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1、 PC (Personal Computer)个人计算机 CPU (Central Processing Unit)中央处理器 RAM (Random-Access memory)随机存储器 ROM (Read-Only Memory)只读存储器 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)基本输入输出系统 IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) 智能磁盘设备 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 外部设备接口 SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)小型计算机系统接

2、口 CD-ROM (Compact Disc, Read-Only Memory)只读光盘 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) 电可擦除只读存储器 DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc, Read-Only Memory) 只读数字化视频光盘 USB (Universal Serial Bus)通用串行总线 LAN (Local Area Network)局域网 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)数字线用户 VDSL (Very high bit-rate D

3、SL)甚高位率数字线用户 POST (Power-On Self-Test)开机自检 TFT(Thin-Film Transistro) 薄膜晶体管 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 液晶显示屏 CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) 阴极射线管 DLP(Digital Light Processing) 数字光处理技术 LCoS(Liquid Crystal On Silicon) 硅基液晶(也缩写为LCOS) SED(Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display) 表面传导电子发射显示 OLED(Organic Light

4、-Emitting Diode) 有机发光二极管 PDP(Plasma Display Panel) 等离子显示器 OS (Operating System)操作系统 API (Application Program Interface)应用程序接口 RTOS (Real-Time Operating System)实时操作系统 BASIC(Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) BASIC语言(初学者通用指令码) JIT(Just-In-Time compilation) 即时编译 VM (Virtual Machine) 虚拟机 G

5、UI (graphical user interface)图形用户界面 URL (Uniform Resource Locator) 统一资源定位符 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)传输控制协议 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)用户数据报协议 IP (Internet Protocol)网际协议 JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)Java数据库连接 SDK (Software Development Kit) 软件开发工具包 SQL(Structured Query Language) 结构化查询语言

6、 IBM(International Business Machines Corporation)国际商用机器公司 ANSI(American National Standards Institute) 美国国家标准协会 ISO(International Organization for Standardization)国际标准化组织 DBMS(Database Management System) 数据库管理系统 RDBMS(Relational Database Management System )关系型数据库管理系统 ODBMS(Object-oriented Database Ma

7、nagement System)面向对象的数据库管理系统 IMS(Information Management System)信息管理系统 CICS(Customer Information Control System)客户信息管理系统 DDBMS(Distributed Database Management System)分布式数据库管理系统Lesson 1 How PCS work When you mention the word “technology”,most people think about computers 当提到“技术”这个词时,大多数人就会想到计算机。 Virtu

8、ally every facet of our lives has some computerized component Virtually 事实上 facet 方面 Computer computerized计算机化 Component 组成部分,部件 实际上,生活中的每一方面都有许多计算机化的成分。 The appliances in our homes have microprocessors built into them,as do our televisions Even our cars have a computer Appliance设备装置 built into装入 as

9、 do例如 家庭中的许多用品(如电视机)都装有微处理器。甚至我们的汽车中也有计算机。 1 But the computer (that everyone thinks of first) is typically the personal computer, or PC. 本句中that everyone thinks of first是一个限定性定语从句,修饰和限定the computer。that在从句中作宾语,可以省略。 or引导同义词或说明语,意思是“或者说, 即”。 但是大家首先想到的计算机通常是个人计算机,即PC。Lesson 2 Visual Display Unit 1A vi

10、sual display unit(可视显示单元) ,often called simply a monitor(监视器) or display, is a piece of electrical equipment( which displays images generated from the video output of devices such as computers without producing a permanent record) 本句中,often called simply a monitor or display是一个过去分词短语,作主语A visual dis

11、play unit 的同位语,对其作补充说明。 a piece of一块;一张;一片;一件 可视显示单元通常简单地被称为监视器或显示器,它是一个电子设备,用来显示由视频输出设备(如计算机)产生的图像,但不会产生一个永久的记录。 A newer monitor typically consists of a TFT LCD, with most older monitors based around a cathode ray tube(CRT). TFT(Thin-Film Transistor) 薄膜晶体管 transistor晶体管 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)

12、液晶显示屏 Crystal晶体 较新的监视器通常由TFT LCD组成,而大多数老式的监视器都是基于阴极射线管(CRT)的 The monitor comprises (包含)the display device,simple circuitry (to generate and format a picture from video sent by the signals source), and usually an enclosure(外壳). 显视器包含显示设备、(产生和格式化来自信号源发送的视频的图像的)简单电路,而且通常还有一个外壳。 显视器包含显示设备、简单电路,而且通常还有一个外

13、壳。简单电路可以产生和格式化图像,图像来自信号源发送的视频。 Within the signal source, either(无论) as(作为) an integral section(集成部分) or a modular(模块) component, there is a display adapter to generate video in a format compatible with(兼容) the monitor. 在信号源中,无论是作为集成部分还是模块部件,都有一个显示适配器来产生与监视器格式兼容的视频。 Lesson 3 How Operating Systems Wor

14、k?How Operating Systems Work?操作系统是如何工作的? If you have a computer,then you have heard about operating systems 如果你有计算机,那么就听说过操作系统。 Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally(通常) comes preloaded with Windows XP laptop膝上电脑;笔记本电脑 preloaded预装 你购买的任何一个台式机或笔记本电脑通常都预装了windows XP, Macintosh computers come

15、preloaded with OS X Macintosh苹果 苹果计算机预装了OS X。 Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems . Corporate公司的 许多公司的服务器都使用Linux或UNIX操作系统。 The operating system (OS) is the first thing loaded onto the computerwithout the operating system,a computer is useless 操作系统(OS)是最先装入计算机的软件没有操作系统,计算机

16、就没有使用价值了。Lesson 4 Data StructureData Structure-数据结构 In computer science, a data struture is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. 在计算机科学中,数据结构就是在计算机中存储数据的方法,以便数据可以被有效地使用。 Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used. 通常一

17、个谨慎选择的数据结构允许使用最高效的算法。 The choice of the data structure often begins from the choice of an abstract data type. 选择数据结构往往从选择抽象数据类型开始。 A well-designed(设计优良的) data structure allows a variety of (多种)critical (严格)operations to be performed(执行), using as few resources, both execution time and memory space,

18、as possible. 一个设计优良的数据结构允许执行多种严格的操作,而使用尽可能少的资源(包括执行时间和内存空间)。 Data structures are implemented(实现) by a programming language as(以) data types and the references(引用) and operations they provide. 数据结构由编程语言以数据类型、引用及它们所提供的操作来实现。Lesson 5 Computer ProgramComputer Program -计算机程序 Computer programs(also softwa

19、re programs,or just programs)are instructions for a computer. 计算机程序(也叫做软件程序,或者就叫做程序)是用于计算机的指令。 A computer requires programs to function. 计算机需要程序来工作。 1Moreover, a computer program does not run unless its instructions are executed by a central processor; 本句中,unless its instructions are executed by a c

20、entral processor是一个条件状语从句。 Unless的意思是“如果不,除非” 而且,除非计算机程序的指令被中央处理器执行,否则它就不能运行, however, a program may communicate an algorithm to people without running. 然而,程序不运行也能给人传达算法。 Computer programs are usually executable(可执行的) programs or the source code from which executable programs are derived(产生得到)(e.g.

21、compiled). 计算机程序通常是可执行程序或能够产生(如经过编译)可执行程序的源代码。Lesson 6 C Language C was developed in the early 1970s,and it has grown into a very popular language now C语言的开发始于20世纪70年代初期,现在它已经成为非常流行的语言。 C might best be described as a “medium level language” C语言也许最合适被称为“中级语言”。 Like a true high level language,there is

22、 a one-to-many relationship between a C statement and the machine language instructions (it is compiled into) compile编译 像真正的高级语言一样,一条C语句与它被编译成的机器语言指令之间是一对多的关系。 Thus,a language like C gives you far more programming leverage than a low level assembly language leverage手段 assembly language汇编语言 因此,像C这样的语

23、言的编程手段远远多于低级的汇编语言。 1However,compared to most high level languages,C has a very small set of constructs compared to与相比 constructs结构 一般来说,compare with 的意思是“将与.比较”,强调比较两者(同类、性质相同)的不同处。Compare to 的意思是“将.比作.”, 两者不同类,性质不同,某一点有相似处。但有时作“将与.比较”解时,用compare with/to 均可。如: 然而,与大多数高级语言相比,C语言的结构非常小。 In addition,(u

24、nlike most high level languages),C let you easily do chores (such as bit and pointer manipulation) additionally performed by assembly languages Chore困难的工作 manipulation操作 Additionally加之,又,还 另外,与大多数高级语言不同,C语言还使操作者易于完成由汇编语言执行的工作(如位与指针操作)。 Therefore,C is an especially good tool to use for developing ope

25、rating systems (such as the UNIX operating system),or other system software 因此,C语言是开发操作系统(如UNIX操作系统)或其他系统软件的特别好的工具。Lesson 7 About the Java Technology About the Java Technology 关于Java 技术 Java technology is both a programming language and a platform Java技术既是一种编程语言,也是一个平台。 1.The Java Programming Langua

26、ge Java.编程语言 The Java programming language is a high-level language that can be characterized by all of the following buzzwords(术语): Java 编程语言是一种高级语言,其特点可以用以下术语来描述: Simple 简单 Architecture neutral 体系中立 Object oriented 面向对象 Portable 可移植 Distributed 分布式的 High performance 高性能 Interpreted 解释的 Multithread

27、ed 多线程 Robust 健壮的 Dynamic 动态的 Secure 安全的Lesson 8 Basic Concepts Database Database数据库 A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated . 数据库是信息的集合,这些信息被组织起来以便易于访问、管理和更新。 Databases can be classified according to types of content: biblio

28、graphic full-text, numeric and images. 数据库可以按照其内容分类以下几类:书籍目录数据库、全文本数据库、数字数据库和图像数据库。 1 But the computer (that everyone thinks of first) is typically the personal computer, or PC.本句中that everyone thinks of first是一个限定性定语从句,修饰和限定the computer。that在从句中作宾语,可以省略。or引导同义词或说明语,意思是“或者说, 即”。但是大家首先想到的计算机通常是个人计算机,

29、即PC。2 No matter how powerful the components inside your computer are you need a way to interact with them.无论计算机中部件的功能多么强大,都需要一种与它们交互的方法。3 Now that you are familiar with(熟悉)the parts(部件) of a PC, lets see what happens in a typical computer session(运行期), from the moment you turn the computer on until

30、you shut it down: a typical computer session一个典型的计算机运行期间 Now that you are familiar with the parts of a PC是一个原因状语从句from the moment you turn the computer on until you shut it down对a typical computer session作进一步补充说明。既然已经熟悉了PC中的部件,就让我们看看在一个典型的计算机运行期间(从打开电源到关机)中发生了什么。 4 On many machines, the BIOS display

31、s text describing such data as the amount of memory installed in your computer and the type of hard disk you have. 本句中, describing such data as the amount of memory installed in your computer and the type of hard disk you have是一个现在分词短语,作定语,修饰和限定text。在该短语中,installed in your computer是一个过去分词短语,作定语,修饰和限

32、定the amount of memory,you have是一个定语从句,修饰和限定the type of hard disk。对许多计算机来说,BIOS显示文本信息,这些信息描述如计算机中安装内存的数量和硬盘类型这样的数据。 5 The word-processing program sends a request to the operating system,which translates the data into a format the printer understands and directs the data from RAM to the appropriate po

33、rt for the printer you requested(请求) 本句中, which 引导非限定性定语从句,对the operating system进一步补充说明。the printer understands和you requested是定语从句,分别修饰和限定a format及the appropriate port for the printer。 文字处理软件给操作系统发送一个请求,操作系统把数据转换为打印机可以理解的格式,并把RAM中的数据引导到所请求的打印机的适当端口。1A visual display unit(可视显示单元) ,often called simply

34、 a monitor(监视器) or display, is a piece of electrical equipment( which displays images generated from the video output of devices such as computers without producing a permanent record)本句中,often called simply a monitor or display是一个过去分词短语,作主语A visual display unit 的同位语,对其作补充说明。 a piece of一块;一张;一片;一件 可

35、视显示单元通常简单地被称为监视器或显示器,它是一个电子设备,用来显示由视频输出设备(如计算机)产生的图像,但不会产生一个永久的记录。 2 one problem with this method is that it does not distinguish between the aspect ratios(宽高比,外观比) of monitors with identical (相同的)diagonal sizes, in spite of the fact that a shape of a given diagonal spans area decreases as it become

36、s less (小于,不接近)square(正方形) .Distinguish的意思是“区别、区分”,常与from、between连用。 aspect方面; 方位,方向; ratio比例比率 本句中,that a shape of a given diagonal spans area decreases as it becomes less square .作the fact的同位语,说明其内容。 In spite of 不顾,不管,尽管 Shape形状,面积 这种度量方式的一个问题就是尽管对于一定的对角跨度来说,越不接近正方形时其面积越小,但是它不能区分显示器的宽高比与相同的对角尺寸。3T

37、he closer together the pixels are, the sharper (清晰)the image on screen can be. 本句中,“the+比较级,the+比较级”的意思是“越,越” 像素的距离越近,屏幕上的图像越清晰。4It is common in television or very early computer equipment to use a technique called interlacing(隔行扫描), in which all the odd-numbered lines of an image are traced(扫描), an

38、d then all the even-numbered lines; the circuitry of such an interlaced display need be capable of only half the speed of a non-interlaced display. 本句中,It是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式to use a technique called interlacing。 in which 是一个非限定性定语从句,对interlacing 作进一步补充说明,which指interlacing 。 be capable of 能够,易于;可以,允许在电视机

39、和早期计算机中普遍使用隔行扫描技术,该技术先扫描图像的所有奇数行,然后才是图像的所有偶数行。这样一个隔行扫描显示器的电路所需的速度只是一个非隔行扫描显示器的一半。1One of the reasons (operating systems are made out of portable(灵活的) code rather than permanent physical circuits) is (that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device)rather than而不是 permane

40、nt固定的;永久的Physical物理的 modify修改 scrap废弃operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits,是one of the reasons的同位语; that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device,是一个表语从句,与is 一起构成谓语。操作系统由灵活的代码构成,而不是由固定的物理电路构成原因之一是,它们可以被修改而无须废弃整个设备。2In

41、this capacity,the operating system plays the role of the good parent,making sure that each application gets the necessary resources( while playing nicely with all the other applications,as well as husbanding the limited capacity of the system to the greatest good of all the users and applications)In

42、 this capacity在这种情况下plays the role扮演的角色 making sure确保nicely精细地playing nicely with与运行良好husband节约 to the greatest good最大程度地making sure resources为现在分词短语,作结果状语,while applications作现在分词短语的时间状语,while表示动作的同时进行,as well as 的意思是“也”,husbanding与playing并列。在这种情况下,操作系统扮演了好父母的角色,确保每一个应用都得到它们所需的资源,同时与其他程序运行良好并最大程度地为用

43、户和程序节约系统的有限资源。 3A consistent Application Program Interface (API) allows a software developer (to write an application on one computer )and have a high level of confidence( that it will run on another computer of the same type,(even if the amount of memory or the quantity of storage is different on t

44、he two machines)consistent统一的 Application Program Interface应用程序接口software developer软件开发者have a high level of confidence that对很有信心another computer of the same type同类的其他计算机even if即便 the amount of memory内存容量quantity of storage存储量 machines计算机统一的应用程序接口(API)使软件开发者在一个计算机上写程序,但(很有信心)可以把它运行在同类的其他计算机上,即便这两个计算

45、机的内存容量不同或存储量不同也没有关系。4In a complex machine(计算机系统),having a part move(运行) more quickly ( just because system resources are available(可用) )may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at all (because the system is busy) 在本句中,having a part move more quickly just because system resources are availab

46、le是一个动句词短语,作句子的主语。 just because system resources are available是一个原因状语从句。 As as .表示比较,意思是“与一样.”。 at all 用于加强语气。 原因状语从句because the system is busy 作动名词短语having it not move at all的状语。在复杂的计算机系统中,仅仅因为系统资源可用就让某一部分运行较快可能是一个灾难,这和因为系统忙而不让其运行的结果是一样。1Most languages feature some sort of module(模块) system, allowi

47、ng data structures to be safely reused in different applications by hiding their verified implementation details behind controlled interfaces. feature作谓语,意思是“具有.的特点”。 allowing .是一个现在分词短语,作结果状语。在该状语中,by hiding their verified implementation details behind controlled interfaces作方式状语。大多数语言具有一些模块系统的特点,通过

48、把已经校验的实现细节隐藏在控制接口后面,来使数据结构安全地重新应用于不同的应用程序。2 For example, the nullable(可空的) reference, a reference which can be null, is a combination of references and discriminated unions, and the simplest linked data structure ,the linked list, is built from records and nullable references.本句中,a reference which c

49、an be null作the nullable reference的同位语,对其作补充说明。The linked list 作the simplest linked data structure 的同位语。例如,可空引用一个可以是空的引用是引用与可识别联合的组合,最简单的链式数据结构链表是由记录和可空引用来建立的。3A queue is a particular kind of collection in which the entities(实体;元素) in the collection are kept in order and the principal(or only)operati

50、ons on the collection are the addition of entities to the rear terminal position and removal of entities from the front terminal position. the addition of 的意思是“增加”,removal of 的意思是“删除”。 terminal末端的;末期的; the rear terminal position最后端; the front terminal position最前端队列是一种特殊的集合,保存在该集合中的元素有一定的顺序,并且该对集合的主要

51、(或唯一)操作是在后端增加元素及在前端删除元素。4This is equivalent to the requirement( that whenever an element is added, all elements (that were added before )have to be removed( before the new element can be invoked(调用). ) 本句中,that whenever 是一个同位语从句,说明the requirement 的具体内容,在该从句中,all elements是主语,have to be removed是谓语,whe

52、never an element is added和before the new element can be invoked是两个状语从句,修饰谓语,that were added 是一个定语从句,修饰和限定all elements.这等于要求每增加一个元素就必须删除以前增加的所有元素才能调用这个新元素。A queue is an example of a linear data structure. 队列是线性数据结构的一个范例。1Moreover, a computer program does not run unless its instructions are executed b

53、y a central processor;本句中,unless its instructions are executed by a central processor是一个条件状语从句。 Unless的意思是“如果不,除非” 而且,除非计算机程序的指令被中央处理器执行,否则它就不能运行, 2Interpreting code is slower than running the compiled version because the interpreter must decode each statement each time it is loaded and then perform

54、 the desired(期望的) action.本句中,because the interpreter must decode each statement each time it is loaded and then perform the desired action.是一个原因状语从句。在该从句中,each time it is loaded是一个时间状语从句,修饰谓语must decode解释代码比运行其编译版本慢,因为解释器必须对每次装入的每个语句解码,然后才能执行期望的操作。3 Upon such a request ,the program is loaded into Ra

55、ndom Access Memory by a computer program called an operating system, where it can be accessed directly by the central processor.本句中,Upon such a request的意思是“根据这个请求”, called an operating system是一个过去分词短语,作定语,修饰和限定 a computer program.。where it can be accessed directly by the central processor是一个非限定性定语从句,修饰Random Access Memory,对其作进一步的说明。根据这个请求,该程序被操作系统装入到随机存储器中,在那里可以被中央处理器直接访问。4Application software includes middleware(中间件),which couples the system software with the user interface. Couple sth. with的意思是“把与.连接,把同相结合”。应用软件包括中间件,它把系统软件与用户接

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