. They were reframing the questions. In short, they were doing what every scientist whos ever made an important discovery throughout history has done, according to Thomas Kuhn, in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions:

51、 They were shifting old paradigms. Summary of the text When we are asked to answer a question, we usually believe there is only one right solution to that question and tend to look at it only in one way. Form the game “which doesnt belong ” played by the authors children, the author realizes that it

52、 is not unusual that in order to figure out the correct answer, we just stick to conventions and dare not to be creative and different. The author urges us to learn to redefine and reframe questions when working on a problem. Its more important to cultivate creative thinking than to accumulate infor

53、mation if you cannot look at those information with fresh eyes. Homework: Memorize the passage on page 31, Doing exercises III Study & Practice:1.1)fruitful 2) evolution 3)limitations 4) versions 5)Despite 6) intends 7)in short 8) access 9)nowhere 10)super 11)messy 12)online 2.1) despite 2)contr

54、acting 3)data 4)intended 5)( his ) limitations 6)fruitful 7)uncovered 8)definitely 9) view 10) milder 11)notable 12) quest 3. 1) think up 想出，想出， 2) bring up 提出提出 3) took out 拿出，取出，去掉拿出，取出，去掉 4) setting back 阻碍，使受挫折，使退步阻碍，使受挫折，使退步 5)gives off 发出（气，光等），发出（气，光等）， 6) springing up 迅速地或突然地出现，发展，生长迅速地或突然地出

55、现，发展，生长 7) came to 苏醒，醒来苏醒，醒来 8) lit up light up 点着，变亮，点燃，点着，变亮，点燃， 引申为使引申为使(人人的脸等的脸等)放光彩，容光焕发，放光彩，容光焕发， light up with sth 因因 而放光彩，容光焕发而放光彩，容光焕发 sail into 顺利地或极有信心地沿某方向进行顺利地或极有信心地沿某方向进行。 当他的约会对象神态自若地走进房间的时当他的约会对象神态自若地走进房间的时候，他因喜悦而荣光焕发。候，他因喜悦而荣光焕发。 9) made for 走向，走去走向，走去 10) left behind 留下，遗留留下，遗留 IV

56、. Enriching Your World Power 1.第一种复合形容词的构成是名词第一种复合形容词的构成是名词+动词的过去分词，它动词的过去分词，它可以修饰特定的名词。如：可以修饰特定的名词。如： an Earth centered system 地心说地心说 a heartbroken mother伤心欲绝的母亲伤心欲绝的母亲 handmade furniture 手工制作的家具手工制作的家具 a snow- covered mountain雪山雪山 bloodshot eyes 充血的眼睛充血的眼睛 a state-run factory 国营工厂国营工厂 a weather-be

57、aten face 饱经风霜的脸饱经风霜的脸 a wind-swept hillside 被风横扫过的山坡被风横扫过的山坡 heartfelt thanks 衷心的感谢衷心的感谢 enemy-occupied areas 敌占区敌占区 第二种复合形容词的构成是名词第二种复合形容词的构成是名词+动词的现在分词，它动词的现在分词，它可以修饰特定的名词。如：可以修饰特定的名词。如： an Earth shattering event 影响深远的事件影响深远的事件 breathtaking beauty 惊人的美丽惊人的美丽 peace-loving people 爱好和平的人们爱好和平的人们 a m

58、an eating society 吃人的社会吃人的社会 laborsaving devices 省力装置省力装置 a record-breaking high jump 破纪录的跳高破纪录的跳高 a paper-cutting machine 切纸机切纸机 a fact-finding visit 寻求事实的考察寻求事实的考察 a fund-raising committee 募捐委员会募捐委员会 a tone setting speech 定调演讲定调演讲 V. Usage the + adjective 有些形容词跟定冠词连用表示某一类人或物。有些形容词跟定冠词连用表示某一类人或物。 O

59、nly the rich can afford his firms products. 只有富人才能买得起他公司的产品。只有富人才能买得起他公司的产品。 The noise of the children playing was enough to wake the dead. 孩子们玩耍的声音足以把死人吵醒。孩子们玩耍的声音足以把死人吵醒。 The beautiful can never die. 美是永恒的。美是永恒的。 最常见的是：最常见的是： the blind盲人盲人 the deaf聋子聋子 the dead死人死人(去世的人去世的人) the old老人老人 the poor 穷

60、人穷人 the rich 富人富人 the sick 病人病人 the unemployed 失业者失业者 the wounded 伤员伤员 the young 青年人青年人 另外，形容词的最高级也经常这样使用另外，形容词的最高级也经常这样使用 The oldest didnt take more than a second to deliver his smug answer. 老大很快就说出了自以为很得意的答案。老大很快就说出了自以为很得意的答案。 1. the youngest in his family 2. the cheapest here 3. The smallest 4.the most d