(中英翻译)评价低影响设计与开发的生态功效

1、EvaluatingtheEcologicalEfficacyofLowImpactUrbanDesignandDevelopment评价低影响设计与开发的生态功效vanRoon,M.R.andS.MooreCentreforUrbanEcosystemSustainability(UniversityofAuckland,LandcareResearch)ProceedingsSustainableEngineeringandScienceConference,Auckland,NZ,6-9July2004Abstract摘要Itisanticipatedthatimplementation

2、oflowimpacturbandesignanddevelopment(LIUDD)onacatchmentscalewillleadtoaquantumleapinecologicalimprovementinbothterrestrialandaquaticenvironments.OneoftheprimaryobjectivesinLIUDDistheachievementofhydrologicalneutrality,thatisanilorminimalchangeinthehydrologicregime.Thismightbemeasuredusingindicatorso

3、fwaterbodyfunctionalityandsustainability.Oneoftheanticipatedoutcomesofimprovedhydrologicalstabilitythroughoutandafterthedevelopmentprocessistheretentionofaquaticecosystemhealthandbiodiversity.Inaddition,theachievementofhydrologicalneutralitydemandsmuchhighercatchmentcoveragewithvegetationofhighbioma

4、ss,ensuringhighevapotranspirationrates.Thisisparticularlynecessaryinlocationswheresoilshavelimitedinfiltrationcapacity.Muchofthisvegetationislikelytobewithinriparianmarginswhereitcancontributetobothterrestrialandaquaticbiodiversityenhancementandimprovewaterquality.Thispaperexploresthetypeofresearchf

5、rameworkthatmightbedevelopedtomeasuretheseecologicalgains.Thiswouldincludethemonitoringoflowimpactdevelopmentstodeterminegainsinphysicochemicalconditionandbioticintegrityrelativetothatinconventionallydevelopedurbancatchments.可以预期的是，在流域层面上实施低影响城市设计和开发(LIUDD),将大大改善区域的水陆生态环境。LIUDD的主要目标之一是保持水文特征不变，最大限度的

6、减少对生态水文条件的改变。水文特征可以采用功能性和可持续性的水体指标来表征。提高水文稳定性的预期成果之一是在整个开发过程中和之后的阶段保持水生生态系统的健康与生物多样性。此外，保持流域水文特征不变还需要通过提高流域高生物量植被的覆盖率以确保比较高的蒸腾率来实现，这种方法尤其适用于土壤渗透能力有限的地区。选用的植被大部分属于河畔植物，该类植物能够提高水陆生物多样性和改善水质。本文探讨了经过开发可能用于衡量生态效益的研究框架类型。也包括对低影响开发的检测，以确定在物化条件和生物的完整性方面相对于传统开发的城市集水区的收益。1 Introduction1前言Achievementofsustaina

7、blecities,asintendedbytheNewZealandGovernmentprogrammeofactionforsustainabledevelopment(MfE2003),necessitatesavoidanceofthelevelofdegradationofreceivingwaterecosystemstypicalofpasturbanisation.Thisdegradationhasresultedfromchangesinhydrologicalregime,contaminantburdenandhabitatalteration,thathasacco

8、mpaniedconventionalurbanisation.为实现可持续发展，新西兰政府为可持续发展做的行动计划，有必要终止过去城市发展中使纳污水体水生态环境退化的一切行为。河流水文状况的改变、污染物负荷增加以及生物栖息地的破坏导致了这种退化的发生，并且它伴随了传统城市化发展的始终。Inordertoincreaseeconomic,ecologicalandsocialcomponentsofurbansustainabilitysimultaneously,managementofthetotalurbanwatercycleshouldbeintegratedintourbandes

9、ignanddevelopment(vanRoonandKnight2004;Lloydetal.2001).故为了提高城市经济发展、生态环境状况同时又促进其可持续发展，必须将城市水循环的管理纳入城市设计和发展的规划中。TheCentreforUrbanEcosystemSustainability(CUES,apartnershipbetweenAucklandUniversityandLandcareResearch)ispursuingaresearchprogramme(Easonetal.2003)directedatmakingLowImpactUrbanDesignandDeve

10、lopment(LIUDD)mainstreaminNewZealand.Thefiveobjectivesoftheprogrammetargetstakeholderbuy-in,changingplansandpolicies,testingtechnologies,comparativecatchmentstudiesandeconomicefficiencies.城市生态系统可持续发展中心(CUES，由奥克兰大学和土地保护研究合作成立)正在从事一项研究项目，该项目旨在引领新西兰LIUDD发展的主流。该项目的五个任务分别是招商引资、改变相关方案和政策、测试相关技术、研究相似规模流域和带

11、来经济效益。LIUDDisderivedfromLowImpactDevelopment(LID),whichhasitsoriginsintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LIDisfocusedonalternativestormwatermanagementthatutilisesnaturaldrainagefeatures(Shaver2000)inthelandscaperatherthanpipedsystems.LIDisalternativelytermedWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(WSUD)inAustralia.LIUDD源自城市

12、低影响开发(LID)，LID最先起源于美国。LID重点在于转换雨水管理模式，在当地充分利用自然界中排水方式处置雨水而不是采用管网排水系统。LID在澳大利亚又被称作水敏感城市设计(WSUD)。LIDhasbeenextendedinWashingtonStatebyHolz(2002)whopromotesZeroImpactDesign'(ZID)withinwhichdevelopmentmustadheretocharacteristicsofahealthywatershed,nostormwateriscollectedandreleased,broadstreambuffer

13、saremaintained,streamandroadcrossingsareminimised.Thisnecessitatestheretentionorre-creationofpredevelopmentornaturalhydrologicalconditionstothemaximumextentpossible(CityofLacey2002).Holz将LID引入华盛顿州，他倡导“0影响设计”(ZID),在这种理念下城市开发必须坚持健康的发展特色,不建设雨水的收集和排放基础设施，而是建设大面积的水体缓冲区，同时尽量避免水体和道路的交叉。这就需要最大程度的保留自然水文条件或者重

14、新规划前期的发展.ZIDretainsthecriticalfunctionsofaforestincludingevapotranspirationandinfiltrationaftersitedevelopmentsuchthatnearzeroeffectiveimpervioussurface'areaisachieved(CityofLacey2002).Holz(2002)considersthatinWashingtonStatesixtypercentormoreofthewatershedshouldberetainedinindigenousforest.一个区域

15、经过ZID开发后，仍旧具有像森林系统那样的蒸腾和渗透功能，因此接近零有效不透水表面的地区得已实现。Holz认为华盛顿州大于60%的集水区应当设置在天然树林中。ThedefinitionofLIDinNewZealandandparticularlywithinCUESisevolvingwellbeyondastormwatermanagementprocessintowhatwenowtermLIUDD.Itisanurbandesignmethodthatisexpectedtoprotectaquaticandterrestrialecologicalintegrity,improveu

16、rbanamenityandreducethecostofinfrastructurewhileaccommodatingincreasingpopulationdensities.在新西兰尤其是CUES内对于LID的服务范围不仅仅限定于治理暴雨，对于城市建设的其它方面也进展的非常好，这样就演变为今天的LIUDD。LIUDD是一个致力于保护水生和陆生生态完整性，提高城市舒适度，降低城市基础设施费用同时又能适应不断增长的人口密度的城市设计方法。Thebioticintegrityofterrestrial,stream,andeitherlakeorestuarineecosystemsform

17、ahierarchicalco-dependence.Healthystreamecosystemsthroughoutacatchmentarethereforeasoundindicatorofthehealthofco-dependentecosystemsupanddownstream.Themonitoringofstreamecosystemhealthisexpectedtogiveacumulativeassessmentofthecombinedbenefitsofdiversein-catchmentLIUDDpractices.陆地、河流以及无论湖还是河口生态系统中的生物

18、完整性形成了一个有层次的共生体。一个流域中河流生态系统的健康程度可以反映整个流域中共生生态系统的健康与否。通过检测河流生态系统的健康程度可以累计评价流域中实施的LIUDD措施的综合作用。Followingabriefreviewoftherelationshipsbetweenstreamecosystemconditionandmeasuresofconventionalurbanisationsuchasimpervioussurfacearea,thispapercomparesstreamecosystemconditioninfourWaitakerecatchmentswithva

19、ryinglanduse.Catchmentlanduserangesfromsemi-forestedandpastoral(lifestyleblocks)throughtoconventionalurbanresidential.下面简单的回顾下传统的城市化当中流域生态系统环境和城市措施之间的关系，例如表面不透水区域；本文比较了土地利用情况不同的四个Waitakere流域的河流生态系统状况。流域中的土地利用状况既有未开发的区域也有乡村以及传统的城市居住区。Resultsarethenusedasabasisforenvisioningalternativeresidentialdesig

20、nanddevelopmentscenarios(tobemonitored)thatavoidcharacteristicsgivingrisetoaquaticandterrestrialbiodiversitydegradationinconventionaldevelopments.这些结果可以为未来新型住宅区设计以及发展规划提供基础，避免出现传统城市化发展中水生和陆生生物多样性退化的情况。2 Urbanuse-aquaticbioticintegrityrelationship2城市建设-水生生物完整性的关系TheecologicaljustificationforLIUDDcome

21、sfromresearchdemonstratingthelossofaquaticecologicalintegrityincatchmentssubjectedtovaryingdegreesofhumandisturbance.Thisdisturbancemaybeanythingfromrecreationaluseofforestedcatchmentstohigh-densityurbanusewith100percenteffective】impervioussurfaces.对于LIUDD生态论证来自于对不同人为干扰程度下的流域水生态完整性损失分析的研究。从森林集水区的游憩利

22、用到高密度城市百分百应用不透水表面的各个方面都可能产生这种干扰。Thepercentageofacatchmentcoveredinimpervioussurfaceshasfrequentlybeenusedasameasureoftheintensityofurbanisation.Higherstormdischargesalsofacilitatetransferenceofdamagingfinesedimentsandtoxiccontaminantsfromurbansurfacestoreceivingecosystems.流域不透水层表面的覆盖率常被用作衡量城市化程度的标尺。

23、高强度雨水的排放也促使破坏性的细粒沉积物和有毒污染物从城市表面向生态系统的转移。Overthepastthreedecadesstormwatermanagementfocussedontheconstructionofstormwaterdetentiontechnologiesthatcontributedtoareductionoftheseadversehydrologicaleffectsbutdidlittletoaddresstheprimaryland-basedcauses,beyondtheriparianzone,ofaquaticecosystemdegradation

24、.在过去的三十多年，雨水管理的重点放在了雨水截留设施的建设上，虽然减少了不利的水文效应，但是在除了河岸带之外的水生生态系统退化的基础土地问题上几乎不起作用。Measuresofaquaticbioticintegrityhavebeenwidelyused,includingintheUSAandNewZealand,tomonitortheeffectsofcatchmentuseandurbanisation.Bioticindicesarebasedoninformationoncompleteassemblagesofmacroinvertebrateorganismsandarede

25、signedtosimplifyamixofcomplexcommunitydata(MfE1999).美国和新西兰已经广泛采用水生生物完整性指标来反映流域土地利用情况和城市化程度。基于大型底栖动物生物组合完整性信息的生物指数法旨在简化融为一体的复杂的群落数据(MfE1999)。ResearchinWashingtonstreams(USA)showedthattheBenthicBioticIndex(B-IBI)fellbyhalfafteronlyfivepercentofthecatchmentwasconvertedtoimpervioussurfaces(HornerandMay1

26、999).TheinstallationincatchmentsofvariousBestManagementPractices(bothstructuralandnon-structural)providedverylimitedmitigation(HornerandMay1999;MaxtedandShaver1997).在华盛顿河流(USA)的调查表明，仅占流域百分之五的面积变成不透水层后，底栖生物指数就下降了一半(HornerandMay1999)。而流域中实行的各种最佳管理措施(结构性和非结构性)对其缓解作用都非常有限(HornerandMay1999;MaxtedandShave

27、r1997)。SimilarNewZealandresearch(Allibone2001)showsalossofhalfofindicativeEPT2specieswith15percentofthecatchmentinimpervioussurfaces.Theseresearchershaveconcludedthatinordertoretainahighqualityaquaticecosystem,itisnecessarytolimiteffectiveimpervioussurfacestobelow15percentofthecatchment.新西兰类似的研究(All

28、ibone2001)表明流域不透水面积增加15%就会导致EPT种群的数量减少一半。研究表明要想维持一个高质量的水生生态系统，需将不透水面积限制在流域面积的15%以下。Thehydrologicalandwaterqualitychangesinurbanstreamsresultingfromincreasedimperviousnessinclude:不透水面积的增加导致城市水体的水文和水质发生如下变化： Higherfloodpeakscausingincreasedscouringofstreamhabitatsandbiota.洪峰变大，水体栖息地和生物受到更严重的冲刷。 Increa

29、sedcontaminationofstormwater(sediment,metals,andorganics).加重了雨水的污染(沉淀物，金属和有机物)。 Reducedflowsduringdryspells(baseflow),reducingaquatichabitatarea.旱期水流减少，水生生物栖息地面积减少。 Reducedbaseflowalsomeansreduceddilutionofcontaminants,and,frequently,increasedtemperaturesandreduceddissolvedoxygenlevels.基流减少也意味着对污染物的

30、稀释能力减弱，温度增高，溶解氧下降。Allofthesechangesaffecturbanstreamhabitatsandbiota.Comparisonoftheecosystemhealthofurbanstreamswithneighbouringsemi-forested,pastoralstreamsgivesanunderstandingnotonlyofthecumulativeeffectsofurbanisationbutitindicatesthepotentialbenefitsofaquaticecosystemprotectionifcharacteristics

31、oftheforestcatchmentaredesignedintogreenfieldurbancatchments.所有的这些变化均会对城市河流栖息地和生物造成影响。将城市河流与临近的乡村河流的生态系统健康程度进行对比，不仅能够对城市化的累积效应有一定的了解，如果将森林绿地特征纳入新城市开发设计中，还表明了保护水生生态系统的潜在好处。1 Aneffectiveimpervioussurfaceisonethatformsacontinuousimperviousconnectionwithapipedstormwatersystemthatdeliversalmostallrainfal

32、ltothatsurfacetothereceivingwater.完全不透水表面：与雨水管道系统形成一个连续的不透水连接面，接纳几乎所有降水再排至纳污水体。2 EPT:Ephemeroptera,PlecopteraandTrichoptera-ormayflies,stonefliesandcaddisflies,aresensitiveinsectgroupsusedasindicatorsofstreamandriverhealth.EPT：蜉蝣目，翅目和毛翅目昆虫-或者蜉蝣、石蝇、蛾，对河流健康与否敏感的昆虫类群。3 GlenEdenCaseStudies3GlenEden案例研究3

33、ITheCaseStudyContextandObjectives31案例研究的背景和宗旨ThestateoftheaquaticbiotaoftheCantwell,Waikumete,HiberniaandTangutuStreamsintheGlenEdenarea,wereassessedinrelationtosurroundinglanduse.Thisprogrammealsoincludedmonitoringofwaterquality,hydrologyandriparianvegetationtypes,allofwhichinfluencetheaquaticbiolo

34、gyofthesestreams.GlenEden区域中的Cantwell,Waikumete,HiberniaandTangutu河流的水生生物状态也被纳入周围环境土地利用评估范围内。该项目也包括监测水质、水文和河岸植被类型，所有的这些指标都会影响这些河流中的水生生物。Freshwaterfish,invertebratesandalgaecanbeusedasindicatorsofthestateoftheirwatercourses,andthecompositionoftheseaquaticcommunitiescanprovidecluesaboutthevariousstres

35、sesaffectingtheirhabitats.淡水鱼，无脊椎动物以及藻类可以作为该河道本身状态的指示性生物，这些水生群落的组成可以反映影响河道水环境的各种负荷状况。Thesurveywasdesignedtocharacterisetheaquaticecosystemvaluesintheselectedstreams,andtodeterminewhichhabitatvariablesareactingaslimitingfactors(limitingthelifesupportingcapacityofeachstream).Thiswouldindicatewhich(ifa

36、ny)land-basedmanagementactivitiesmightneedtobemodifiedinordertoimprovestreamhabitatandbiologicalquality.研究旨在表征这些河流中水生生态系统的价值，同时确定哪些环境变量是河道生态环境的限制性因素(限制每条河流中的生物量)。这可以表明哪些(如果有的话)陆地管理活动可能需要改善，用以提高水中栖息环境和生物量。32Methods32研究方法TheCantwell,Waikumete,HiberniaandTangutuStreamsintheGlenEdenandTitirangiareaprovi

37、decomparisonsbetweencontrastinglanduse,rangingfrombushandlifestyleblocksintheCantwellcatchment,totheintensiveurbansurroundsofthelowerTangutuStream.本文对比了GlenEden区域中Cantwell,Waikumete,Hibernia以及Tangutu流域和Titirangi区土地利用差异性比较大的地方，对比范围从Cantwell流域未开发的地区、乡村到下游Tangutu流域的密集的城市人口居住区。TheWaikumeteandHiberniaStr

38、eamsoriginateinupperGlenEdenwherethestreamsarewellshadedbyriparianvegetation,buttheyflowthroughareasofincreasingurbandevelopmentdownstream.Waikumete和Hibernia河发源于GlenEden的上游，故他们的溪流很好的被河畔的植被所遮挡，但是他们流经不断发展的市区下游。Invertebrateandperiphytonsamplingandanalysis无脊椎动物和固着性动物的取样和分析Mostsamplingemphasiswasplacedon

39、streaminvertebratecommunitiesbecausethesehaveprovedtobeeasiesttosample,andmostusefulasindicatorsofspecifichabitatconditions.Invertebrateswerecollectedbydisturbingthestreambedandcollectingfinematerialusinga0.5mmmeshpolenet.Thesamplingmethodsusedinthissurveywerebasedonthenationalprotocolsforwadeablest

40、reams(Starketal,2001).大多数取样的重点是河流中的无脊椎动物，因为已有研究证明无脊椎动物是能表征特定栖息环境状况最简单和有用的物种。采集无脊椎动物方法：扰动河床，随后利用一个孔径为0.5mm的网眼电极采集样品。本研究的取样方法是基于国家编制的针对淹没流体的采样方法。Solidsubstrata(stones,woodydebrisandliveplants)weretargetedforsamplingratherthansoft/loosesubstrata(openareasofsandormud)becausefewstreaminvertebratesaresuit

41、edtosoft/loosebedmaterial.相对于柔软的底层(沙子或泥浆空旷的领域)，固体底层(石头，木头碎屑以及生存的植物)才是采样的目标，因为有很少的无脊椎动物选择栖息在柔软的河床。Samplingwascarriedoutwithinanestimatedareaof0.5to1.0m2untilapproximately400mloffinematerialhadbeencollected.Thissamplematerialwaspreservedwith10%formaldehydeuntilitwasanalysedunderstereomicroscopesforinvertebratecontent.在0.5-1.0m2的区域内进行取样，收集大约400ml的样品材料。进行立体显微镜(无脊椎动物目)观测之前，将样品放置在10%的甲醛溶液中保存。Invertebrateswereidentifiedtothetaxonomiclevel(mostlygenus)requiredforapp