中国文化英语教程Unit-3

1、Unit 3 Sunzis Art of War: Source for All Books on WarLead-inText studyExercisesContent“The art of war is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.”Lead-in Whats the Ch

2、inese version of these lines? Where are they selected from? Whose words are they? 兵者， 国之大事 死生之地， 存亡之道 不可不察也 Lead-inIntroductionThe Strategic Thought of SunziThe Dialectical Thinking of SunziSunzis Caution Against WarText studySunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryIntroductionSun Wu, respectfully called S

3、unzi, was born sometime between 550 and 540 BC, or toward the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.He was a native of the State of Qi but later moved to the State of Wu, where he became the kings trusted strategist. Sunzis Art of War (Sunzi Bingfa), is an ancient classic of war, consisting of 13 chap

4、ters in about 6,000 characters.As many of the books contents bear features of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), some scholars believe the book was probably written in the middle of that period.It represents the theories of war of the Sunzi School originated by Sun Wu.IntroductionOf the more th

5、an 3,000 books on war from the pre-Qin (before 221 BC) period to the Qing Dynasty (1616-1911), Sunzis Art of War stands out as the greatest classic.It excels over the other books in terms of strategy design, philosophical grounding and in tactical application.Over the centuries it has been respected

6、 as “the source for all books on war (百代谈兵之祖).”IntroductionThe Strategic Thoughts of SunziOf the rich strategic thoughts of Sunzi, the following are four aspects selected for illustration: “Planning before going to war (先计而后战).” “One can fight and win a hundred wars if one knows both oneself and the

7、 enemy (知彼知己，百战不殆).” “The army survives by treachery (兵以诈立).” “Winning a war without fighting it (不战而屈人之兵).”The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。 孙子兵法 始计第一 “Planning before going to war.”Before entering a war, one must compare and analyze al

8、l factors of both sides, which mainly include: morale (士气), climate, terrain, commanders, and rules.The five aspects for consideration during war were echoed by Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831), a German war expert, as “strategic factors”.One or two of these factors are insufficient for one to judge

9、the feasibility and consequences of a war. Consideration must be given to all these factors and their combinations.Such holistic (全面的) thinking is a special feature of Sunzis Art of War.The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi “One can fight and win a hundred wars if one knows both oneself and the enemy.”知彼知

10、己，百战不殆； 孙子兵法 谋攻第三The purpose of considering the above five aspects, is to know the real situation on both sides.The Strategic Thoughts of SunziIt is not easy to get to know the enemy, because they do their best to keep their secrets and resort to all sorts of deception.The odds for winning are half

11、and half if one knows oneself but not the enemy. And one is bound to fail if one knows neither oneself nor the enemy. The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi 不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，没战必败。 孙子兵法 谋攻第三 “The army survives by treachery.”The Strategic Thoughts of SunziSunzi said, “The use of force is actually the use o

12、f treachery.” In his discussion of “strategy” in On War, Carl von Clausewitz attributes its origin to “treachery”.By “treachery” Sunzi meant it is crucial to deceive the enemy with false impressions.Treachery is meant to entice (诱使) the enemy to make all sorts of mistakes, defeating them after they

13、all into a state of chaos.It also means “attacking the enemy at an unexpected time and place”.It is by using treachery that an expert of war devises strategies at headquarters while directing his army a thousand miles away to victory.The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi“Winning a war without fighting it.

14、”To Sunzi, the purpose of a war is to win victory, not to kill as many people as possible.It is best to take over a city intact and to win victory through minimal killing.This is the principle of a “decent victory”.The Strategic Thoughts of SunziIt is not plausible to fight and win wars. Its ideal t

15、o achieve victory through means other than war, such as politics, diplomacy, and other deterrent (威慑的) measures.These ideas of Sunzi reflect his deep understanding of what we today call “holistic war (整体战争)”.The Strategic Thoughts of SunziThe Dialectical Thinking of SunziThe rich philosophical thoug

16、ht in Sunzis Art of War has aroused greater and greater attention from scholars of ancient Chinese philosophy.The Dialectical Thinking of SunziChangeabilitySituations of war are changeable at every moment, perhaps the most changeable of all things in the world.To win a war, the commander must be abl

17、e to keep abreast of and adapt to such changes. 故兵无常势，水无常形；能因敌变化而取胜者，谓之神。 孙子兵法 虚实第六The Dialectical Thinking of SunziSunzi said, “there is no fixed way of using force, just as there is no fixed form to water. He who can win a victory by adapting to changes in enemy forces is a master of the art of wa

18、r.”Changes in the opposite direction乱生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于强。孙子兵法 败敌势第五Contrasting situations may change into their opposites. Thus, it is not uncommon for an army to turn failure into victory or vice versa.The Dialectical Thinking of SunziSunzi reminded commanders to be aware not only of potential gains but

19、also of potential losses.投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。孙子兵法 九地第十一）In analyzing changes in opposing factors in war, Sunzi also emphasized pushing them into their opposites for the benefits of ones own troops.The Dialectical Thinking of SunziSunzi was against going beyond the limits in military operations归师勿遏，围师必阙，

20、穷寇勿迫。孙子兵法 军争第七战国时期形势图The Dialectical Thinking of SunziSunzis Cautions Against WarAs a military classic, Sunzis Art of War provides a complete set of strategies and tactics for winning a war. Paradoxically, the book does not encourage rulers to be bellicose (好战的) but rather warns them again and again

21、 to refrain from waging a war without careful consideration.Guernica 格尔尼卡This is an oil painting by Pablo Picasso in response to a ruthless, massive booming in 1937 During the WW II period, it symbolized the massacre and horror that humankinds ever faced. Today it remains a powerful symbol against w

22、ar.Sunzis Cautions Against WarAt the very beginning, the book points out, “The use of force is a matter of life or death for the soldiers, the people and the country.” Such a matter can never be taken lightly.At the end of the book, Sunzi raised the warning once more.Sunzis Cautions Against WarSunzi

23、s cautions against war were continued in Sun Bins Art of War (Sun Bin Bingfa), by a strategist in the middle of the Warring States Period.Note：Sun Bin (birth and death dates unknown) was another strategist of the Warring Period. His ideas were mainly collected in Sun Bin s Art of War . Sun Bin was s

24、aid to be the offspring of Sunzi.Sunzis Cautions Against WarSunzis Art of War and Sun Bins Art of War both warn readers of the great dangers of war. Such thoughts represent, as great strategists, their concern and care for human life. As nuclear war looms larger in todays world, the cautions of Sunz

25、i and Sun Bin certainly deserve the serious attention of those who have the power to push “the button”.Sunzis Cautions Against WarSunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryThe introduction of Sunzis Art of War to the worldSunzis Art of War was introduced abroad from the Tang Dynasty (618-907) onwards. A Japa

26、nese student named Kibimakibi took the book home in 734 0r 752. It was introduced to the Republic of Korea in the 15th century during the Joseon Dynasty.Up to the 17th century, more than 170 books on the study of Sunzis Art of War were published in Japan.In 1772, Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot (1718-1793),

27、 a Jesuit (耶稣会的) missionary from France, published in Paris his French translation of the book. That year, Napoleon Bonaparte I (1769-1821) was only three years old. A Russian translation was published in 1860.Later translations of the book include English, German, Italian, Czech, Vietnamese, Hebrew

28、, and Romanian.Sunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryAfter World War II, famous strategists and scholars from different countries took a new interest in Sunzis Art of War. Bernard Law Montgomery (1887-1976), British field marshal during that war, declared that all military academies in the world should i

29、nclude the book as required course material. New translations and more research works on the book have been published since that time.Sunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryWith the spread of Sunzis Art of War, its influence has gone beyond the military to many other fields, including economics, politics,

30、 culture, and diplomacy. Many people regard the book not only as a military work, but also as a work on the philosophy of strategy, referring to the application of military strategies as general methods and principles in all areas of social life. Sunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryIts influence on oth

31、er fields In 2001, online bookseller Amazon listed the book as one of the best sellers in the humanities category. Many contemporary scholars regard Sunzis wisdom to be as universal as Confucius wisdom.Sunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitarySunzis Wisdom Beyond the MilitaryExercisesComprehensionCommunicat

32、ionApplicationComprehensionl. Skimming and ScanningGo through the passage quickly and answer the following questions briefly. 1) Why is Sunzis Art of War regarded as the greatest among so many books on war?2) What is the example in Paragraph 4 about? Sunzis Art of War is regarded as the greatest amo

33、ng so many books on war because it excels over the other books in terms of strategy design, philosophical grounding and in tactical application. The example in Paragraph 4 is about the factors to be taken into consideration before the war.3) What does the example in Paragraph 5 emphasize? The exampl

34、e in Paragraph 5 emphasizes the importance of knowing both oneself and the enemy.4) What did Sunzi mean by treachery? By “treachery” Sunzi meant that deceiving the enemy with false impressions.5) Why is “Winning a war without fighting it” advocated by Sunzi? Winning a war without fighting it is advo

35、cated by Sunzi because he wanted to avoid large-scale killing and destruction.Comprehension 6) According to Sunzis dialectical thinking, what should commanders consider?According to the dialectical thinking of Sunzi, commanders should consider gains and losses from both positive and negative sides.7

36、) Suppose our troops have strength similar to the enemy troops, how can we win an absolute advantage over the enemy?Suppose our troops have the similar strength with the enemy troops, we can win an absolute advantage over the enemy by dispersing the enemy troops.Comprehension8) What does Sunzis Art

37、of War begin and end with? Sunzis Art of War begins and ends with warnings against war.9) What do Sunzis Art of War and Sun Bins Art of War have in common? Both Sunzis Art of War and Sun Bins Art of War voice cautions against war.10) What are the first three countries that published the translation

38、of Sunzis Art of War? The first three countries that published the translation of Sunzis Art of War are Japan, Republic of Korea and France.ComprehensionII. Careful Reading1. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.Which of the following is uncertain

39、about Sunzis Art of War? A. The authors birthplace B. The background of the bookC. The time of writing D. The content of the bookC Comprehension2) What can we infer about Carl von Clausewitz from the example in Paragraph 4? He was a Genuan war strategist who first mentioned the five strategic factor

40、s.The five factors proposed by Sunzi were borrowed by Clausewitz for his book.Clausewitz neglected holistic thinking in his book.Clausewitz and Sunzi had different ideas about war.BComprehension3) The word treachery in Paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to _.A. deception B. betrayal C. preaching D. i

41、rritation4) The strategy of the lowest level in a war is to _.use different strategiesfrustrate the diplomacy of the enemyattack the army of the enemyattack the city of the enemyComprehensionAD5) From Sunzis warning, we can infer that sometimes a war could be declared just because _.one country was

42、under attack from anotherthe king or emperor just wanted to invade another countrythe ruler was irritated for the time beingthe commander and general had a bad temperCComprehension6) In the last sentence of Paragraph 18, “those who have the power to push the button” most probably refers to_.A. the o

43、fficers who fire the first shot for the warB. the soldiers guarding against invasionC. the generalsD. the heads of stateDComprehension7) In Paragraph 19, Napoleon Bonaparte I is mentioned to show that _.Sunzis Art of War was spread to France much early before the Napoleonic WarsSunzis Art of War was

44、 translated into foreign languagesNapoleon missed the opportunity to read Sunzis Art of WarSunzis ideas about war were accepted by NapoleonAComprehension2. Put each of the following into English and then compare your translation with that in the passage1) 先计而后战。2) 知己知彼，百战不殆。3) 兵以诈立。Planning before g

45、oing to war.One can fight and win a hundred wars if one knows both oneself and the enemyThe army survives by treachery.Comprehension4) 利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。Tempt the enemy with gains, attack the enemy when they are in disorder, be prepared for the enemy when they are equal in stre

46、ngth, avoid the enemy when they are stronger, (further) aggravate the enemy when they are angry, cause the enemy to become arrogant when they are prudent, tire the enemy when they are at rest, sow discord among the enemy when they are united.5) 攻其无备，出其不意。 Attack the enemy at an unexpected time and p

47、lace.Comprehension 6) 不战而屈人之兵。7) 乱生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于强。8) 兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道。Winning a war without fighting it.Chaos compares with order, cowardice with bravery, and weakness with strength.The use of force is a matter of life or death for the soldiers, the people and the country.ComprehensionCommunication R

48、ead the following military quotes and find if they have connotations similar to Sunzis strategies mentioned in the passage. Write down the corresponding strategies in Sunzis Art of War.1) For want of a nail, the shoe was lost; For want of a shoe, the horse was lost; For want of a horse, the rider wa

49、s lost; For want of a rider, the battle was lost.Benjamin FranklinPlanning before going to war.2) The highest generalship is to compel the enemy to disperse his army, and then to concentrate superior force against each fraction in turn.Col. Henderson When we know the enemy situation but they do not

50、know ours, we can keep our troops together while they have to keep theirs separate. Now that our troops are in one place while the enemy troops are dispersed in 10 places, we can strike them with tenfold force.Communication3) War is the province of chance. In no other sphere of human activity must s

51、uch a margin be left for this intruder. It increases the uncertainty of every circumstance and deranges the course of events.Carl von Clausewitz There is no fixed way of using force, just as there is no fixed form to water. He who can win a victory by adapting to changes in enemy forces is a master

52、of the art of war.Communication4) Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its l

53、aborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all, in any true sense. Under the cloud of threatening war, it is humanity hanging from a cross of iron.Dwight D. Eisenhower The use of force is a matter of life or death for the soldiers, the people and t

54、he country.CommunicationApplicationSunzis Art of War is divided into 13 chapters, the titles of which are translated in different ways. In the following table, the summary of each chapter is given, you are required to write both the English title and the Chinese title for each chapter according to t

55、he summary.ApplicationChapterEnglish Title & Chinese TitleChapter SummaryIThis chapter explores the five fundamental factors that define a successful outcome (the way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management). By thinking, assessing and comparing these points you can calculate a victory.IIThis

56、chapter explains how to understand the economy of war and how success requires making the winning play, which in turn, requires limiting the cost of competition and conflict.Laying Plans;The Calculations;Detail Assessment and Planning (计)Waging War;The Challenge;Waging War (作战)ApplicationChapterEngl

57、ish Title & Chinese TitleChapter SummaryIIIThis chapter states that the source of strength comes from unity, not size, and lists five ingredients that you need to succeed in any war. IVThis chapter explains the importance of defending existing positions until you can advance on and how you must detect opportunities, instead of trying to create them. Attack by Stratagem;The Plan of Attack;Strategic Attack(谋攻)T