高考英语《中学英语语法全程复习》之--名词性从句

1、十 五 . 名 词 性 从 句名词性从句包括:主语从句、表语从句、宾语 从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连词有: A. 连词:that, whether, if (这三个词都不作从 句的成分,同时, that 无含义,而 whether 和 if 都表“是否” B. 疑问代词:who, whom, whose, what, whichC. 疑问副词:when, where, why, how(一主语从句在复合句中充当主语的从句。1.that 引导主语从句that引导主语从句时不同于其他的连词, 既无 词义也不作成分,只起单纯的连接作用,且通常 不可以省。 为了强调 that 引导的主语从句而

2、置之 于句首时, that 不可省。 That the driver could not control his car was obvious. That she was chosen made us very happy. That he will come is certain. That he would take the risk is true. That he should have married her isn't surprising.通常, that 引导主语从句时用 it 做形式主 语, 把从句置于句尾, 此时 that 有时可省。 例如: It was obv

3、ious that the driver could not control his car. It made us very happy that she was chosen. It is certain that he will come. It is true that he would take the risk. It isn't surprising (that he should have married her.如果以 that 从句为主语的句子是疑问句, 就 只能用先行词 it 结构。例如: Is it certain that he will come? Is i

4、t true that he would take the risk? it 做形式主语有以下几种不同的结构:(1It + be + 形容词 + that-从句 It is likely that he will come. It is strange that she has ever trusted him. It is important that he(should attend the meeting. It is best that he (should go.此句型在表示惊讶、 喜悦、 遗憾等感情色彩时, that 从句中的谓语动词也常用(should + v原 形。It is

5、strange that no one should have objected to the plan.(2It + be +名词 + that-从句It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.It's a pity that he should have massed the train.(3 It + be + -ed分词 + that从句It is said that he is a famous writer. It is reported that there will be a storm this aftern

6、oon.在表示建议、 要求、命令等意义的被动结构中, that 从句中的谓语动词常用 (should do 。 (参见 虚拟语气部分It is suggested that the meeting(should be held this afternoon.It is demanded that he (should leave at once.(4 It + seem/happen/appear等不及物动词 +that从句。 (look 不接 that 从句,它接 to be结构或形容词It seems that he is wrong.It appears that they are in

7、 urgent need of help.He looks (to be surprised/happy/sad. 2. whether引导主语从句,意为“是否” ,只起 连接作用, 不充当任何成分。 (置于句首时必须用 whether 引导,置于句尾时,间或可用 if 。 Whether he will win the game is not clear. Whether he will come is uncertain.Whether she comes or not doesn't concern me. It is not clear whether/if he will c

8、ome. It was uncertain whether he would come. 3. 连词代词 what, who, which, whose等引导的 主语从句。这些连接代词作用相当于代词,在从句中担当 主语、宾语、表语、定语等。What we need is more time.Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.Whose book it is not important.Which school you want to go matters much. 4. 连接副词 when, where, why, h

9、ow引导的主语 从句。这些连接副词相当于副词,在从句中充当状语。Why he did this is not known.When he will come is still unknown. It is not known why he did this.How he succeeded is unknown to us.Where we should hold the meeting needs to 引导的主语从句也常用 it 作形式主5. 也可用 whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,whereve r 等词 引导主语从句, 表示 “无论什么” 、 “

10、无论谁” 、 “无论何时” 、 “无论在(到哪里”等。Whoever told you to give up smoking was quite right.Whatever he gave you should be handed in. Whoever told you that was lying.Whoever comes is welcome.(二表语从句在复合句中充当表语。1. that在引导表语从句时无含义,不作成分, 通常不省。1 表示事实、真理等的实际内容。The fact is that he is lying.The odds are that he will not d

11、o it. 2表示某人的意见、信念等的实际内容。Our belief is that things will improve. The trouble is that we are short of money. 2. whether引导表语从句 (不可用 ifHis first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.The question is whether people will buy it. 3. 连接代词引导的表语从句。This is what I want.The question is who can be chosen to

12、 be manager of the company.My question is which of them is better. 4. 连接副词引导的表语从句。The problem seemed how we could make him understand it.The question is where we should go. 5. as if, as though引导的表语从句 (常用虚 拟语气He looks as if he were angry.It looks as if it's going to rain. (三 宾语从句在复合句中充当宾语。1. that

13、引导宾语从句时无含义,不充当成分, 常省略。 that 不引导介词的宾语从句,至于 except that, in that, save that, but that等是复合 从属连词。I know(that you have met him.Let's suppose that one day this happens to you.在及物动词和宾语从句之间常有间接宾语(指 人 。例如:I told him(that he was wrong.在少数动词如:think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine,calculate, fancy, recko

14、n, be supposed , seem, appear, feel as if, look as if, look like等后面的从句中的否定词经常转 移到主句谓语动词上 , 这叫 否定前置 /否定转移 。 (hope“希望”, guess“认为”后的宾语从句否 定不前置。I hope not.“我希望不是那样的”, 是 I hope so.的否定式。I dont hope so.是对 hope 的否定:“我不希望如此”。 如:I don't think it will be very cold today. I don't think you are right.就不作

15、转移。不可把所有可否定转移动词的否定句都理解为 否定宾语从句,要根据句意或语境而定。I dont think diplomacy is a field for private enterprise.我不认为外交是私人可以经营的领域。We didnt think wed be this late.我们没有料到我们会来得这么晚。当 think 用在疑问句中,或主句中的谓语动词 与状语连用,或主句中的谓语动词被 do 强调时, 不能否定转移。Why do you think we can't change your note? I do believe Tom never tells a l

16、ie. They still didnt believe that the food would come.他们仍然不相信洪水会来临。I cant believe that they are married.我不能相信他们已结婚了。否定转移多用在主句动词为一般现在时的情 况。主句动词为一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进 行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时,或主句动 词与情态动词连用,就不能否定转移。此时若主 句动词为否定, 应考虑是否是对主句动词的否定。 I had thought that he would not come. 当宾语从句中有 no, never, hardly, not at a

17、ll, not a bit, not.enough, cant help doing 等时不能否定转移。I think I can't help laughing if I see it. I believe he never tells a lie.许多带宾语补足语的句子要用 it 作形式宾语, 而把宾语从句置于句尾。We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.We thought it a pity that she should have missed the chance.2. whether, if引导宾语从句:表示“是否

18、”可 互换,口语中常用 if 。 whether 不可用 if 换:2whether 后没有单词间隔而直接跟 or not时。 I don't know whether or not he will come. 3 whether从句作介词宾语时。They are talking about whether he will win the game.Everything depends on whether you agree with us.4whether 后接不定式时。I don't know whether to attend the meeting. 5 动词 dis

19、cuss, decide的宾语从句时。 3. 连接代词 what , who , whose 等引导的宾语从句。 Tell me what you want.按照传统语法,从句中 who 所取 whom, 但在口语中 常用 who, 如:Do you know whom(who he will invite? whose, which, what三个词都带有形容词性 质。 whose 表示所有,意为“谁的” ; which 意为 “哪一个 ” , what 意为“什么” 。如: Whose book it is not important.Please tell me which school

20、 you want to go. He didn't know what time it was. 一般说来, which 指的是在一个具体的、 较明 确的、有限的、较小范围;而 what 则指较广的或不明确的范围。如:which food,说话人一般指 眼前的或明确范围的几种“ food ” ; what food则 指许多“ food ” ,而且说话人心中没有数。 I don't know which / what food you want. 如果范围较大或者没有什么范围,最好用 “ what food ”4. 连接副词 when , where , why , how

21、引导的宾语 从句。I don't know when the meeting will be held. Please tell me where I can find Tom.He explained to me why he was absent from the meeting.Can you tell me how I can get to the post office?5. 可用 whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever 等引导宾语从句。Please write down whatever he is saying. I

22、 don't know whoever will come. I'll do whatever you ask me to. 6. 表示爱憎情感的动词, 如:enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, don t mind, resent,appreciate (感激等以及某些介词结尾的短语 动词如:count on, depend on, rely on, see to, look forward to, be fond of, feel like, see to, 等后,即使没有宾补也要先接形式宾语 it , 再接宾语从句。I like it whe

23、n she smiles at me. I love it when you sing. I hate it if I am spoken to loudly in public. 除了 but, besides, except, in, save, beyond 六个介词后跟 that 引导的宾语从句外, 其他介词都不能。 in that是“因为”的意思, 其余五个与 that 搭配都是“除了” 。 (四 同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语。 1. that引导同位语从句。在下列名词后可用 that 引导同位语从句 answer, belief,doubt, fact, hope, idea,

24、information, knowledge, law, news, opinion, plan, suggestion, thought, truth等。I had no idea that you were here. The story goes that William killed his wife. He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health.Suddenly the thought came to me that he would go blind. 或代词为同一内容 , 故可以用 is 把前边的中心词 和从句连接成一个句子。同位语从句前一般没有逗号。that 引导同位语从句与引导定语从句的区别: t