英语动词的时态和语态

1、动词的时态和语态一、.英语动词的形式：英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。 英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：(1) 动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在 时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。(2) 般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三)：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现 在时。(3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。(4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。(5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态或被动语态，或语法规定的其他情况。英语动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去

2、式、现在分词和过去分词。如： workworksworkedworking worked。它们的构成及形式构成例词动词原形不带 to 的动词不疋式形式(也就是词典中一般给丁 的形式)be, have, do, come第三人称单数 形式1. 在动词原形后加-s2. 以 ch, sh, s, o, x 结尾的动词后加-es3. 以辅音字母+y 结尾的动词，先将 y 变为 i，再加-es4.以元音字母+y 结尾的动词后加-s读音：词尾-es 或-s 在s 、z、t 、d 后面读 iz ；在清辅音后读 s ;在浊辅音及元音后读 z ；在t，d 后读ts、dz。run f runs teachftea

3、ches washfwashes gofgoespassfpasses tryftries stayfstays过去式与过去 分词(规则变 化)1. 在动词原形后加-ed2. 以辅音字母+y 结尾的动词，先将 y 变为 i 再加-ed3. 以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写 结尾的辅音字母再加-ed注：不规则动词的过去式与过去分词则要根据不规则动词表逐渐记住读音 :词尾-ed 在清辅音后读t;在浊辅音和元音后 读d ; 在 t和d后读id。workfworkedcarryfcarried stopfstopped go-went-go ne现在分词1. 在动词原形后加-ing2. 以不

4、发音的 e 结尾的动词，去掉 e 再加-ing3. 以重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写 结尾的辅音字母再加-ing4. 少数几个以 ie 结尾的动词要变 ie 为 y，再加-ingreadfreadingwritefwritingswimfswimmi ngdiefdying二、动词的时态动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16 种时态，但是常用的只有 9 种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在 完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。下面分别介绍。1、一般现在时结构： do/does have/has be(am/is/a

5、re)标志语： often， always， usually，sometimes,never,every day ,in +时间段，等。(1) 表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示主语的身份和特征a. He goes to school every day. b. He is a student/handsome.(2) 表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goesaround the sun when I was in primary school.(3) 少数动词用于谈论时间表、节目单或日程表上所安排好的事情。此类动词有

6、begin, come, leave,go ,arrive, start , stop, retur n, ope n, clos 等The train leaves at 8:50. The meeting begins at seven.b. The rain starts at nine in the morning.(4)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。常考的此类从句有：as soon as until, if 和 when 弓丨导的从句。a. If you come this afternoon, we ll have a meebti.nWg.hen he g

7、raduate,sI ll go to cotruynside.2.一般过去时结构：did标志语：yesterday, the day before yesterday .ago, last., in 1998(1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去习惯性经常性的动作或者状态。a. He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. b. Mary always got up too late and never had enough time forbreakfast when she was at middle school.(2) 表示过去经常发生的动作 ,也可用 “ used

8、 to 和“would +动词原形”。I used to smoke. During the vacation I would swim in the sea.” used to 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。“be used t+名词(动名词)”表示 习惯于.a. I am used to the climate here. b. He is used to swimming in winter.(3)在具体的语境中表示“刚刚；刚才”,而暗含“现在不那样了”。Oh, it s you, John. I didnt know you were here.3.一般将来时结构：

9、will do、 shall do、 be (is、am、are) going to do标志语： tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next., in + 时间段, in 2010 等(1) 表示将来的动作或状态We will travel Beijing tomorrow.(2) 几种表达将来的区别1) be going to+动词原形”表示按计划或打算要发生的动作或者按迹象要发生的事情。 We are goingto have a meeting today. It s going to rain.“ be to +动词原形”表示按计划进行或征求对方意见

10、。The boy is to go to school tomorrow. Are we to go on with this work?“be about to+ 动“词原形”表示即将发生的动作,意为 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟时 间状语。 We were about to leave when it rained.(3) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的 动作。Dont worryH.e is coming soon.Im leaving for Beijing

11、tomorrow.(4) 某些动词 (如 come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。 (与一般现在时第( 3)点相同。)4.现在进行时结构： be(am/is/are)doing 标志语： now, look, listen 等(1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行或现阶段时间内一直进行的动作(可能中间暂停 )也可用 “系动词 + 介词或副词 ”表示进行时I m watching TV now.Look! He is jumping up and down.Listen! She is singing next to my

12、house.I m writing a novel these days.The bridge is under construction. The two countries were at war.(2)现在进行时与频率副词 always， again 等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等 )。The little boy is always making trouble. 这个小男孩总是惹麻烦。(3)有些动词的进行时态还可用来表示将来时。这类动词有go, come, start, leave, arrive,move, die 等。(与一般将来时的第( 5)项相同)5.过

13、去进行时 基本结构： be(was/were) doing 标志语：at 8:00 yesterday、when、while、(1) 过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作He was reading a novel when I came in. In 1980 he was studying in a university. 英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时 (现在进行时和过去进行时 )：1. 表示心理状态、情感的动词：love 、 hate、 like、 care、 please、 prefer、 know 等。2.表示存在、状态的动词，如： appearexist、lie (位于)、rema

14、in、seem 等。3. 表示感觉的动词 see hear、feel (摸起来)、smell、sou nd taste4. 表示一时性的动词 accept、 allow、 decide、 end、 refuse promise 等。如：On the foot of the mountainlies a small village. 山脚下有一个小山村。The silk feels soft and smooth. 这种丝绸摸起来又滑又软。This kind of books sells well.6.现在完成时结构： have/has done标志语：since+时间点，fo 叶时间段，alr

15、eady、yet、ever、never、so far, until now, up to now(1) 表示动作开始于过去，持续到现在He has studied English since 1985. I have been married for 10 years. 注意：表示短暂时间动作的词(如 come, go , die, marry, buy 等)的完成时不能与 for, since 等 表示一般时间的词连用。(2) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。I have seen the film. The film is worth seei

16、ng.(3) have (has) been to 与 have (has) gone tohave (has) been to +某地，表示到过某地，说明去过某地，说话时已经回来了。have (has) gone to +某地，说明去某地了，说话时还没有回来。He has been to Beijing three times. 他去过北京三次。(他已经不在北京了 )He has gone to Shanghai.他去上海了。 (可能在去上海的路上，或已到上海，总之，现在不在这里)句型 It/This/That is the first/last time中，从句谓语动词要用现在完成时。Th

17、is is the first time Ive been here.7过去完成时 结构： had done 标志语： by the time, 或主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中 （1）表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。 We had built five newhouses by the end of last year.（2）表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态 ,即“过去的过去 ”The film had begun before I got to the cinema.I had learnt 5000 words before I entere

18、d the university.句型 It was the first/last time 中，从旬的谓语动词要用过去完成时。That was the second time that they had witnessed an accident at the crossing. 8过去将来时结构：should （第一人称）/ would + do, be （was were） going to do 表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 常用于主句是一般过去时的宾 语从句中。They asked me if I would go to Gua ngzhou soo n.他们

19、问我是否很快要去广州。She told me she would come aga in n ext week 她和我说她下周还来。 9.现在完成进行时 结构： have（has） + been + 现在分词 表示现在以前一直进行的动作，还有可能继续下去。有些动词 （ work, study,live, teach 等） 用现在完成时与用现在完成时意思差不多。但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思I have worked here for eleve n years 到说话时，我再这儿工作三年了）I have been working here for eleven years（. 到现在为止，

20、我在这儿工作三年了，有可能还继 续在这里工作）I have been writing a letter.（从过去某一时间开始写信，一直写到现在，还有可能继续写） 注意：表示短暂动作的动词（ finish, marry, get up, come, go 等）不能用这种时态。 几种常用时态的比较1. 一般过去时与过去进行时用法的比较： 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去进行时则表示在过去某 一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。 （信写完了） Mary wa

21、swriting a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。 （信不一定写完）2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况， 所 以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用， 如： yesterday, last night, three weeksago, in 1990 等。 而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态， 和现在不发生关系， 它可以和表示过去的时间状 语连用。I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。 （我了解这部电影的内容）I saw the fil

22、m last week. 我上星期看了这个电影。 （只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现 在的情况）He has lived here since 1992. 1992 年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）He lived here in 1992. 1992 年他住在这里。（不涉及现在他是否还住在这里）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示 从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用 现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that boo

23、k.我读过那本书了。I have bee n reading that book all the morni ng 我早上一直在读那本书。三、动词语态1.当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。句子的主语是动作承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动作语态。构成：助动词 be +过去分词，时态通过 be 表现出来。时态动词形式例子一般现在时am/is/are doneYou are required to do this.一般过去时was/were doneThe story was told by her.一般将来时shall/will be doneThe problem will be d

24、iscussed tomorrow.现在进行时am/is/are being doneThe road is being wide ned.过去进行时was/were being doneThe new tool was being made.过去将来时should/would be doneThe no vel has bee n read.现在完成时has/have bee n doneHe said that the work had bee n fini shed.过去完成时had bee n doneHe said that the trees would be pla nted s

25、oon.带情态动词的情态动词+be doneThe problem must be solved soon.注：带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时， 一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。We always keep the classroom clea n.(比较：The classroom is always kept clean.)短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中介副词。be goi ng to, used to, have to, had bette 变为被动语态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动语态。The boy was made fun of by his classm

26、ates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.3) 主动形式表示被动意义的词。常见的有：a 主动形式(need/require/want/deserve)这时动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系。The childre n n eed look ing after.The win dows wants /requires repairi ng.This point deserves men ti oning.b. 有些及物动词后须加副词(如：well, easily 等)，有些可不加，如：act, clean, cut, draw,lo

27、ck, ope n, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write 等。The cloth washes/ sells well.The door won t shTtie play won t act.c. 形容词 worth 后直接加动名词时，如：The book is worth reading twice.某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。The fish is not fit to eat.d. 某些感官动词(如： feel, look, prove, smell , sou nd, taste, wea等) 与形容词连用时

28、： The water feelsvery cold.The dish tastes delicious.4) 以下动词构成的句子不能改为被动句：a.动词 leave, enter, reach 等的宾语是表示处所、地点(国家、团体，组织、军队)等。b. 表示状态的动词， 如：become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, suit, looklike 等。c. 下列不及物动词及短语： appear, belong to , break out, die, happen, lie, occur,

29、 rise, take place,agree with, belong to, consist of , have on, keep up wit 及一些固定词组，如keep words, lose heart,make a face 等。d. 宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源代词，不定式，动名词，抽象名词等。5).汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： 据说It is saidthat .希望It is hoped that 据推测说 It is guessed that必须承认.It must be admitted that 必须指出 Itmust be point

30、ed out that众所周知.It is well known that 有人会说 .It is supposed that 大家认为 It is gen erally con sidered that 有人相信 Itis believed that 据报道 It is reported that 四、动词时态和语态做题技巧如下：1. 根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态动词时态须与句中时间状语一致。高考题常在题干中加入具体情景 ,以测试考生对动词时 态知识的实际运用能力。因此敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境 ,选择出正确的动词时态。2. 根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态近年来的高考试题一般不

31、再单纯考查主从句的时态呼应 ,而是将其放在真实的并且符合实 际的语境中进行考查 ,也会结合强调结构等其它语法现象进行考查。考生在根据时态呼应原则解题时 ,要把握好以下几点：1在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态，一般过去时态表示过去 将来时态 ,用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态。2正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。3解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则 : 如果主句动词为现在时态 ,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态，如果主句动词为过去时态,则从句动词须用合适的过去的某种时态 (表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态 )。3. 根

32、据具体的语言环境选择时态 近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高 ,大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化。考生要捕 捉信息,理解情境 ,综合运用 ,灵活答题。Exercises:用括号内单词的正确的形式填空1. It is a fine day. The sun _ (shine) brightly(. is shining/shines)2. They _ (visit) the Science Museum next Sundayw.(ill visit )3. Mr Brown _(live) in Beijing since he came to China.(has lived)4. Mr

33、Wang _ (teach) us English two years agot.a(ught)5. The Smiths _( watch) TV at this time last night.w(as watching)6. We _ (learn) about ten English songs by the end of last termh.a(d learned)7. Father said that he _(buy) a new bike for me the next Fridayw.o(uld buy)8. Bill isn t here. He _ )_w(icth a

34、htis friends in the classroom.(is chatting)9. The teacher said that the moon _ (go) round the eartgho.(es)10. The Young Pioneers will go to the zoo if it _ (not rain) this Sundayd.(oesntrain)11. Listen! They _ (talk) about the new film.(are talking)13. My mobile phone _ (steal) on a bus last weekw.(

35、as stolen)14. The host _(interview) the little boy just now.i(nterviewed)15. The Greens_ (watch) TV now&re watching)16. He said that he_ (ring) me up whe n he got therwOuld ring)17. We_(lear n) En glish for about three yearSiQve lear ned/have bee n lear nir)g19. The farmers_ (pick) apples whe n

36、I saw themwere pick ing)21. The film_ (begi n) whe n I got to the cin ema(.had begur)22. The girl told me that she wan ted to be an En glish teacher whe n she_ (grow) up.()23. _ you been_ (wear) glasses all the time?(Have;weari ng)24. I ll go home as soon as I_ (finish) my homevonlish)25. Most scie

37、nee books are_ (write) in En glish.a re writte n)咼考题1.(07 广东)The sun was setting when my car31broke (break) down near a remote and poorvillage.2. ( 08 广东)Being too an xious to help an eve nt develop ofte n 40results (result) in the con trary toour inten ti on.3. (09 广东)people stepped on your feet or

38、 34pushed (push) you with their elbows ( 肘部), hurry ingahead to get to a barga in.4. (09 广东)Her mother was excited.“Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,39was in formed(i nform).5. (2010 广东)After a four-day journey, the young man33presente(_(present) the water to the oldman.6. ( 2011 广东)

39、One Sun day morning in August I went to a local music festival. I left it earlybecause I had an appo in tme nt 16 (late) that day. My friends walked me to the bus stop and waitedwith me 17_ the bus arrived. I got on the bus and found a seat n ear the back,and the n I no ticed a man 18 (sit) at the f

40、ront. He 19(prete nd) that a tiger toywas real and giving it a voice. He must be 20(me ntal) disabled.Beh ind him were other people to 21 he was tryi ng to talk, but after some mi nu tes 22 walked awayand sat n ear me, look ing anno yedI didn t want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didnhim

41、23 hfiikevlieavtihieir.After a while I rose from my seat and walked to the front of the bus. I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had 24 amaz ing con versati on. He got off the bus before me and I felt veryhappy the rest of the way home.I m glad I made a choice. It made 25 of us feel good

42、.7. (2012 广东)Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in classone day, 16_(wear) sun glasses. He walked in as if he _(buy) the school. And theword quickly got around that he was from New York City.For some reas on he sat beside Mary. Mary felt 18 (please), because ther

43、e were many empty seats inthe room. But she quickly realized that it wasn t her, it was probably the fin 19 last row.20 he thought he could escape atte nti on by sitti ng at the back, he was wron g. It might havemade it a little 21 (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but t

44、hat didn t stopthe kids in the class. Of course whenever theediio look at him, they had to look at Mary, 22 made herfeel like a star.“ Do/ou need those glasses for medical reasons? ” the teacher asked. The new boy shook I head.“Then d appreciate it iyou didn wear them in the class. I like to look at

45、 your eyes when I mspeaking to you. ” The new boy looked at the teacher a few seconds and all the other studentswondered24 the boy would do. Then he took 25_ off, gave a bigsmile and said, “That s cool. ”8. (2013 广东)One day,Nick invited his friends to supper.He was cooking some delicious foodin the

46、kitchen .Suddenly,he 16(find)that he had run out of salt.So Nick called to his son, the cillage andbuy some salt,but pay a fair price for it:neither too much 17oo little. ” His son looked surprised. ” Icanunderstand why Ishouldn t pay too much,Father,but if I cless, 18not sace a bit of money? ”“ Tha

47、t would be a very9(reason)thing to do in a big city,but it could destroy a small village likeouts, ” Nick said.Nick s guests, had heard their conversation,asked why they shoule not buy sale more cheaply ifthey coule.Nick replied, ” The only reasoman would sell sale 21 a lower price woule be because

48、hewai desperate for mon ey.A nd anyone who took adca ntage of that situatio n woule be showing a lackof respect 22 the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it. ”“ But such a small thi ng could n23 (possible) destroy a village.”“inthe beg inning, there was on ly 24_ very smal

49、l amount of un fairness in the world,but everyone added a little ,always 25 (thi nk) that it was on ly samall and not very importa nt ,a nd look wherewe hace en ded up today. ”9. (2014 广东) Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who hadbee n there before said16_

50、was a won derful holiday desti nati on. Before we went, we had pla nnedfor mon ths. Whe n the day came, we were ready.After our plane Ianded, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six months_17_(early),but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We_18( tell) that our roo

51、ms hadn beenreserved for that week, 19 for the week after. I didn t understand_20_ this would happen and mycredit card had already been charged _21(the reservation. What s worse, the hotel hadbeyeibcSolked. When we were wondering what to do, the manager came out. She was _22_(surprise) helpful. She

52、apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 23 top floor. Wehad never stayed in such an amazing room, and we weren t charged extra.The next day, my brother and I went to the beach _24_ we watched some people play volleyball.We got a little_25_ (sun bur n), but the day had bee n so relax ing that we did n2011 年广东1.later later that day那天晚些时候，常见用法，不难。2.un til朋友陪我走到公交站台，一直等到公交车到