初中英语 上下文语境的理解

1、初中英语 上下文语境的理解(1)处理好上下文的关系一篇文章各段落之间及各句子之间都存在着一定的逻辑关系，这种关系我们称为上下文或上下旬的关系。正确理解这种逻辑关系有助于我们做出快速而准确的选择，提高做题的正确率。这种类型的考题主要是考查我们对文章逻辑结构的理解，要求我们综合运用各方面的知识，如运用语法、词汇、语感、逻辑结构等进行分析判断。只理解个别句子的含义是远远不够的，还必须把上、下文的意思联系起来，弄清前后句之间、各段落之间的逻辑关系，从语篇的角度上对文章进行整体性的理解、分析和判断。选择填空中的上下句或一问一答这类试题的上下句较为简单，只需认真阅读，读懂题干的具体内容，捕捉搭配题干的准确

2、信息（或上句或下句），领会句子的真正含义，然后对各个选项进行比较筛选，即可确定最佳答案。如：-it's difficult for the village children to cross the river for school.-i think a bridge_over the river.a. should be built    b.is being built    c.has been built    d.was built答案与分析：a上句说“这个村里的儿童很难过河上学”，就在

3、暗示目前河上没有桥，因此这里应表示“应该建一座桥”。-the winner ofthe race is a tall and thin boy with glasses.-then it_be my friend,mike,who looks likea“meat ball”a. might    b.cant    c.don't    d.should答案与分析：b根据后面的定语从句“他看上去像个肉球”，则与前面的事实“一个高个子、很瘦的戴眼镜男孩”不相符合，所以答案就是b，表示“不可能是”。

4、阅读理解中的上下文阅读理解不是对知识的考查，而是对学生阅读技巧、阅读策略等的考查。主要考查学生的信息辨别能力、信息表述能力、对信息内容的理解能力、对语篇的综合理解和推理能力、主旨理解能力、词义猜测能力等。而考查这些能力的根本目的就是根据对文章前后或上下文的理解求得对文章的整体理解。jumping beans_because a worm lives inside. the wonn lies still when it is cool. but when it gets warm, the worm moves around. hold a jumping bean in your hand.

5、 the heat from your hand will make the worm move,and that makes the bean jump.the word that best completes the sentence is“一_”a. hear    b.hop    c.push    d.eat答案与分析：b根据空格后面的描述：天冷的时候，跳豆里的虫子静止不动；暖和的时候则活动。因此选项b（跳动）符合短文上下文的意思。look at the stars. they are of

6、different colors. the color tells how hot a star is.the hottest stars are blue. white stars are not quite as hot as blue ones. then come yellow stars, like our sun. they are even_than white stars. the coldest stars are the red ones. but even red stars are too hot to visit.the word that best complete

7、s the sentence is“_”a. cooler    b.brighter    c.better    d.hotter答案与分析：a既然已经说了blue stars是最热的星星，白色的次之，那么黄色的就更逊一筹了，因此要使用cooler来表示“比白色的更凉了”，最后的红色星星则是coldest。这时的上下文用词就可以得到很好的理解了：hot-warm-cool-cold。通过上面的分析，我们可以了解到阅读理解的部分技巧内容：答案选项的设计必须是建立在对文章理解的基础上，通过对上下文的阅读可

8、以直接或推测到正确答案。选项应尽可能不包含阅读材料中的字眼，避免原封不动地使用文章中出现的句子。如果一篇文章的几个问题是相联的，不能从一个问题中得到另一个问题的答案。(2)完形填空中的上下文句英语完形填空试题是学生十分头痛的，它主要考查学生的阅读能力和理解能力。如果不掌握一定的解题技巧和方法，就很难收到较为满意的效果。而在所有的技巧和解题方法中，对上下文的理解和把握是最根本的！虽然老师们都在给学生们讲述要通读全文、把握大意、重视主题句等等，但这些对学生们的实际做题是没有多大帮助的，因为学生们不会在做题的过程中来思考这个问题。对他们来说，如何在眼睛所看到的范围内，很快地确定答案才是关键！因此，空

9、格的前后词汇和搭配、空前后的l3句话就十分关键了，因为一篇完形填空真正难的小题往往只有12个。常见的题型考查内容是：词义辨析题、逻辑衔接题、词语搭配题和语法题。其中词义辨析题是完形填空题最主要的题型。难度较大的l2个小题应在完成了大部分填空后再处理。long ago,in a small village of wakefield lived two farmers,harry and peter.harry was very hard-working while peter was l._.every day harry got up early and came home late,but

10、peter walked around for fun.one summer there was n0 2._and the crops（庄：稼）were dying.harry thought,“i must do something to save these crops, or they shall die.”with this 3._in mind, he went out to find a r:iver so that he could dig a canal（沟渠）to his field. he walked on and on, feeling tired and thirs

11、ty. after a 4._ search, he found a river full of blue water. he was very happy. he started digging a canal to his field.5.it was noon his wife sent their daughter to bring harry home 6.lunch. but harry did not go. he did not want to leave his work unfinished. he completed his work 7   

12、; 一at night. he was very satisfied. he went home, had a good meal and 8.    into a sound sleep.peter did the same. but he was not at all determined（有决心的）he also 9._digging a canal to his field but he didn't have his work completed. his field did not get  10.water and all his

13、crops died.harry's field would be watered when needed. he had a good harvest becauseof his hard work.1.a. cruel    b.lazy    c.careless    d.silly2.a. rain    b.wind    c.cloud    d.river3.a. feeling &

14、#160;  b.dream    c.problem    d.thought4.a. quick    b.long    c.slow    d.special5.a. whether    b.although    c.when    d.unless6.a. for    b.to  &

15、#160; c.with    d.at7.a. early    b.far    c.late    d.deep8.a. fell    b.looked    c.turned    d.walked9.a. stopped    b.loved    c.forgot    d.start

16、ed10.a.clean    b.enough    c.little    d.fresh答案与分析：1b  while意思为“然而”，用来强调对比。前面的harry是hard-working，则后面的peter就是lazy。这一点从后面的阅读中也可以得到证明。2.a空格后面说“庄稼快要干死了”，则表示天没有下雨(no rain)。3d  此处指上文提到的“i must do something to save these crops, or they shall die.”的“想

17、法”。4b根据上文中的“he walked on and on, feeling tired and thirsty.”可推测是经过了很长时间的搜寻。5c此处用when引导一个时间状语从句。6.a此处用for表目的。7c上文说到“他不想让活儿没有完成”，所以可推断他一直工作到很晚。8.a动词fall与lnto搭配，表示“进入”，再和sleep搭配时，构成本题的fallinto a sound sleep（进入甜美的梦乡）。9d根据空格后面的but he didn't have his work completed可以推测：他也开始了工作，但工作未完成110.b前面的not不能与选项中的

18、little搭配，所以只能使用enough，表示“没有足够的水”。在本题中，基本上所有的选项内容都与上下文句有一定的联系，不论是对比、因果，还是搭配和推理，都是应验了一个道理：上下文对选顶的选择起着至关重要的作用！(3)通过推理来猜测阅读文章中的推理判断题是考查我们透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。要求我们不仅要弄懂文章的字面意思，更重要的是要知道文章的潜在涵义。此类题的特点是让我们根据已知的文字或事实，推断出没有直接表达的内容。推断的内容包括作者的态度、某个人物的情感、事情发展的原因或结果等。值得注意的是：那些文章中直接陈述的内容不太可能是答案。既然是推理，那么就应

19、该选择在文章中没有直接说出，而要根据文章内容推理出来的选项。绝对不能凭空猜测或根据自己的常识直接得出答案。要立足已知推断未知，并一定要在文中找到依据或理由。猜测题要求我们根据文章所给信息，猜出某一特定的单词或短语的意思或具体所指的内容。猜测主要是根据上下文进行推理猜测、根据词根或词缀判断词义。一般是通过一定的词性加搭配来先判断生词在文章中的词性，再看它与哪些词语可以搭配，最后根据自己的常识和对文章的理解进行推测。在对话文体中，要抓好关键词来进行合理的推断，使填词后组成的句子结构完整、合理。考查的形式是补全对上句问题的回答或者是补全对下句的提问。一定要注意前后照应，关注上下文之间的密切关系。做题

20、时，可以根据上句的信息推断下句的信息，通过下句的信息推断上句的信息，即要填前面的空行，看后句的信息；要填后面的空行，看前句的含义。下面我们来通过实例加以说明：阅读理解中的上下文推理推测american settlers had a hard time moving west. they had to travel over mountains and through thick forests. for years, they followed small trails made by native americans. in 1811 the government made one of t

21、he trails into a road.people could then go all the way from maryland to illinois. you can still travel fromwashington, d.c. to st. louis, missouri, on this road.which of these sentences is probably true?a. some roads were once small trails.b.roads are hard to build.c. native americans helped build t

22、he road.答案与分析：a原文中的for years, they followed small trails made bynative americans.说明人们去西部都是通过trails去的，但后面的in 1811 the govemment made one of the trails into a road.以及它后面的一句话，说明trail是小路，而road是大路，使得后来的人们就比较容易去西部了。由此可以推测，trails是小路。who wants to carry abulky bag to school? no children. nobody wants one sho

23、ulder to be lower than the other, and paining（疼痛）too. in india, most of us would look at the reduction（减少）of textbooks as a way out. but in a country like america, there are always more choices.a company called goreader has created a "school bag" which is the size of a laptop computer（笔记本电

24、脑），weighing about 2.5 kg. the goreader has a color screen and can "hold" all the textbooks that a student may need, says a report in "the asian age" newspaper.what does the underlined word "bulky" in the first line mean?a. light    b.small  

25、0; c.big and heavy  d.old答案与分析：c猜测的依据是：没有孩子愿意一个肩膀比另一个肩膀压得矮一些，而且还痛；后面的内容都在说如何减轻孩子上学的负重问题，因此可以推测此词的意思是“重的”，与选项c的意思一致。完形填空中的上下文句推理与推测when the last class l._,diego and his friends take the bus to a city park to play football. then he's back home to start on homework. ifhe 2一_in time, diego will

26、 cook dinner. his parents come home from work at about 8:00 p.m., and 3._   - they sit down to dinner. after dinner, diego does some reading or 4._             tv before getting ready for bed!1.a. ends    b.starts&#

27、160;   c.begins    d.appears2.a. does    b.practices    c.finishes    d.exercises3.a. only    b.just    c.also    d.then4.a. watch    b.watches    c.watchi

28、ng    d.to watch 答案与分析：1a前面说了是最后一节课，后面说乘车去踢足球，说明放学了，因此用ends（结束）。2c既然前面说了是“开始做作业”，后面就应该说“如果他按时完成作业的话，他就做饭”，因此只能使用finish来表示“完成”的意思。3d这里使用时间副词then叙述先后发生的两个动作。4b连词or用来连接两个并列的动作，而do some reading中的动词-ing形式后面是不能接宾语的，所以动词watch就只能与does保持一致，也就是使用第三人称单数形式。(3)源于理解的推理归纳阅读理解除了要求正确理解事实细节的能力外，还经常需要根据

29、一定上下文对某些词汇的意义进行推断，根据所读材料理解文章隐含的意义和深层次的含义，归纳文章主题思想，得出文章的结论等。推理，即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不要误认为是在问“你”的想法，而是“作者”本人在字里行间所表述的观点。归纳是一种由特殊（个别）到一般的概括。从阅读理

30、解角度说，所谓个别即具体细节，所谓一般即章节段落的大意或主题。归纳是由特殊细节推向一般主题的概括过程。句子的归纳a. microwave ovens have eliminated（除去）many of the inconvemences previously associated with the preparation of meals.b. many foods can go directly from the freezer to the microwave oven without being defrosted（解冻）c. many microwave ovens can be s

31、et the time in advance to cook food while you are away from the kitchen.d. the microwave oven has greatly reduced the amount oftime it takes to cook a meal.题中四句话都提到微波炉的好处，其中b、c、d分别从三个不同的方面具体讲述微波炉不同于传统炊具的优势，而a则从整体上覆盖了上述三句的内容，故a是对b、c、d的概括。上述分析、寻找最具概括意义之选项的过程即为归纳过程。段落大意的归纳there are many colors in the w

32、orld. all colors are made from a mixture of three colors. these colors are blue, yellow and red. they are called primary colors.mix blue and red, and it will make purple. blue and yellow will give you greem to make orange, mix red and yellow. black is mixture ofblue, yellow and red.the story mainly

33、tells us_    一a.about the way to make redb. how all colors are made from primary colorsc. which colors to mix to make yellow答案与分析：b文章第二句就点明了主题：所有的颜色都是由三种颜色组成的。后面在叙述哪些颜色分别搭配可以形成不同的颜色。选项中的primary colors就是我们说的“原色”。in europe most people eat with the fork held in the left hand. most americ

34、ans hold it in their right hand. why is it different? in the pioneer days, there was not always enough food to eat. so people ate very fast. they could eat even faster holding the fork in their right hand.the story mainly tells_.a. pioneers liked to eat slowlyb. everyone holds the fork in their left

35、 handc. americans and europeans eat differently答案与分析：c文章开始的两句话说明了美国人和欧洲人就餐时用叉的不同习惯：欧洲人用左手握叉，美国人则右手握叉。短文主题的归纳have you ever noticed an advertisement which says "leama foreign language in six weeks, or your money back! from the first day your pronunciation will be excellent. just send." and s

36、o on? of course, it never happens quite like that.anyone who leams a foreign language would think that it is not true.how do people leama foreign language?some people try at home, with books and tapes; some use radio or television programs; others go to evening classes. if they use the language only two or three times a week, leaming it will take a long time, like language leaming at school.a few people try to leama language fast by studying for