专升本英语语法复习PT

1、专 升 本 英 语 语 法 复 习时态一.一般现在时一般 + s; 在以ch, sh, s, x 或 o 结尾的词后+ es (teaches, goes, washes, fixes, guesses; 在以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的词后,变y为i后再加-es (studies, tries1. 表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常与every day, once a week, often,always, usually, sometimes, seldom等时间状语连用:-We go there twice a month.-Industrial buyers are responsi

2、ble for supplying the goods and services that anorganization required for its operations. (d. required - requires2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等:-He has great concern for others.-Matter exists in three states.3. 表示客观事物或普遍真理:-Light travels faster than sound.-Japan lies to the east of China.4. 表示安排或计划好的将来的动作:-The p

3、lane takes off at five.5. 在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作(when, after, before, as soon as, until;if, unless:-If it is fine tomorrow, we will have a football match.-A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rainwill come. (will come - comes二.现在进行时study-studying; come-coming; si

4、t-sitting (forget-forgetting; die-dying通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下:see, hear, smell, taste, know, find, forget, notice, suggest, be, love, like, want, hope,wish, prefer, hate, understand, remember, believe, have, consist, seem.1. 表示此时此刻(说话时正在进行的动作:-The students are running to the sports-field.2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作

5、,但此刻不一定在进行:-He is writing a novel this year.3. 可表示将来发生的动作,这一用法常用于go, come, leave, start等动词,后面也常用表示较近的将来时间状语,如tomorrow, tonight, this coming Friday等,表示安排或计划好的事情:-Those visitors are leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.4. 用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩:-The boy who is sitting beside me is always asking me a lot of whys a

6、nd hows.-He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.三.现在完成时1.表示动作现在刚完成:-His son has finished his homework.2. 表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响:-Its so cold in here. Who has broken the window?3. 过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在(这时常和since 或for 短语连用-Li has studied English for twenty years.-Collect

7、ing dolls as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years.b注 1.副词用:just, before, already, often, never, ever, always, not.yet或now, today, this week等;不用过去的时间状语。2.-His grandmother _ for thirty years.a. diedb. had diedc. has been deadd. has died-He has been in the army for two years

8、. (不能说He has joined the army for .-I _ a college student for more than a year.a. becameb. have becomec. wasd. have been-It is three years since he sent to the U.S.(不能说He has gone to the U.S. for three years.四.一般过去时时间状语有: yesterday, ago, in 1978, once, last week (month, year, at that time,just now等,以

9、及由when等引导的句子。1. 表示某一确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态:-Oberlin College awards degrees to both sexes in 1837, but coeducaion in Americanacolleges did not spread until the second half of the century. (awards - awarded2. 表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作:-From 1910 to 1927 Corra Harris _ out an average of a novel a year.a. has br

10、oughtb. were bringingc. had broughtd. brought3. used to:-We used to get up at five every morning when we were in the countryside.五.过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。-Bill said that he _ his homework at half past seven yesterday evening.a. didb. was doingc. is going to dod. has done六.过去完成时1.结束性动作-即“

11、已完成”,表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。常有by, before, until, as soon as, when, because等引导的短语或从句,表示过去的时间。-By the end of last year, he had learned about 1,000 words.Preposition (G1. in, on, at yesterday morning in the morning tomorrow morningyesterday afternoon in the afternoon tomorrow afternoonyesterday evening in

12、 the evening tomorrow eveningthis morningthis afternoon at dawnthis evening at noonat nightBefore day we use on: on Sunday (Monday. on Sunday morningon Oct. 1 on the afternoon of Oct. 1ofMaymorningDayMayonDay ontheofNationaloneveningDayNationalDay ontheon Christmas on Christmas eveon a cold winter m

13、orning, on a hot June afternoon, etc.In the concept of space: arrive in New York; arrive at the stationtheatbusstopTokyo,etc. butinLondon,2. over on above 超过(或低于某高度、标准。under beneath below e.g. above the sea level (海拔直上,直下(接触表面的上下below O degree3. except 1. They all went to sleep except the young Fren

14、chman.2. He rarely went anywhere except to his office.3. The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutesin the morning.besides Besides English, he has to study German and French.except for 1. The room was bare of furniture except for a few chairs.2. The composition is good exc

15、ept for a few spelling mistakes.except that (when, after, etc.1. This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long.2. Its a satisfactory hat, except that it doesnt fit me.3. Mr. Smith used to go fishing every weekend except when he was ill.1. The art exhibition was well designed, _ the di

16、sarrangement of a few pieces ofphotos.a. exceptb. besidesc. except ford. in addition to2. She hurried when she knew that everybody was ready _ her.a. exceptb. except forc. besided. besides3. _ being used in industry, laser can be applied to operations in the hospital.a. Except forb. Except thatc. In

17、 addition tod. Beside4. _ coal, the most important natural fuels are gas and oil.a. Except forb. Exceptc. Besidesd. Beside(Apart from5. At the far side of the yard there was a kitchen garden (菜园, and _ that wasthe orchard (果园. (再过去是果园a. apart fromb. exceptc. except ford. beyond6. The compositions by

18、 the freshmen class are well-written _ a few errors inspelling and grammar.a. unlessb. except thatc. except ford. besidesNouns (G1. Uncountable nouns:advice, anger, applause, baggage (luggage, cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth, clothing, bread, damage, equipment, evidence, food, fruit, furniture, gold,

19、homework, housework, information, ink, jewellery, knowledge, machinery, mail (邮件, money, music, news, paper, personnel, postage (邮资,邮费, protection, rice (salt, sugar, tea, scenery, soap, sugar, toothpaste, traffic, transportation, weaponry, weather, work.2. 有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时,其含义会发生变化。Ten years had pas

20、sed, I found she had _. (81a. a little white hairb. some white hairc. much white haird. a few white hairs-I found a long black hair in my soup.-He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. (多种水果communication (通讯 communications (通讯系统,通讯工具; content(内容contents (目录; necessity (需要 necessities ( 必需品; ruin

21、(毁灭 ruins (废墟,遗迹;sand (沙子sands (沙地; wood (木材 woods (树林; work works ( 工厂,著作Fossils (化石 of plant that have been extinct (灭绝 for fifty million years have beena b cfound near the Baltic Sea.ddeer, fish, sheepAgreement (G一.1. 在There be 结构中:-There is a box of matches in the kitchen.-There seems to be litt

22、le time left.2. 在主谓倒装结构中:-After the exams is the time to relax.-Here come the nine noisy children from next door.-Here comes the bus. 但 Here they are.-Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper in the drawer.(邻近一致二.主语与谓语之间有修饰语时,主语的数不受修饰语的影响:-Unemployment as well as taxes influences votes.以下均不影响主语的

23、数:accompanied by, along with, together with, as well as, but, except, in addition to,including, instead of, like, more than, no less than, not to mention, rather than (而不是.-John, together with his family, is flying to London.-Taxes, not to mention unemployment, influence votes.三.单数主语。1.不定式短语、动名词和名词从

24、句作主语时,谓语用单数:-To become doctors is their ambition.-Reading without comprehension is no good.-What that country needs is more jobs and lower taxes.2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时,谓语用单数:-The United Nations was formed in 1945.-The Daily News says its going to rain.3. 下列或限定词作主语或修饰主语时,谓语用单数:every, each (of, e

25、veryone (everybody, one of (+复数, either, neither.-Every silver knife, fork, and spoon has to be counted.-Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalog.-Neither (one is satisfactory.(-Many a college student wishes to return the easy days of high school.-A great / good many book s have been wri

26、tten on the subject.四.复数主语。下列不定代词作主语时,谓语用复数:both (of, few (of, many, several-Several of the regular members were absent.五.一些表示数量的短语作主语。1. a lot of, all of, any of, most of, some of, none of 谓语取决于of 后名词的数。-The number of students in the class is fifteen.-A number of students were late.六.复合主语。1.由and 或b

27、oth . and .连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数。但:His friend and manager of the company was cool to his suggestion.a French and Chinese dictionary; a French and a Chinese dictionaries单数名词前有两个并列的形容词修饰时,谓语常用复数。-Social and political freedom are limited there. (=Social freedom and political freedom2.当or, either . or, neithe

28、r . nor或not only . but also连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时,谓语用“毗邻一致”原则。-Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.七.集体名词用作主语:-The family is the basic unit of our society.The family are always quarreling.常用的集体名词有:army, audience, band, board, class, club, committe

29、e, crew,crowd, family, firm, flock, gang, government, group, jury, majority, minority,orchestra, party, public, staff, swarm, team, troop等。八.在定语从句中的主谓语一致:-That is one of those remarks that are intended to start arguments.-She is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.九.表示时

30、间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等以总量计时,谓语用单数:-Eight hours of sleep is enough.-Five hundred thousand dollars is quite a large sum of money.-Three thousand miles is to far to travel.Cf. -Their last four years have been full of surprises.-There are two silver dollars in each of the stockings.十.以 -ces或s结尾的名词作主语,谓语一般用单数。ph

31、ysics, economics, electronics, mathematics, civics (公民学, ethics (伦理学,politics, statistics, etc.但用来表示“活动”或“个别、具体”事实时,谓语用复数:-Statistics is a field of study. Cf. The statistics in that report are not accurate.十一.+ the 与不+the 意义不同时:-Chinese is a difficult language. The Chinese are kind and friendly.-Fre

32、nch is spoken in many countries. The French are famous for their good wines.十二.“The +形容词/-ed 分词作主语时,谓语用复数:-The injured were taken to hospital.代词一致:-Neither Lynne nor Bess has her keys with her.-Neither the Browns nor the Greens like their cars. (邻近原则somebody.,anyone.,something.,either(neither,each,

33、one, no one作主语时,代词一般用单数。性:无法确定时用阳性.-A person needs to see his dentist twice a year.Comparison (G(-y, ow, le, r, st + er, est: narrower, busier, noblest一.排斥问题:This room is _ in the building.a. biggest than any other oneb. bigger than any onec. bigger than any other oned. bigger as any other oneHerber

34、t studies _ student in the class.a. hardest than any otherb. harder than anyc. harder than any otherd. harder as anye.g. He is taller than anyone else in our class.二.替代问题:The weather of this year is better than that of last year.(that 代不可数名词,指物A necklace made of glass is far cheaper than one made of

35、 diamond.(one 只可代可数名词,可指人、物三.倍数问题:倍数后现不用more than, 要用as much (or many as1. The new model costs twice as much as last years model.2. Staying in hotel costs _ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.a. twice more thanb. as much twice asc. twice as much asd. as much as twice四.同级比较:肯定用: as + 原级+ as 否定用

36、: not so (as + 原级 + as五.修饰比较级的状语有:still, even; much, far, a lot, a great deal; a little, a bit; five years 等。1. My brother is 5 years older than I.2. He studies far better than you (do.六.The more . the more1. The harder you study, the better you will serve the people.2. The better people are able to

37、 communicate, the greater the chances are of achievingan enduring peace in the world.3. The longer you work, the more you will learn.七. 限定词数词描述性形容词大小、长短、形状的形容词年龄、新旧色彩形容词类属形容词(国籍、地区、出处用途类别表材料形容词被修饰名词the first two books; the two rather beautiful pictures;some beautiful little red flowers; an expensive

38、 blue Chinese vase;a rather beautiful green Chinese woolen carpetan expensive new Japanese sports car(一辆昂贵的新型日本跑车that beautiful slim young foreign lady (那位漂亮、苗条的年轻外国小姐Mrs. Brown has _ car.a. beautiful new Americanb. a new American beautifulbeautifulAmericannewanc. a new beautiful Americand.There is

39、_.a. a gray, gloomy-looking(幽暗, wooden houseb. a wooden, gray, gloomy-looking housec. a gloomy-looking, gray, wooden housed. a gloomy-looking, wooden, gray house八. 某些源自拉丁语以 -or结尾的形容词,没有原级,只有比较级。如:superior to, inferior to; senior (年长的、较高级的, junior (年幼的,较低级的;prior (先于、更重要的, posterior (较后的、后于, 全都跟to 不用

40、than(equal, similar-Mr. Johnson is superior to him in ability. -He is three years senior to me.九.准关系代词than的用法:1. Children should not have more money than is needed.2. There were more casualties than was reported. (than, not that or who1. The task was far more difficult than had been expected.Infinit

41、ive (G一.作主语-To get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a short time is a hard nut.It is really a hard nut to get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a .-To learn English is very importantIt is very important to learn English.-When to start hasnt been decided.It hasnt be

42、en decided when to start.-It is possible for us to get there before dark.-It is quite important for us to read good books during the period of general review.在某些形容词(如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly wrong, right, foolish, stupid careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等作表语时,不定式前常可

43、加of 引出逻辑主语。-Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. (他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的. 二.作表语:-His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.-The purpose of inductive (归纳 logic is to infer general laws from particularoccurrences.三.作定语:-She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings.-The tea

44、cher assigned us two exercises to do at home.-She was the first person to think of the idea.-That girl has nothing to worry about. -He has a lot of trifles to deal with.-Lets first find a room to put the things in.一些表示企图、努力、倾向的名词后面需接不定式作定语:ability, ambition, attempt, determination, decision, effort,

45、 intention, need, opportunity, reason, right, tendency, way, wish, etc.-This book is an attempt _ English and recognize how it is used. (82a. helping you to useb. helping you usec. to help you used. to help you using四.作宾语:1.用不定式做宾语的动词有: agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, conti

46、nue, decide, decline (谢绝, demand, desire, determine, endeavor (努力,竭力, expect, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear (发誓, threaten, undertake (从事,着手, wish等。-I cant afford to buy that luxury piece of furniture.2. 动词 + 疑问代(付词 + 不定式。这类动词常见的

47、有:advise, decide, discuss, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, regard, remember, see, settle, teach, tell, think (=consider, understand, wonder等。疑问代(付词有what, when, where, which, how, whether等,但不包括why:when to start.-He does not know who(m to visit.choose.towhichone3. 形式宾语:-We find it difficult to

48、 get everything ready before the time you require.-I dont think it necessary to argue with the on this problem.-All these noises _ with the work.a. made me impossible to go onb. made me impossible going onc. made it impossible for me to go ond. makes it impossible for me to go on五.作宾补:1. -I expect y

49、ou to come early. -The teacher left us to solve the hard problems.-He asked us not to go there tomorrow.可以跟不定式作宾补的动词有:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hate, get, intend, invite, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, wa

50、rn等表示“致使”等意义。2. 表示感觉的动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at和have, let,make后的宾语可接不带to的不定式。-I often hear them sing this song.-We heard someone come up the stairs. (Someone was heard to come up the stairs.六.作状语:1.表示目的:-Thousands of people go to south to earn money. (or in order t

51、o.-To save time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of the characters with only three fingers and a thumb.2. 表示结果:so .(+a. .as to; such .(+n. .as to; enough to .; too . to.; only to .-We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests.-Is that room big enough to seat all of us?-He is t

52、oo angry to speak.-One is not too old to learn.-He is too angry not to so that. 他在盛怒之下才说出这样的话来。3.表示原因:-Im sorry to interrupt you.-I am pretty pleased to hear the news that you are elected as the president of the club.Gerund (G1.作主语:Telling lies is wrong. There is no accounting for tastes. (嗜好是说不出道理的

53、. - 人各有所好。 There is no joking abut such matters. (这种事开不得玩笑。 no useIt is no good + doingworth (whilewastee.g. 1. Its no use crying over spilt milk.2. Its a waste of time arguing about it.*只有当表语为no use, no good, worth (while时作主语的动名词才可后置,前用形式主语it.2.作表语:1. Seeing is believing.2. His aim is mastering Eng

54、lish in the shortest time possible.*动名词和不定式都可作主语或表语。一般说来,表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词;表示具体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。Smoking is prohibited here. It is quite necessary to read it many times.Their job is building houses. Our task now is to increase food production.3. 作宾语:在admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, de

55、lay, deny, enjoy, escape,excuse, finish, include, keep (on, mind, miss, postpone, practise, quit, resist, risk,suggest, understand, 以及be accustomed to, approve of, be opposed to, be used to, cant help, give up, go on, insist on, look forward to, object to, put off, succeed in, think about (of, feel

56、like, 等动词或动词短语后,用动名词作宾语。e.g. 1. Do you enjoy playing tennis?2. Would you mind filling out this form? (请填一下这份表格好吗?3. She has been looking forward to meeting her parents.4. 动名词的逻辑主语用名词所有格(或物主代词表示。e.g. 1. I dont like your being late.2. Johns going there himself saved us a good deal of trouble.当名词所有格不在句首时,可用“名词通格(或人称代词宾格+动名词”的结构来表示。1. There is no hope of Tom becoming an architect.2. I should thank you instead of you thanking me.5. be busy; feel like; What