土木工程专业英语Unit 3ppt课件

1、本课程引见本课程引见 在学习普通英语包括常用词汇和语法在学习普通英语包括常用词汇和语法构造的根底上，接合前几个学期曾经掌握构造的根底上，接合前几个学期曾经掌握的关于土木工程的专业知识，本课程节选了的关于土木工程的专业知识，本课程节选了上册中的内容，涉及建上册中的内容，涉及建筑资料、资料力学、构造力学、钢筋混凝土筑资料、资料力学、构造力学、钢筋混凝土构造、钢构造、丈量、土力学、招招标、建构造、钢构造、丈量、土力学、招招标、建筑施工等九个方面的专业英语知识，从而使筑施工等九个方面的专业英语知识，从而使大家对土木工程领域内的专业词汇以及科技大家对土木工程领域内的专业词汇以及科技类文献中的常用句型有个

2、初步的、根本的学类文献中的常用句型有个初步的、根本的学习和了解，为以后查阅专业文献和参与国际习和了解，为以后查阅专业文献和参与国际交流打好根底。交流打好根底。本课程教师引见本课程教师引见 胡晓依，女，讲师，构造工程胡晓依，女，讲师，构造工程专业博士，曾讲授专业英语、构造专业博士，曾讲授专业英语、构造力学、钢构造、大跨度构造、概预力学、钢构造、大跨度构造、概预算、工程经济等课程。算、工程经济等课程。本课程参考文献本课程参考文献英汉技术词典英汉技术词典英汉土木建筑工程词典英汉土木建筑工程词典英语语法教材英语语法教材土木工程专业相关教材中文土木工程专业相关教材中文教学目的教学目的 了解建筑资料的开展

3、史了解建筑资料的开展史 了解常用建筑资料的性能、优缺陷了解常用建筑资料的性能、优缺陷 熟习各种建筑资料的词汇熟习各种建筑资料的词汇 熟习科技类文献常用句型熟习科技类文献常用句型 熟习熟习develop的多种用法的多种用法 The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry-brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers砖层砖层were bound together with mortar or bitumen

4、, a tarlike substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens雅典的帕雅典的帕台农神庙台农神庙, for example, have holes drilled钻孔钻孔 in them for iron bars that have now rusted away锈蚀殆尽锈蚀殆尽. The Romans a

5、lso used a natural cement called pozzolana, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water. 早期主要的建筑资料是木材和砌体，如砖、石、瓦以及早期主要的建筑资料是木材和砌体，如砖、石、瓦以及类似的资料。砖层之间经过砂浆、沥青一种焦油状的物质类似的资料。砖层之间经过砂浆、沥青一种焦油状的物质或其他一些粘合剂粘合在一同。希腊人和罗马人有时用铁条或其他一些粘合剂粘合在一同。希腊人和罗马人有时用铁条或夹子来加固他们的房屋。例如，雅典的帕台农神庙柱子中或夹子来加固他们的房屋。例如

6、，雅典的帕台农神庙柱子中曾钻孔以便参与铁条，如今都已锈蚀殆尽。罗马人也用称作曾钻孔以便参与铁条，如今都已锈蚀殆尽。罗马人也用称作白榴火山灰的天然水泥，它用火山灰制造，在水中会变得与白榴火山灰的天然水泥，它用火山灰制造，在水中会变得与石头一样巩固。石头一样巩固。 Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced推行推行 in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron 铁合

7、金铁合金and a small amount of carbon, had been made up to that time到那个时候到那个时候 by a laborious繁复的繁复的 process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades刀刃刀刃. After the invention of the Bessemer process 贝塞麦炼钢法贝塞麦炼钢法in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous adv

8、antage of steel is its tensile strength; that is, it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree (适当的适当的) of tension, a force which, as we have seen, tends to 往往往往pull apart many materials. New alloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some of its problem

9、s, such as fatigue, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress延续的应力变化延续的应力变化. 作为现代两种最重要的建筑资料，钢材作为现代两种最重要的建筑资料，钢材与水泥在十九世纪得到了推行。直到那个时与水泥在十九世纪得到了推行。直到那个时候，钢材才经过繁复的过程制造出来，根本候，钢材才经过繁复的过程制造出来，根本上是铁合金，并含有少量的碳，因此被限制上是铁合金，并含有少量的碳，因此被限制在一些特殊的用途如刀刃。在在一些特殊的用途如刀刃。在1856年发明了年发明

10、了贝塞麦炼钢法后，钢材才得以大量低价获得。贝塞麦炼钢法后，钢材才得以大量低价获得。钢材宏大的优势即是它的抗拉强度，也就是钢材宏大的优势即是它的抗拉强度，也就是当它在适当的拉力下不会失去强度，正如我当它在适当的拉力下不会失去强度，正如我们所看到的，该力往往可以将很多资料拉开。们所看到的，该力往往可以将很多资料拉开。新的合金进一步提高了钢材的强度，并消除新的合金进一步提高了钢材的强度，并消除了一些缺陷，如疲劳，即在延续的应力变化了一些缺陷，如疲劳，即在延续的应力变化下导致强度减弱的趋势。下导致强度减弱的趋势。 Modern cement, called Portland cement, was i

11、nvented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone石灰石石灰石 and clay, which is heated and then ground into a powder磨成粉末磨成粉末. It is mixed at or near the construction site 施工现场施工现场with sand, aggregate (small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients

12、 配料配料produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into 放射成放射成all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other互

13、补互补. 现代水泥发明于现代水泥发明于1824年，称为波特兰水泥。它是石灰石和年，称为波特兰水泥。它是石灰石和粘土的混合物，加热后磨成粉末。在或接近施工现场，将水粘土的混合物，加热后磨成粉末。在或接近施工现场，将水泥与砂、骨料小石头、压碎的岩石或砾石、水混合而制泥与砂、骨料小石头、压碎的岩石或砾石、水混合而制成混凝土。不同比例的配料会制造出不同强度和分量的混凝成混凝土。不同比例的配料会制造出不同强度和分量的混凝土。混凝土的用途很多，可以浇筑、泵送甚至放射成各种外土。混凝土的用途很多，可以浇筑、泵送甚至放射成各种外形。混凝土具有很大的抗压强度，而钢材具有很大的抗拉强形。混凝土具有很大的抗压强度，

14、而钢材具有很大的抗拉强度。这样，两种资料可以互补。度。这样，两种资料可以互补。 They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where在在情况下情况下 both compression and tension are factors主要要素主要要素. Steel rods钢筋钢筋 are embedded in埋入埋入concre

15、te to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop出现出现. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond - the force that unites粘合粘合 them - that the steel cannot slip滑移滑移 with the concrete. Still还有还有 another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Aci

16、d酸酸 corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid. 它们也以另外一种方式互补：它们几乎有一样的收缩率和膨它们也以另外一种方式互补：它们几乎有一样的收缩率和膨胀率。因此，它们在拉、压为主要要素时能共同任务。在出现胀率。因此，它们在拉、压为主要要素时能共同任务。在出现拉力的混凝土梁或构造中，将钢筋埋入混凝土而成钢筋混凝土。拉力的混凝土梁或构造中，将钢筋埋入混凝土而成钢筋混凝土。混凝土与钢筋构成如此强大的结合力混凝土与钢筋构成如此强大的结合力这个力将它们粘合在这个力

17、将它们粘合在一同一同以致于钢筋在混凝土中不会滑移。还有另一个优势是以致于钢筋在混凝土中不会滑移。还有另一个优势是钢筋在混凝土中不会锈蚀。酸能腐蚀钢筋，而混凝土会发生碱钢筋在混凝土中不会锈蚀。酸能腐蚀钢筋，而混凝土会发生碱性的化学反响，与酸相反。性的化学反响，与酸相反。 The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices施任务业施任务业. It was no longer necessary to use thick

18、walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors防火地面防火地面. Both these changes served to有利于有利于 reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect建造建造buildings with greater heights and longer spans. 构造钢与钢筋混凝土的采用使传统的施任务业发生构造钢与钢筋混凝

19、土的采用使传统的施任务业发生了明显的变化。对多层建筑，再也没必要采用厚的石了明显的变化。对多层建筑，再也没必要采用厚的石墙或砖墙，且施工防火地面变为容易得多。这些变化墙或砖墙，且施工防火地面变为容易得多。这些变化有利于降低建筑的本钱。它也使建造高度更高和跨度有利于降低建筑的本钱。它也使建造高度更高和跨度更大的建筑物成为能够。更大的建筑物成为能够。 Since the weight of modern structures is carried接受接受 by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building. T

20、hey have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls承重墙承重墙. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as

21、 glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations. 由于现代构造的分量由钢或混凝土框架接受，墙体由于现代构造的分量由钢或混凝土框架接受，墙体不再支承建筑物。它们成为幕墙，将日晒风吹雨打阻不再支承建筑物。它们成为幕墙，将日晒风吹雨打阻挠在外，而让光线进入。在较早的钢或混凝土框架建挠在外，而让光线进入。在较早的钢或混凝土框架建筑中，幕墙普通由砌体构成；它们具有承重墙的结实筑中，幕墙普通由砌体构成；它们具有承重墙的结实外观。但是今天，幕墙通常由轻质资料组成，如玻璃、外观。但是今天，幕墙通常由轻质资料组成，如玻璃、铝或塑料，并构成不同的组合。铝

22、或塑料，并构成不同的组合。 Another advance in steel construction构造构造 is the method of fastening together连在一同连在一同 the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw圆头螺丝钉圆头螺丝钉 without threads螺纹螺纹. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces

23、of steel钢构件钢构件, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering锤击锤击it to hold it in place固固定就位定就位. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting熔化熔化 a steel material between them under high heat. 钢构造中的另一个提高是梁的衔接方式。在很多年里，衔钢构造中的另一个提高是梁的

24、衔接方式。在很多年里，衔接的规范方式是铆接。铆钉是个有头的螺栓，看上去象个没接的规范方式是铆接。铆钉是个有头的螺栓，看上去象个没有螺纹的圆头螺丝钉。铆钉加热后穿过钢构件之间的孔洞，有螺纹的圆头螺丝钉。铆钉加热后穿过钢构件之间的孔洞，并经过锤击另一端而构成第二个铆钉头，从而将其固定就位。并经过锤击另一端而构成第二个铆钉头，从而将其固定就位。如今铆接已大量地被焊接所替代，钢构件间的衔接经过在高如今铆接已大量地被焊接所替代，钢构件间的衔接经过在高热下熔化它们之间的钢资料即焊条进展。热下熔化它们之间的钢资料即焊条进展。 Prestressed concrete is an improved form

25、of reinforcement加强方法加强方法. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength. They are then used to prestress 对对.预加应力预加应力concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to相应于相应于 the shapes of

26、the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more common) method, the prestressed steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form模板模板 that corresponds to the sh

27、ape of the finished structure废品废品构造构造, and the concrete is poured around them. Prestressed concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is so economical, it is a highly desirable非常非常理想理想 material. 预应力混凝土是加强法的改良方式。将预应力混凝土是加强法的改良方式。将钢筋弯成一定的外形以使它们具有必要的抗钢筋弯成一定的外形以使它们具有必要的抗拉强度，然后用该钢筋对混凝土施加预应力，拉

28、强度，然后用该钢筋对混凝土施加预应力，通常可采用两种不同方法中的任何一种。第通常可采用两种不同方法中的任何一种。第一种方法是在混凝土梁中按钢筋的外形留下一种方法是在混凝土梁中按钢筋的外形留下孔道，当钢筋穿过孔道后，经过在孔道内灌孔道，当钢筋穿过孔道后，经过在孔道内灌注薄砂浆一种稀薄的砂浆或粘合剂将钢注薄砂浆一种稀薄的砂浆或粘合剂将钢筋与混凝土粘结在一同。另一种更常用的筋与混凝土粘结在一同。另一种更常用的方法是将预应力钢筋置于按废品构造的外形方法是将预应力钢筋置于按废品构造的外形设置的模板的较低部位，然后将混凝土倒入设置的模板的较低部位，然后将混凝土倒入模板而包围着钢筋。预应力混凝土运用模板而包

29、围着钢筋。预应力混凝土运用了较少的钢筋和混凝土，由于它是如此的经了较少的钢筋和混凝土，由于它是如此的经济，因此是一种非常理想的资料。济，因此是一种非常理想的资料。 Prestressed concrete has made it possible to develop建造建造 buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern sports arenas, with large space unbroken by any obstructing supports妨碍的支撑物妨碍的支撑物. The uses for this relati

30、vely new structural method are constantly being developed不断地扩展不断地扩展. 预应力混凝土使建造独特外形的建筑物成预应力混凝土使建造独特外形的建筑物成为能够，象一些现代的运动场，它具有不受为能够，象一些现代的运动场，它具有不受任何支撑物阻挠视野的大空间。这种较新的任何支撑物阻挠视野的大空间。这种较新的构造方法的运用正在不断地被扩展。构造方法的运用正在不断地被扩展。 The current tendency is to develop采采用用 lighter materials, aluminum, for example, weigh

31、s much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings. 目前的趋势是采用较轻的资料。例如，目前的趋势是采用较轻的资料。例如，铝的分量比钢轻得多，但具有很多一样的铝的分量比钢轻得多，但具有很多一样的性能。铝材梁曾经用于桥梁建筑和一些建性能。铝材梁曾经用于桥梁建筑和一些建筑的框架。筑的框架。 Lightweight concret

32、es, another example, are now rapidly developing开展开展 throughout the world. They are used for their thermal insulation(绝绝热性热性). The three types are illustrated below举例阐举例阐明如下明如下: (a) Concretes made with lightweight aggregates; (b) Aerated concretes (US gas concretes) foamed起泡起泡 by whisking搅拌搅拌or by so

33、me chemical process during casting; (c) No-fines concretes. 另一个例子是轻质混凝土，如今已在全世界快另一个例子是轻质混凝土，如今已在全世界快速地开展，因它们的绝热性而被采用，其三种类型速地开展，因它们的绝热性而被采用，其三种类型举例阐明如下：举例阐明如下：(a)轻质骨料制成的混凝土；轻质骨料制成的混凝土；(b)经过经过浇筑时搅拌或一些化学方法起泡而成的加气混凝土浇筑时搅拌或一些化学方法起泡而成的加气混凝土US加气混凝土；加气混凝土；(c)无细骨料混凝土。无细骨料混凝土。 All three types are used for the

34、ir insulating properties绝热性绝热性, mainly in housing, where they give high非常非常 comfort in cold climates and a low cost of cooling降温本钱降温本钱in hot climates. In housing, the relative weakness of lightweight concrete walls is unimportant, but it matters有艰苦关系有艰苦关系 in roof slabs, floor slabs and beams. 这三种类型的

35、混凝土都是由于它们的绝热这三种类型的混凝土都是由于它们的绝热性而被运用，主要用于房屋，使其在冰冷的气性而被运用，主要用于房屋，使其在冰冷的气候中非常温馨，在炎热的气候中降温的本钱不候中非常温馨，在炎热的气候中降温的本钱不高。在房屋中，墙采用较薄弱的轻质混凝土不高。在房屋中，墙采用较薄弱的轻质混凝土不重要，但是屋面板、楼面板和梁采用轻质混重要，但是屋面板、楼面板和梁采用轻质混凝土那么有艰苦关系。凝土那么有艰苦关系。 In some locations, some lightweight aggregates cost little more than几乎等于几乎等于 the best dense致密致密 aggregates and a large number of 大量大量 floor slabs have therefore been built of lightweight aggregate concrete purely for its weight saving,