英语考试语法点

1、自学考试英语考试语法点一、名词性从句复习教案一、学习目标1. 本阶段大纲要求近年来，引导名词性从句的连接代词及连接副词为自考英语必考项目。此语法项目在语法填空中经常出现。另外学好它，对阅读理解也是大有好处的。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句2、本阶段重点、难点(1)表命令建议order,(命令），suggestion, advice(建议)的名词后的表语从句(2) that和whether的区别(3) what, that, which的用法(4) that 的省略(5) whoever引导的名词性从句(6) because引导的表语从句(7) 名词性从句皆用陈述语序二、

2、基础知识体系、重点内容、题的类型及解题方法等1. 基础知识体系名词性从句的连接词按其在从句中所起的作用分为：1）连接代词：who(-ever), what(-ever), which(-ever), whom(-ever), whose2）连接副词：when, where, why, how3）连接词：that, whether, if 连接代词和连接副词在从句中充当一定的句子成分，而连接词在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用2. 名词性从句的难点把握1) 由whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever引导的名词性从句这些词引导的名词性从句相当于带有定语从句的名词词组

3、：whoever=anyone who“任何的人”；whomever是它的宾格形式whatever=anything that “任何的物”whichever=any that “任何的（已知范围内的或上文提到过的）人或物”2）that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：The suggestion that the students (should) have plenty of exercise is very good.The suggestion (that/which) he raised at the meeting is very good. 对比发现上句中的that只起连接作用，

4、在从句中不充当任何成分， 因此它引导的是同位语从句，其中that不能省略；下句中that不仅起引导作用，同时在从句中还充当了动词raised的宾语，因此它是定语从句，此时that可用which代替，又因其在定语从句中充当宾语，故又可省略。2名词性从句中的what和thatwhat和that的选用一直是学生学习的一个难点，正确选择的关键是看该从句结构是否相对完整、是否缺少主语、宾语或表语等成分而定。He said at the meeting surprised everybody present.That he said nothing at the meeting surprised eve

5、rybody present.The problem is what we should do to protect the earth.The fact is that we should do something to protect the earth.3名词性从句中的whether和if在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中遇“是否”句用whether引导而不用if；在宾语从句中whether和if常可换用。4名词性从句中的虚拟语气表示“坚持、命令、建议或要求”等词义出现时，不管是在哪一种从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词形式为（should）+ 动词原形，其中should可省略。常用

6、词有insist, suggest, order, demand等。三、典型例题典型例题分析：1_well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (96)A If B Whether C That D Where解析：根据句意“我们明天是否能去野餐得看天气”，在if和whether中选择，因为句中引导的是主语从句，而if不能引导主语从句，故答案为B。2_we cant get seems better than _ we have. (96)A What, what B What, that C That, that D That, what解

7、析：本题正是从学生学习名词性从句的一个难点what和that的不同用法切入命题。that在引导名词性从句时只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，从句结构相对完整，具有陈述意义， what在引导从句的同时在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语等句子成分。在本题中，从句中的谓语动词get和have均为及物动词，其后都缺了宾语，因此答案为A。3I remember _ this used to be a quiet village. (93) when B how C where D what解析：本句从空挡至句末作及物动词remember的宾语，是一个宾语从句，从句中主语、谓语、表语都有，结构相对完整，

8、因此连接代词what首先排除；又因句中已提到“这个村庄”、“安静”，表示地点、状态的where，how都可排除，正确答案为A，直译为“我还记得这村庄过去是个安静的村庄的那个时候，”意译“我记得这里曾一度是个安静的村庄。”4Go and get your coat. Its _ you left it. (92)A there B where C there where D where there解析：题中从空挡至结束是一表语从句，there不能引导名词性从句，故可排除A和D，选项C句意繁复，因此正确答案为B，意思是“它还在你原来所放的地方。”where在从句中作时间状语。5No one can

9、 be sure _ in a million years. (91)A what man will look like B what will man look likeC man will look like what D what look will man like解析：本题从名词性从句的词序排列切入命题，从另一角度考测学生对名词性从句的句法结构掌握情况。当名词性从句由一含疑问意义的连接词引导时，必须把该引导词放在名词性从句的开头，从句中使用主谓结构的陈述句语序，故答案为A。6It worries her a bit _ her hair was turning grey. (92)A

10、 while B that C if D for解析：从句子的句法结构看，四个选项均能使题干结构完整，while能引导时间状语从句和表示前后两种情况对照的分句，if能引导宾语从句和条件状语从句，for能引导表示原因的并列句，但如选A、C或D，句首的it所指不明，故A、C、D均不是最佳选项，最佳选项为B，that引导主语从句，it作形式主语放在句首，句意为“她的头发在变白，这事儿使她有点着急。”四、课堂强化训练主语从句典型错误1. That she wants to know is which dress she should buy.2. He will give up his job sur

11、prises all of us. 3. No matter who breaks the law will be punished4. If the meeting will be held in our school is not known yet.5. That worried her a bit that he couldnt get in touch with her friend.6. He is said he has gone to America表语从句典型错误：1. The reason why I was late was because I missed the tr

12、ain.2: -I rang you at about ten, but there is no reply.-Oh, that was probably why I was seeing the doctor.3. The difficult we now meet with is if we can persuade him to tell the truth.二、定语从句定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词叫做定语从句。(定语从句的概念:在复合句

13、中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面. 关系词引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用： 连接作用，引导定语从句。 代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 在定语从句中充当一句子成分。 注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。

14、定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 先行词被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 关系代词引导的定语从句举例关系代词所代替的先词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1,who, wh

15、om, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下： (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2,Whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom

16、代替） (1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3, which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如： (1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

17、农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语） (2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语） 4,as as 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或者物。常与such as, the same as等短语连用。 5，what, that 这两个词的先行词为物，that用于先行词为宾语时可省略 编辑本段限制性定语从句关系代词关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语 1. that既可代表事物也可

18、代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。egg：This is the book （which）you want. 2. 如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 3. 代表物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which： a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时； b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, li

19、ttle, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略； c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时； d)先行词中既有人又有物时； e)整个句中前面已有which，who, that时； f)当先行词为物并作表语时； g)先行词为one时； h)先行词同时又被the only, the very, the same修饰时； 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时,

20、可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 关系副词关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词 Why=for which Where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) When=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。 2. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed

21、 there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。 I still remember the first time I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。 Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等，很多。 3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobo

22、dy, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。 非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 非限制性定语从句1. which引导的非限定性定语从句作用是说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my

23、 former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have graspe

24、d what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 4. 有时as也可用作关系代词 5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which, whose代表事物，如果需要用why，可用for which代替.； pHs: which引导的非限制性定语从句其后不可省略成分，as可以 关系代词引导的定语从句who指人在从句中做主

25、语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人. whom指人在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以，whom前可以加介词如to whom，但是who不可以） (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生

26、就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy (whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who

27、has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人. whose通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语，表所有。 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中. whose指物时通常以以下结构来代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复。 (4) The

28、classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.课堂门，被打破会不久被修复。 (5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow? 你喜欢颜色是黄色的书吗? (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?你喜欢的书的颜色，是黄色吗? which指物 在定语从句中做主语，表语，定语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数

29、男孩都喜欢的游戏. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔. that指人时相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中做主语,表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.数目的人民那个/谁来城市观光每年上升之一个百万 (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 那个男人在

30、哪里/我看见谁了今天早上? 关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. why指原因在定语从句中

31、做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he w

32、anted when he grew up. 介词和关系代词1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the

33、 day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词+关系代词引导 当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用which/whom即“介词+which/whom"且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom.作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如： (1) The school (that/which) he once stu

34、died in is very famous.” that/which"可以省略 = The school in which he once studied is very famous.” which”不可省略 (2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. = Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (3) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we

35、have often talked about. = Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意： 1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T=正确) F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F=错误) 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者th

36、at；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F) (2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F) 3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, bot

37、h, all, neither, most, each, few等代词、数词或者名词。 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. (4) The boat, the name of wh

38、ich is Topsail, is famous. (5) I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Sun. 关系代词关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语。 which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语； who在从句中作主语； whom在从句中作宾语； where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语； when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语； why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是"reason" 有时why也可用for whi

39、ch代替。 例：A doctor is a person who looks after people's health. 主语 谓语 先行词 定语从句修饰先行词 判断介词和关系代词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

40、判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点

41、或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum

42、 is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago则做one的定语从句。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (w

43、ho, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。 先行词和关系词1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) 但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有

44、先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1）Alice received an

45、invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. itB. thatC. whichD. he 答案C。 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。 which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定

46、性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. asD. it 答案B。 as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用whic

47、h.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。 As 的用法例 1. The same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语； 例2中，它充当从

48、句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分 1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如： My grandmothers house was always of great importance to me, as my own is. 在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分。 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如

49、果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。 3. 句子作先行成分。 这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。 二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况： 1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。 2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分

50、时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。 3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。 三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能 一般说来，as与which的

51、语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。 1. 表示结果 表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。 2. 表示评注 表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known

52、to all, usual等。 3. 有无状语意义 “as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。 四、关系代词as与which的句法功能 1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。 as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略）

53、，不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如： Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。 2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。 3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如： We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be. “as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。 如果先行

54、成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如： He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was. 4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。 which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如： I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed. 关系代词that 的用法(1)不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)Th

55、e tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 (a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 (b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 (c)先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last, just修饰时，只用that。 (d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that,不能用which。. (e)先行词既有人，又有物时。 (f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时 (g) 为了避免重复 (h)先行词是the way或the reason时，that可作关系