科技英语翻译第七八章

1、7.1 连词的一般译法第1节 翻译练习1Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon, while alloy steel contains some other alloying metals.Because this current continually reverses in direction, it is called an alternating current.Liquid and vapor phases cannot coexist in equilibrium.碳钢只含有铁和碳，而合金钢含有一些别的合金金属。由于这种电流不断地改变方

2、向，故称为交流电。液相和气相不能在平衡中并存。第1节 翻译练习2Some companies replace certain parts regularly, determining the effective life of a part and then replacing it just before it would wear out.The cost of making these tests is very low when it is divided by the total number of parts manufactured.一些公司定期更换某些零部件，先推定零部件的有效

3、寿命，以便在零部件即将磨损之前予以更换。如果以生产零件的总数来划分，这些实验的成本会非常低。Why use metal when you can use plastic?A brief description of how transistors are manufactured is given here.That is why surfactants are so widely used in industry.既然能用塑料为什么你却使用金属呢？这里对晶体管的是生产方法作一简略叙述。这就是在工业上广泛使用表面活性剂的原因。第1节 翻译练习3Sometimes it is necessary

4、 to drill to a depth of 1,000 meters or more, before water is found in sufficient quantity.It is stated that the positioning system has an accuracy of repeatability within 0.0002 inch.When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle they are reflected.有时必须钻到1000米或更深的深度，才能找到足够量的水。据称，该定位系统的重复精度在0.00

5、02英寸。短波发送出去，遇到障碍就反射回来。7.2 常用并列连词的译法第2节 翻译练习1Computers cope with negative numbers and fractions in binary arithmetic.Oxygen is chemically active and takes part in many reactions.计算机采用二进制算法来处理负数与小数。氧的化学性能活泼，能参与许多反应。（省译）Modern electronic computers and other devices will be made smaller by the developme

6、nt of LSI.Some electrical engineers design and maintain power plants, transmission lines and home and factory electrical installations.大规模的集成电路的发展将使现代化电子计算机以及其他装置越来越小。有些电气工程师设计和保养发电厂、输电线、以及各种家用和工业用电器设备。第2节 翻译练习2The induced electromotive force lags and the current leads.Like charges repel and unlike

7、charges attract.感应电动势滞后，而电流导前。同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。（省译）Transformers are commonly used in radio receivers and electrical communication circuits, and they are generally much smaller than those for power transmission.Analyzing the dynamics of the way a person signs his or her name, and not just how the signat

8、ure looks, is one basis of a biometric verifier.变压器通常用于无线电收音机和电信电路中，可是这些变压器一般比用于输电的变压器小得多。分析一个人签名时书法的笔力，而不只是分析签名的字形如何，这是生物统计学核实器的一个基本点。第2节 翻译练习3It is important to know that different types of control circuits may be used in one control system, and a completed control loop may consist of a combinatio

9、n of electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic elements.重要的是要知道，在一个控制系统中可使用不同类型的控制电路，而且一个完整的控制回路可由电力、气动或液压配合组成。The synchronous motor is even more expensive and requires a source of d.c. excitation, as well as special synchronizing control to apply the d.c. power at the correct instant.Telephone communicatio

10、n is now widespread and efficient.The machine is old and heavy.同步电动机则更贵，而且需要直接励磁电源和专门的同步控制器以便在适当的瞬间接入直流电源。现在的电话通讯既广泛又有效。这台机器又旧又笨重。第2节 翻译练习4We have to replace some of its parts and make this machine more efficient.To make the balloon descend, the “pilot” opened a valve and allowed some of the gas esc

11、ape.我们必须调换某些零件，以使这台机器效率更高。为使气球降落，“飞行员”打开阀门，以使部分气体逸出。Change one or more steps and we will improve the quality of the finished products.Use a transformer and we can transform power at low voltage into power at high voltage and vice versa.若改变一个或几个步骤，我们就有可能提高成品的质量。用了变压器，我们就可以把低电压变为高电压，也可把高电压变为低电压。第2节 翻译

12、练习5Uncap openings in indicators and connect lines.Install aluminum washers nest to pump, steel washers next, and install nuts.Lead lacks tensile strength and it cannot be drawn out in the form of fine wire.取下仪表开口处的盖子，再接上管路。铅的张力差，因此不能制成细丝状。紧贴泵处安上铝垫片，然后加钢垫片，再安上螺栓。For LP turbine there is no residual ax

13、ial thrust caused from blading because of the turbines double-flow arrangement of blading and thus no balancing piston is needed.至于低压汽轮机，并没有残存的轴力，因为汽轮机的叶栅作双流配置，因而也无需采用平衡轮。第2节 翻译练习6The plan is very complicated technically, but the general idea is quite simple.Now the electrons which have been driven

14、onto the negative plate are trying to get back to the positive plate, but cannot do so because of the e.m.f which is applied to the plates.这一计划在技术上十分复杂，但总的想法却相当简单。现在已被赶到负极上的电子力图返回正极，可是由于极板上施加有电动势的缘故而办不到。There are already a number of modern vehicles which are not yet in common use, but which may beco

15、me a usual means of transport in the future.现在已有一些现代化的运载工具，它们目前尚未被普遍使用，但将来可能成为一种日常的交通工具。第2节 翻译练习7But that he prevented me, I might have kept the machine parts in the damp place.But that the checking up of the experimental data had taken so much time, we should have completed our work long ago.若不是他阻止

16、，我可能就会把那些机器零件保存在潮湿的地方。假若检验这些实验数据不花那么多时间，我们早就完成了这项工作。But for air, the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature.But for the laws of motion as a basis, thousands of discoveries and inventions would have been out of the question.要是没有空气，地球温度就会发生剧变。如果没有运动定律作为基础，就不可能有成千上万的发现和发明。第2节 翻译练习8The posit

17、ive and negative ions become separated or dissociated.No electric charges have been observed of smaller magnitude than the charge of protons or electrons.Foods quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide have transformed the way we eat.正负离子彼此分解或电离。还没有观察到比质子或电子的电量更小的电荷。用液态氮或二氧化碳速冻的食物已改变了我们的饮食习惯

18、。We will start with a cubic inch of hydrogen at atmosphere pressure (or the air pressure at the earths surface).Scientists have shown that certain chemicals are slowly eroding the ozone layer. The main culprits are chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs.Fire is a chemical action, or an action taking place betw

19、een different chemical substances.我们从大气压力（即地球表面的空气压力）下的一立方英寸氢气开始。科学家们已经证明，某些化工产品会慢慢破坏臭氧层。主要诱因就是氯氟甲烷，即氟里昂。火是一种化学反应，也就是发生在不同化学物质间的一种作用。第2节 翻译练习9Right or wrong, his theory is the most influential.All methods, simple or complicated, are employed in the tension-test.You have to open the switch right away

20、 or else the fuse will be burned off.无论对错，他的理论无疑是最有影响力的。在拉伸试验中，所有方法不论简单还是复杂，都用过了。你必须把开关立即断开，否则保险丝就会烧断。A body must move, or no work is done.These old transformers have been used for ten or twenty years.The newly-installed generating set will be put in operation a month or so.物体必须移动，否则就没有做功。这些旧变压器已经使用

21、大约一二十年了。新机组再有一个月左右就投入运行。第2节 翻译练习10The central computers job is to run through the maps in its database as well as details on road works, weather, etc.Boiling point elevations, as well as the variation of the heat capacities and latent heats with temperature, are negligible.中心计算机的任务是查阅储存在数据库中的地图以及修路工

22、程、天气等详细情况。沸点升高以及热容和潜热随温度的变化而忽略不计。He discovered that he could send the sound of music as well as the dot-and-dash sounds of Morse Code through the coil.The physics students study chemistry as well as physics.他发现不仅能使线圈传送莫尔斯电码的点划音，而且也能是线圈传送音乐。（倒译法）物理系学生不仅学物理，而且要学化学。（倒译）Experimental data can be used to

23、illustrate the application techniques as well as to demonstrate the validity of the approach.In order to get various vitamins a person should eat a diet including vegetables as well as meat.实验数据既能用来说明应用技术，也能用来验证方法的有效性。（顺译）为了摄取多种维生素，一个人既应该吃些素食，也该吃荤食。（顺译）第2节 翻译练习11When light strikes an opaque object,

24、the light is either absorbed or reflected.The oxygen contained in the rocket is either in the liquid or in the solid form.When astronomers look at the sky, they expect to see either a star or a galaxy.当光照在不透明的物体上时，光或是被吸引或是被反射。火箭内储存的氧或是液态的，或是固态的。每次天文学家观测天空，他们期望看到的不外乎是一个恒星或一个星系。第2节 翻译练习12There are mat

25、erials which are neither good conductors nor good insulators.It is neither possible nor practical to make many parts to an exact size.Neither glass nor porcelain is a conductor.有些材料既非良好的导体也非良好的绝缘体。要使许多零件加工尺寸丝毫不差，既不可能，也不切实际。玻璃和陶瓷都不是导体。第2节 翻译练习13Not only does air exert pressure, but it also has buoyan

26、cy.This method not only simplifies analysis but also facilitates measurements.空气不仅产生压力，而且有浮力。这种方法不仅简化了分析，而且也便于测量。7.3 常用主从连接词的译法第3节 翻译练习1The loop oscillator frequency can be the same as, or a multiple of , the reference frequency.Because a d.c. motor is the same physical machine as a d.c. generator,

27、its equivalent circuit is exactly the same as that of a generator except for the direction of current flow.环路振荡器可以和参考频率相同，也可以是参考频率的倍数。由于直流电机与直流发电机的物理结构是一样的，其等效电路除了电流方向外也与直流发电机相同。R2, as is shown in Fig. 3, has been split in halves to enable the feedback to be applied.Under certain conditions a body c

28、an be charged, as has been said before.如图3所示，R2被分为两半，使得反馈能够加上去。在一定的条件下，物体能够带电，这在前面已经讲到。第3节 翻译练习2As current is increased, the flux builds up according to Curve 2.As you are doing the experiment, write down the observations.当电流增大，磁通沿着曲线2增大。在你做实验的同时，把观察到的情况记录下来。As the 21st century approaches, complicat

29、ed digital technologies and the promise of exploding bandwidth are combining to create a third kind of convergence.As particle has no extent, its position is a point.As water is a compound, it can be decomposed.As the current was trebled abruptly, the second valve burnt out.随着21世纪的来临，复杂的数字技术与带宽不断扩大的

30、前景相结合将会创造出第三种意义的“连通”。由于质点没有广度，它的位置是一个点。因为水是化合物，所以可以分解。由于电流突然增加了两倍，第二个电子管烧坏了。第3节 翻译练习3Gravity, the force of the earths attraction, governs the atmosphere just as it governs solid objects.Some waves are reflected as a mirror reflects light.The large force is to the small force as the large area is to

31、the small area.引力，即地球的吸引力，正像它影响着固体那样影响着大气。大的力与小的力之比就像大面积与小面积之比。有些波被反射，就像镜子反射光一样。Electron tubes are not so light in weight as semiconductor devices.The tools are machined to tolerances as close as 0.0001 inch.Modern computers can store the facts as fast as they are gathered and pour them out whenever

32、 they are needed.电子管的重量不如半导体器件那么轻。现代计算机能尽快地将收集到的资料储存起来，并在需要时输送出去。工具加工的误差接近0.0001英寸。第3节 翻译练习4Complicated as modern machine is, it is essentially a combination of simple machines.The various losses in a machine, great as they are, do not in any way contradict the Law of Conservative of Energy.Very lar

33、ge as the nuclear energy supply in the interior of the star is, it is nevertheless finite.现代化机器虽然复杂，但实质上不过是许多简单机械的组合。虽然恒星内部的核能储量很大，但仍是有限的。机器中的各种损耗尽管很大，但这与能量守恒定律丝毫也不矛盾。第3节 翻译练习5Each of the two wires carrying currents has a magnetic field, as if it were a magnet.Water also presses on the inside of the

34、 container as though it is trying to escape.通电的两根导线每一根都有一个磁场，好像是一块磁铁。水对容器的内壁也产生压力，似乎水力图要流出来一样。第3节 翻译练习6So long as we have means of producing heat can we keep a steam engine working.It is capable of keeping its shape as long as the planet keeps spinning.只要设法产生热，就能使蒸汽机做功。只要恒星连续不断地旋转，它就能保持自己的形状。As far

35、as processing power is concerned, the difference between a PC and a mainframe is closing fast.As far as the quality of transformers is concerned, the ones they produced are better.就处理能力而言，PC机和大型机之间的差异正在迅速缩小。就变压器的质量而言，他们生产的变压器更好。第3节 翻译练习7As soon as printing quality levels can be maintained and the ef

36、fective life of the machine increased, a preventive maintenance program is effective.As soon as the electrons are transformed and ions formed, they are charged.The electrons create a magnetic field as soon as they begin to move.一旦印刷质量得以保证并且机器有效使用期得以延长，经常性维修保养计划才是行之有效的。一旦电子转移，形成离子，它们就带电了。电子一开始运动，就产生磁

37、场。第3节 翻译练习8Before you join one electric wire with another, make sure the current has been switched off.The leaves separate before the metallic board is touched.Further study is needed before the origin of the covalent bond can be considered a settle question.在你把一根电线和另一根电线连接起来之前，务必先切断电源。在接触金属板以前簧片分开。

38、需进一步深入研究，才能解决共价键的起源问题。The direction of the current was decided before electrons were discovered.She switched on the engine before we could stop her.电流方向确定了，电子才被发现。我们还没来得及阻止她，她就开动了发动机。第3节 翻译练习9Even if one of the engines fails the plane will be able to continue its flight safely.It has undergone a che

39、mical change since, even if cooled, it will not return to its original condition.The lathe can turn holes even if it is not a driller.即使发动机中有一台失灵，飞机仍能安全地继续飞行。车床尽管不是钻床，也能钻孔。从那时起它已发生化学变化，即使加以冷却，它也不会恢复原样。第3节 翻译练习10If a.c. power is available, all drives requiring constant speed should use squirrel-cage

40、induction or synchronous motors because of their ruggedness and lower cost.If the parting contacts are made of low-melting-point material such as brass or copper, the arc will go out at the first current zero as the voltage is insufficient to reestablish as cathode spot after current reversal.因为鼠笼式感

41、应电动机或同步电动机经久耐用且成本低，若有交流电源可用，所有需要恒速驱动的装置应使用这两种电机。如果分段的触点采用低熔点金属（如黄铜、铜）等制作，则电弧会在第一个电流过零点熄灭，因为在电流极性变化后，没有足够的电压再次产生阴极辉光放电。People might have avoided many accidents if ultrasonic methods had been known.If a d.c. system were to be used, the transmission loss would be very great.If there were no air, the ea

42、rth would undergo extreme changes in temperature.The question is if there are other chief sources of organic materials in addition to coal and petroleum.要是过去知道超声波法，人们当时是可以避免许多事故的。如果没有空气，地球温度就会发生剧变。若采用直流电力网，输电损失就会很大。问题是除了煤和石油之外是否还有别的有机物主要来源。第3节 翻译练习11The current flows through a conductor in case ther

43、e is a difference of potential between the ends of the conductor.Ordinary movements would be impossible in case friction were unavailable.如果导体两端有不同电位时，电流就可以通过导体流动。假如没有摩擦力，常见的活动都不可能进行。第3节 翻译练习12Once formed, the depletion region acts against further diffusion.Once the melting point is reached, the tem

44、perature will not increase any further until the melting is completed.Once an object is in motion, it will continue to move.耗尽区一旦形成，便会阻碍进一步扩散。一旦达到熔点，温度就不再升高，直到完全熔化。物体一旦处于运动状态，就会继续运动下去。第3节 翻译练习13The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume provided its temperature is kept constant.Th

45、e blast-furnace is expected to remain the worlds chief source of iron units steelmaking, provided adequate supplies of suitable coking coal remain available at competitive cost.如果温度保持不变，则气体压力和其体积成反比。只要有足够的焦煤且成本低，高炉仍将是世界上主要的炼铁设备。All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, in the

46、event that the potential difference is high enough.The magnetic effect does not represent a continuous expenditure of energy, supposing that the current is steady.倘若电位差足够高时，所有的物质都将可能通过若干电流。假如电流稳定的话，磁效应不再继续消耗能量。第3节 翻译练习14Since that time, especially since the introduction of the Bessemer process, the

47、age of iron has turned into an age of steel.Electricity has found wide application since it was discovered.自从那时起，特别是自从采用贝西默炼钢法以来，炼铁时代转变为炼钢时代。自从发现电以后，电就获得了广泛的应用。Since planetesimals aggregated at different distances from the suns heat and light, the composition of the planets varies.Since the secondar

48、y winding is normally operated into a high-impedance circuit, the secondary current is quite small.由于微星聚集的地点离太阳的热和光远近不同，行星的组成也不同。因为次级绕组通常被输入高阻抗的电路，所以次级电流很小。第3节 翻译练习15Large accumulations of plant remains indicate that the deposits were formed in close proximity to land in a swamp, estuary, or delta.O

49、ne condition for this is that the polymer consists of alternate single and double bonds, termed conjugated double bonds.若是植物遗骸大量堆积，这表明沉积物是在紧靠陆地的沼泽、港湾或三角洲中形成的。（宾从）一种情况是，这种聚合物由单双键交替构成，即所谓的共轭双键。（表从）We are all familiar with the fact that nothing in nature will either start or stop moving by itself.The p

50、ore space of soil that is thoroughly soaked with water does not have any air.This could result in the development of tiny, powerful computers that run for extended periods of time on little power.我们都熟知这样一个事实：自然界没有一个物质会自行开始运动或自行停止运动。（同位从）完全被水浸没的土壤，其孔隙没有丝毫空气。（定从）这种技术可以用于开发体积微小、功能强大的计算机。而这类计算机依靠极少的电能就可

51、以长时间地工作。（定从）第3节 翻译练习16Many substances such as glass and wood conduct so poorly that they may be called nonconductors or insulators.At an estimated 80 beats per second, the bee hummers wings move so rapidly that the naked eye cannot detect them.诸如玻璃、木材之类的物质传导性极差，所以可称为非导体或绝缘体。（结果状从）蜂鸟的翅膀估计每秒扇动80次，速度之快

52、使肉眼看不到它的翅膀。（结果状从）Cables are usually laid underground so that their life may be extended.Now that we have examined several areas of natural science, perhaps it would be well to attempt to define science.Lead is toxic in that it hampers brain development.电缆通常安装在地下，为的是延长其寿命。（目的状从）既然我们已经仔细研究了自然科学的几个领域，现

53、在不妨给科学下个定义。（原因状从）铅有毒，因为铅会影响大脑发育。（原因状从）第3节 翻译练习17Unless the steam is superheated, higher pressure will be necessary.A copper wire is not affected unless there is electrical pressure.Usually substances cant expand, unless they are heated.如果蒸汽不是过热蒸汽，就需要较高的压力。铜线不受磁铁的影响，除非它载有电流。物质如果不受热，一般是不会膨胀的。第3节 翻译练习1

54、8Until the SCR was developed, the thyratron was the only controlled rectifier available.Rubber was known only as a natural product until its synthesis was achieved in 1916.Not until the jet engine had come into use could planes travel at supersonic speeds.在研制出可控硅之前，闸流管是唯一可用的可控整流元件。在1916年人工合成橡胶之前，人们只

55、知道橡胶是一种天然产品。直到喷气发动机投入使用，飞机才能做超音速飞行。When the water temperature is increased, it vaporizes more quickly until it reaches boiling point.水温升高时，水蒸发得越来越快，直到达到沸点为止。第3节 翻译练习19Precisely what happens to the atomic structure of metals at such low temperatures is still not wholly understood.Since sound travels

56、differently through different materials, analyzing the sounds can reveal what the floor is made of.在如此低的温度下金属的原子结构到底发生什么变化，还不完全清楚。（主从）因为声音在不同的物质中传播情况不同，分析这些声音能够知道海底是由什么构成的。（宾从）A programmer must make out, in every detail, the problem to be solved in what is called machine language.These illustrations

57、 show what happens to the mixture after it enters the cylinder of the engine.The method of physics is to analyze first the simpler cases, to extract what we can from them, and to go forward to more and more complicated cases.What the image tube does is not hard to describe.程序编制人员要用所谓的机器语言把要解决的题目详尽地编排出来。（宾从）这些插图显示混合物进入汽缸后会发生什么情况。（宾从）显象管的作用不难说清。（主从）物理学的方法是首先分析一些较简单的事例，从中吸取我们所能吸取的知识，然后进一步分析越来越复杂的事例。（宾从）第3节 翻译练习20We dont know when the best times are for seeing Mercury.We dont know when they can give the transformers we ordered.This was the per