英语词汇学讲义

1、高级英语词汇词源记忆指南何伟 编著重庆大学外国语学院2009年9月1st Week 1st DayNew words: voracious indiscriminate eminent steeped repleteReading Wisely The youngster who reads voraciously, though indiscriminately, does not necessarily gain in wisdom over the teenager who is more selective in his reading choices. A young man who

2、 has read the life story of every eminent athlete of the twentieth century, or a coed who has steeped herself in every social-protest novel she can get her hands on, may very well be learning all there is to know in a very limited area. But books are replete with so many wonders that is often discou

3、raging to see bright young people limit their own experiences.1. voracious a. 贪婪的；贪吃的 (词源分析： vor: eat, swallow + acious) 同源词： devour carnivore （carni-=flesh） herbivorous insectivore n. omnivorous 2. indiscriminate a. 不加选择的；无系统的，紊乱的 (词源分析：in (not) + dis (away) + crimin (区分、确定、分开) + ate (v.) 同源形式： cer

4、n-,cert-,cret- = 区分、确定、分开同源词：discern discerning discreet discrete concern ascertain discernable discernment indiscreetcertificate discriminate indiscriminate3. eminent a. 闻名的，杰出的 (词源分析：e (out) + min (伸、突、爬、上升)+ ent (a.) 伸到外面的)闻名的，杰出的 同源形式：min-,mon-, mount- = 伸、突同源词：imminent menace mount surmount dis

5、mountmountainpreeminenteminenceprominentpromontoryamount insurmountableparamount mountainouspreeminencetantamount4. steep vt. 浸泡；沉溺于之中；对熟悉（造诣深）(联想：deep 浸泡得很深的； 又 steep a. 险峻的，陡峭的；急剧升降的；难以接受的; 又 stoop v. 俯身，弯腰；降尊；堕落)5. replete a. 充满的（with）； 饱足的(词源分析：re (again) + plete (满) 同源形式：plen- ple-, plet- = to

6、fill,同源词： plenty comply replete implement accomplishsupplementampleplenipotentiarycomplete compliantdeplete accomplish compliment supplysurplusplus 1st Week2nd DayNew Words: abound prognosticate matron automaton disposeSolving the Servant Problem The worlds of science-fiction abound with wonders. Ye

7、t modern technology progresses so rapidly that what may be todays wild dream may be next years kitchen appliance. A British scientist has prognosticated that within ten years every suburban matron will have her own robot servant. One task this domesticated automaton will not have to contend with wil

8、l be scouring the oven because even today the newest ranges can be programmed to reduce their own baked-on grime to easily disposed of ashes.1. abound vi. 丰富， 富于 （词源分析：ab-(away ) + unda-, = water, wave） 把水加满，几乎溢出 丰富 同源词： undulate abundant inundate redundant 2. prognosticate vt. 预示， 预言（词源分析：pro-(befo

9、re) + gno-, = know ） 预先了解、知道 预言 同源词：agnostic diagnose recognizeignoreprognosticator prognosticationagnosticismdiagnosisrecognitionignorantprognosisconnoisseur3. matron n. 主妇，已婚妇女 （词源分析：matro-, mater- = mather ）同源词：maternal maternity matrimony Alma Mater 4. automaton n. 机器人， 机械装置 （词源分析：auto- (self) +

10、 maton ） 自己动 机器人同源词：automatic automobile autobiography autonomous 5. dispose vt.vi. 部署；处置； 处理；使倾向于 （词源分析：dis-(away) + pose (put) 把 放在一旁 部署、处置、处理）同源形式：pos-, pon-, pound- = to put同源词：pose decompose expose impose postpone expound propound compound discompose disposable imposter depositcomposecomponentd

11、eposeopposeopponentcompoundproposeproponentindispositiondispositionpostponedepot1st Week 3rd DayNew Words: paradoxical realm annals compound tingeIts a Mans WorldHow paradoxical that the worlds greatest chefs have all been men! Cooking wou1d clearly seem to be a fie1d which lies exclusively within w

12、omens realm; yet the annals of cookery are replete* with masculine names: Brillat Savarin, Ritz, Diat, Larousse. To compound the puzzle, there has rarely been a tinge of rumor or scandal casting doubts on the masculinity of these heroes of cuisine.1. paradoxical a. 似非而是的，自相矛盾的 (词源分析：para- (beyond )

13、+ dox- (teach) + ical ) 超出教义以外的说法 似非而是的说 法，自相矛盾的荒谬说法)同源词：orthodox heterodox doctrine indoctrinate dogma dogmatism 2. realm n. 王国； 领域，范围 (词源分析： 源于词根 regi- = to rule, straight ) 同源形式：rect-, regi-= to rule, straight同源词：ruleregiment reign regime rigid correct erect corrigible regulate surge insurgence r

14、ightrulerregent sovereignregion royal directrectifyincorrigibleirregularityupsurgeresurrectionupright 3. annals n. 编年史，历史记载，史册 (词源分析：ann-,enn-, = year )同源词：anniversary annual superannuate perennial 4. compound v./a./n 使混合，使合成，使复合； 混合的，复合的，化合的； 混合物 化合物(词源分析：com-(with) + pound- (= pos-，pon- : to put )

15、 把 放在一起 使混合、 合成、复合) 同源词：见1st Week, 2nd Day: dispose5. tinge n./v. 色调，色彩； 稍带有某种成分、味道等 （联想：1、ink 使沾上墨水 使带有某种色彩； 2、tang 使具有味道） 1st Week 4th DayNew Words: badger implore drudgery interminable perceiveHow Not to Get Your Way It is difficult to change someones opinion by badgering him. The child who begs

16、his mother to get off his back when she implores him for some assistance with the household drudgery, may very well plead interminably for some special privilege when he wants something for himself. How paradoxical* that neither is able to perceive that no one likes being nagged.1. badger vt. 使困恼， 纠

17、缠不休 (词源分析：badger: 獾 因其头上白色的斑纹而困恼) 联想：badge 徽章；标志 獾头上的斑纹是其标志，也是使其困恼的原因）2. implore vt. 恳求 (词源分析：im-(into) + plore- (tears, weep; to make to flow) 流着泪请求：恳求) 同源词： imploration imploring deplore deplorable explore explorer 3. drudgery n. 乏味的工作，苦差事 (词源分析：源于 drag v. 拖，拽；拖宕 乏味的工作就象一个人在拖着重物一样显得漫长) 同源词： drudge

18、 drudgingly 4. interminably ad. 没完没了地，无穷地 (词源分析：in- (not) + term- (limit, boundary) + ably 没有限制地、没有边际地 没完 没了地)同源词：terminate terminal term terminus determine determined exterminate pre-determinate 5. perceive vt. 察觉；看出；领悟 (词源分析：per-(through) + ceive- (take) 透过而取得 领悟；觉察) 同源形式ceive-, capt-, cept-, cip-

19、, cup- = to take, to catch同源词：conceive receive receptive accept incept susceptible anticipate emancipate capable captivate caption inception occupydeceivedeceptiveconceiveinconceivableconceptinsusceptibleinterceptpreceptpreceptorcaptivecaptiousinciptientrecuperate1st Week5th DayNew Words: laconic th

20、rong intrepid accost reticentTo the Point Calvin Coolidge, our thirtieth president, was named Silent Cal by reporters because of his laconic speech. One Sunday, after Mr. Coolidge had listened to an interminable* sermon, a throng of newsmen gathered around him. An intrepid reporter accosted the Chie

21、f Executive: Mr. President we know that the sermon was on the topic of sin. What did the minister say ? He against it, the reticent Coolidge replied.1. laconic a. 简洁、精练的，干脆利落的 (词源分析：源于Laconia：是Sparta 斯巴达人的一族，以说话简洁而著称。传说：When Philip of Macedon wrote to the SPARTAN magistrates, “If I enter Laconia, I

22、will level it to the ground,” the magistrates sent back the single word, “If.”) 2. throng n. （蜂拥的）人群，一群人； 涌向，挤在一起（联想：throw（扔，抛投）, thrust (猛推，挤) 拥挤得你推我搡）3. intrepid a. 勇敢无畏的 (词源分析：in- (not) + trepid (颤抖的，惊慌的 源于 tread v. 踏，踩，跳); 参考： tremble, tremulous 同源词： trepidation intrepidity intrepidly 4. accost

23、vt. 走上前去跟（某人）讲话，向人搭话 （lie or go alongside; approach; make up to and address） (词源分析：ac-(at, in the direction of) + cost (side, rib) 参见 coast) 从边上（侧 着身子）走上前去：向人搭话5. reticent a. 沉默寡言的；有保留的 (词源分析：re- (back) + tic- (taci-:silent) + ent) 忍住不说 沉默寡言的,有保留的 同源词： reticence tacit a tacit agreement tacit approva

24、l tacitly taciturn taciturnity 2nd Week1st DayNew Words: furtive felon plethora hapless irate If I Had the Wings of an Angel Casting a furtive glance over his shoulder, the felon slipped out the main prison gate to be swallowed up in the British fog. A plethora of escapes from supposedly secure pris

25、ons embarrassed the hapless wardens. To compound* their problems, the officials were badgered* by irate citizens who accused the guards of accepting bribes from convicts whose motto is: Stone walls do not a prison make, nor iron bars a cage.1. furtive a. 偷偷摸摸的， 鬼鬼祟祟的 (词源分析： fur-(=fer-) : to carry (a

26、way) to steal ) (悄悄地)拿走 偷偷的 同源词: transfer infer confer refer defer suffer prefer fertile 2. felon n. 重罪犯，重罪人；坏人 (词源分析：cruel, wicked person; villain; perfidy) 同源词: felony felonious 3. plethora n. 过多， 过剩 (词源分析：源于plet-,pli-,plen-, ply- = full, to fill ) 同源词: 见1st Week, 1st Day: replete a. 充满的, 装满的; 吃饱喝

27、足的4. hapless a. 倒霉的，不幸的 (词源分析：hap chance, luck; event + less) 同源词: happy unhappy happen haply haphazard happenchance 5. irate a. 发怒的，生气的 (同源词：irascible a. 易怒的，脾气暴躁的； irascibility n. irascibly ad.) 联想记忆：联想erase抹掉，除去；消灭；杀死 一怒之下把所有东西都抹掉 参见： irritate irritation irritable irritant irritative irritating 2

28、nd Week 2nd DayNew Words: pretext fabricate adroit gesticulate vigilant Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde?Under the pretext of being a surgeon he gained entry to the hospital. When interviewed by the director, he had to fabricate a tale of his medical experience, but he was so adroit at lying that he got away

29、with it. It was not until the phony doctor began to gesticulate wildly with his scalpel, that a vigilant nurse was able to detect the fraud. In the annals* of medical history there have been a number of such cases.1. pretext n. 借口，托词 (词源分析：pre-(before) + text (weave, cover ) 提前编织 借口，托词 同源形式: tech-,

30、tect-, text = to cover, to weave, to construct, a craft 同源词: technic architect architecture detective protect text context tissue toilet tegument techniciantctonicsdetectdetectorprotectivetextilepretexttoilsubtlethatch 2. fabricate v. 制造；编造，捏造 (词源分析：源于faber- = 金属工匠) 锻造钢、铁 制造、捏造 同源词： fabricator fabri

31、cation prefabricate prefabrication 3. adroit a. 灵巧、机敏的；熟练的 (词源分析：a-(at) + droit (right) 在右边，熟练使用右手 灵巧、机敏的；熟练的 同源形式：rect-,reg-, dress-,roy- = king, to rule, straight 同源词: 见1st Week, 3rd Day : realm n. 王国; 国土; 领域; 范围4. gesticulate v. 打手势；用姿势示意 (词源分析：gest-, = to carry, bring) 运动（移动、搬动）身体来表达 打手势； 用姿势示意

32、同源词: suggest gesture digest ingest exaggerate congest5. vigilant a. 警惕的，警醒的 (词源分析：源于vigil = awake) 守夜（站岗、值班）不睡觉 警惕的，警醒的 keep vigil sick-room vigils exercise vigilance relax vigilance2nd Week 3rd DayNew Words : avid cajole rudimentary enhance nuance Youve Got to Be a Football Expert As an avid footba

33、ll fan, I try to see every game the Jets play. Whenever I can cajole my father into accompanying me, I try to do so. He has only a rudimentary knowledge of the game, and since I am steeped in it, I enjoy explaining its intricate details to him. It certainly does enhance your appreciation of football

34、 when you are aware of every nuance of the sport.1. avid 热心的，热望的；贪求的 (词源分析：源于have 意思是: be eager to have something 急切地想得到 热心的，热 望的；贪求的 同源形式：habit-,hibit- = to have 同源词: inhabit cohabit inhibit able avarice exhibithabitprohibitrehabilitateenableavidityhabitat2. cajole vt. 哄骗，引诱 (词源分析：源于cage + jail ) 诱

35、使某人进入圈套（鸟笼） 哄骗，引诱3. rudimentary a. 基本的，初步的；发展不完全的 (词源分析：rude (in the crude state) + ment (名词后缀) + ary) 同源词: rude rudiment erudite erudition 4. enhance vt. 提高，增加；增强 (词源分析：en-(enable) +hance (alt-:high) 使得变高 提高，增加；增强 同源词: altitude exalt altar haughty 5. nuance n. 细微差别 (词源分析：different shades of colors

36、like clouds)2nd week 4th DayNew Words : loathe reprimand lackluster caustic wrest The Pep Talk If theres one thing I loathe the coach said, its a quitter. He had good reason to reprimand us at half-time, because the score-board revealed that we were losing, 45-20. Our lackluster performance indicate

37、d to him that we had forgotten the rudimentary* aspects of basketball. His caustic remarks fired us up, however, and we dashed out, determined to wrest control of the game from our rivals.1. loathe vt. 憎恶，讨厌 （联想记忆：取该词中的一部分oath诅咒、发誓） 憎恶得诅咒、发誓 憎恶，讨厌2. reprimand v./n. 责备；（尤指上级、长辈所做的）谴责 (词源分析：re-(down)

38、+ primand (press) 往下压制以制止不良表现 责备；谴责 同源形式：press-,print- = to exert pressure 同源词: compress express oppress repress imprimatur reprimand depressimpresssuppressirrepressibleprintimprint3. lackluster a./n. （眼睛等）没有光泽（的）；无生气（的） (词源分析：lack (缺少) + luster光泽) 同源形式: luc-, lust-, lux-, lumin-, lun- = light, bril

39、liance 同源词: lucid translucent luster illustrate de lux luxury illuminate lunarpellucidtranslucencelustrousillustriousluxuriantluxuriousluminouslunatic4. caustic a. 刻薄的，挖苦讽刺的 (词源分析：caust-(burn) 刻薄得象灼烧一般 刻薄的，挖苦讽刺的 同源词: causticity causticize cauterize holocaust 5. wrest vt. 拧，扭；夺取，强夺；费力地取得；歪曲 (词源分析：twi

40、st; force or wrench away from persons grasp; obtain by effort or with difficulty ; distort, pervert 源于wrist：腕；腕关节 可以拧、扭或弯曲) 在英语里，一般带wr-字母的词都具有弯曲、扭动、拧等意思，正如w这个 字母的形状所表现的那样，见如下例词： wrangle， wrap, wrath, wreath, wreck, wrench, wrestle, wretched, wriggle, wrong, wry wring2nd Week 5th DayNew Words: infamous jostle dupe incipient inadvertent The Handcuff Is Quicker than the Eye Slippery Eddie, the infamous pickpocket, was back at work, and every detective had to be especially vigilant*. Eddies technique was to jostle a victi